Osprey, Men-At-Arms #060 - Scandinavian Armies in the Napoleonic Wars (1976) (-) OCR 8.12

48
o PREY· MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES cScandinavian in the :J\€1l0leonic "J1IJrs Text by JACK CASSIN-SCOTT Colour plates by MICHAEL ROFFE

Transcript of Osprey, Men-At-Arms #060 - Scandinavian Armies in the Napoleonic Wars (1976) (-) OCR 8.12

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o PREY· MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES

cScandinavian~rmies in the

:J\€1l0leonic"J1IJrsText by

JACK CASSIN-SCOTT

Colour plates by

MICHAEL ROFFE

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JC01ldi1l0vitlll ~rmies ill tlte ~oleollic mrs

IlItrOnl/CliollThe involvement of Denmark/Norway and

we<tcnfFinland in the ~apoleonicWars was due10 the dependence of both these countries on trade~nd reasonable day-lo-day rc];llions with tbe restof Europe. Both claimed neutrality and traded"irn both french- and EngJish-<lominatcd na·tIons: in the case of Denmark, this position wasbacked lip by the creation ofa strong navy. It wasinevitable lhal both sides should attempt to limitlhis neutrality; and in 1801 British insistence onIC'aTching Danish vessels, resisted by Danish gun­&ret led 10 the first a(lack on Copenhagen. At atime when feeling was running high againstBritain's unashamed use of her naval strength toimpose her will on neutrals, Ts.'U Paul of Russialtagued with Austria, Denmark, Prussia, Portugaland Sweden in a new and agg"cssive declarationofarmed neutrality. This claimed extensive free·cIom of trade in all but the most obviously strategicmaterials such as arms and munitions. Denmarkand Prussia each took steps to increase theircontrol of tile Baltic coasts, and in March 1801 aBritish neet of eighteen ships of ,the line andnumerous other vessels, under ir Hyde Parkerassisted by Vice·Admiral Nelson, sailed for theBaltic. Denmark rebllfl"ed diplomatic overturesand readied her defences. On 30 March the fleetbraved the fire of the Elsinore batteries and S<liledthrough the sound and, subsequently, into theheavily.defcnded approaches to Copenhagen. Inthe action which followed on '2 April the DanishReet was defeated j losses in dead and wounded"ere high the British suffered some 943 casuah icsand the Danes approximately 1,800. An armisticewas concluded, with great civilit) on both sidesand many protestations of earnest hopes that thisunfortunate lapse in good relations between thetwo nations would soon be forgotten! During the

period of the armistice a demonstration of Britishnaval might brought both Sweden and Russia tothe negotiating table, and on I]June a conventionwas signed which bound the previous members ofthe 'League of Neutrality' to a f;'l.r morc restrictedinterpretation of that word, but which 'savedfacc' for all parties. For six years thereafter theScandinavian nations prospered by their foreigntrade, particularly in timber and iron. By 180]Napoleon was convinced that he must incorpor­ate both Denmark and Norway into his Con­tinental System, either by aggressive diplomacy orb)' naked force.

Adlfti...1 Sir Hyde Parker, Britiah lIaVIII cotntnander at

~':;~hh~t!ftp:.t:r-:aOa~~;fJa;D:~;~.:~.e(;ari~~:ri:rtn~Mua..utn}

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The battle p"itiolu of die Briti.b and Da.ni5h fleet. befor..Copenh.alJe1I, I AprilISoI.

Gopelll7agnl 1807The year 1807 found the continent of Europeseemingly prostrate al the feet of Napoleon.Austria and Prussia had seen their capitals occu­pied by hostile armies, and the battle of Friedlandhad convinced the Emperor of Russia of thenecessily for peace. On 24 June an interview tookplace between the Emperor of Russia and Bona­pane, on a raft on the ri"er Niemen. Finalratifications of the peacc wcrc completed at Tilsiton 9 July, and on thc S<'lIllC day peace was also

n.\TTI.E OFCOPENHAGEN.

signed between Frana and Prussia. The treatybetween Russia and Francc, ralher than suggest­ing the diAcrcncc bctwt'en victor and vanquished,expressed more Napoleon's desire to draw Russiainto his continental system; it was presented as agrand alliance. a European combination, whichmight havcdestroyed England ifit could have beenput into eflcctive operation. Russia summonedSweden, Denmark and Portugal 10 adopi thissystem and 10 close their pOrts against the British.

The expected arrival of a British force atStralsund, and the prcsenn' of I}russian troopsalready there, raised the Swedish king's hopes. Inviolation of an armistice concluded with General

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Brune, the French command~r at th~ tim(' ~h('n1Itg00iatiol1s at Tilsit had Ix:~n openn:L h(" re­J:IIt'\loed the war single-handed.

Tht· French invaded Swedish Pomerania, FromiMir various strong·points th~ Swedish fol'"Co re­ur:3tro without sustaining any regular action,~ fell back to the fortress ofStralsund. This wasquickly surrounded on the land side, making ithighly untenable. so the army was withdrawn byIJta to the island of Rugen. The French then lOokO\'er and occupied Stralsund on 20 August 1807;tht) also capturccl the island of Danholm whichb.y between Stralsund and Rugen. It was nown-K!('nt that Rugen could no longer resist, so amttting took place bet\,'een the French and

",,·edish commanders on 7 September and a con-Tntion was signed by them. by which the Swedes

_ere to cvacuate Riigen and retire to Stockholm;that island, and all those 011 the German coast,"ere ceded to France.

Denmark up to this timc had remained Ull­IDOlestcd, prOlcctcd by the ri't"id observance of a

strict neutrality and the temperate politics of hercourt. She had watched the gelleral policy of theFrench Emperor, who had maintained an armyat h~r frontier, thus forcing the Crown Prince ofD~nmark to drain his other dominions of theirforces and for three years to keep the cream of hisarmy assembled on the borders of Holstein to pro·teet the onlv forseeable avenue of invasion. To theoverbearing determination of France and Russiato terminate this neutrality Denmark couldoppose no effectual resistance.

The mere threat of a temporary occupation ofHolstein, Schleswig and Jutland might suffi·dentl)! alarm tht' Danish court. Temporaryoccupation by France was usually follo""ed byrequisitions and oppressions, waste and ravage.Threat of the appropriation of the most fertile ofthe Danish territory was within the limits ofpossibility if she refused to co-operate, and withHolstein once occupied, Zealand and the Danish~av) would be at the disposal of France. Suchwas the state of affairs when the British Covern.n" MUle as ("om A_I"" 1.1aad., ....ida lloe RoyalDaai Dockyard .. t .... (D~ (Nao-J lobrio-..Mu m)---

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Norak Skil~berr:orp., .800, dark A"r...... lun;c with black

~O~~;{;~~·I~::nO~·r..:':1::~o~::~'IIIII~~:;~oe~nr;:~~;cC;:~~lind ......I.bell., blllck ("ather pouch with b ...... I1: .......d ... TheIon! white oye....lI. bulton up Lhe oul"r liCllffll .. rift., ...dhllDI!l"r are c.rri...:l. (Tojhu.rnu_. Denmark)

men! decided 10 dispatch an expedition to theBaltic with increased haste. When evcrylhing wasready this powerful force, consisting of some20,000 troops under the command of Lieu lena1lI­

General Lord Cathcan. commandcr-in-chicf ofthe land forces. embarked and set sail in a fleet oftwenty-seven ships of the linc, and OIhe. vessels ofall descriptions (about ninety vessels in all) underthe protection and command ofAdmiral Gambier.When news of this formidable fleet was first re­ceived in Copenhagen it was supposed that theBritish intended to co·operate with the Swedes indefending Stralsund and reconquering the rest ofPomerania. Within a few days, the visit to theDanish capital ofa represelllative ofl-lis BritannicMajesty confirmed that Copenhagen was iLSclftheobject of the expedition. Although the tcrms werefair, the British negotiator was unable to convincethe Danish court.

Accordingly, on 16 August, Lord Cathcart dis­embarked his troops at Wybeck; almost simul·tancously. British troops from Stralsund effected alanding at Kcoge Bay, bringing the total numberof troops under British command to 28,000 men.The Danish Crown Prince hurried northwards

from Kid on the southern borden of his territoriesto lead the defence of his capital. The Britishtroops advanced from the landin~ points in threecolumns, and the Danish co,-erin~ force wasdriven into the fortr<."Ss. Ten days later, relievingDanish forces occupied a strong Jl'O!'ition in frontof the village of Kji)ge; they were dislodged anddriven back with considerable lossn. The way wasnow open for an attack on Cope.nhagcn, which waseffected on the north and south by the militaryforces, and by the navy on the east. The regularworks began and advanced rapidly; frigatcs andgunboats stationed themselves near the entranceof the harbour within easy striking distance of thetown. The British Brigadier-General Decken cap·tured frcderickswork, a cannon and powderdepot, along with 850 Danish soldiers. The Oanes,all hough late in the day, made great e/lons underGencral Castellschield, who collected around hima voluntnry force of irregular troops and three orfour battalions of regular soldiers. As this mightpose a serious problem, Sir Arthur Wclk"Slcy, incommand of a brigade, was given the task of dis­persing it before it was capable or any seriousresistance. On the 26th he attacked and defeatedthe hastily gathered force with a loss for theDanes of sixt)' officers, 1,100 men, and ten pieccsof artillery. With this mission accomplished theBritish general advanced towards the centre ofthe island to disarm and quieten the populace,which he did effectively. (It was during thiscampaign that the famous chestnut horse 'Copen­hagen' was born toa marc of Lord Grosvenor, andwas later purchased by Wellesley in 1810.)

Danish gunboats now threatened the entranceto the harbour, forcing the British to retire. TheBritish batteries which had been erected on shoreand the Danish gunboats exchanged lire, theDanes in their \Urn being forced to retire withconsiderable loss. The besieging British army hadnow advanced into their prepared positions,having driven back the last remaining resistancein front of the city and in the suburbs on thenorth bank, induding some post positions within400 yards of the city ramparts. With the final land·ing of the heavy ordnance, and with the platformslaid by the 31st, the siege was ready to commence.A summons was dispatched from the British com­manders to General Pieman, Governor of Copen-

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hagen: this callcd upon him to surrendel'" theDanish f1ect into British custody for the durntionofthe war, after which it would be returned intact.In return the expeditionary force would restore allmaterials seized during the campaign, and with­dl'"aw. Pieman courteously but fil'"mly refused thisoffer.

The bombardment of the city commenced onthe morningof:2 September. The mortar batteriesuected by the army and the bomb-vesselsstationed around the harbour began the shelling,and in a very short time the city was on fire inseveral places. This incessant bombardmentlasted until the evening of the 5th by which time aconsiderable part of the city was destroyed and thcconflagration threatened the destruction of thcTemainder. A flag of truce was sent from theGovernor of the city, desiring an armistice toafford time for a capitulation. In reply, theBl"itish repeated their previous request that thebasis of the capitulation must be the delivering upof the fleet; this was accepted, and on the morningof the 7th the Articles of capitulation which hadbeen settled during the night of the 6th wereratified. By these Articles, the British forces wereto take immediate possession of the city and dock­yards; all ships of war and the naval stores of HisDanish Majesty were to be delivered up; prisonerswere to be mutually restored; all private propertywas to be respected; the functions of the civil andmilitary officers were to continue uninterrupted;within six weeks the city was to be restored to HisDanish Majesty, in the state in which it wasoccupied, and the British troops would evacuatethe island of Zealand.

In consequence of this capitulation the DanishNavy delivered to the British 16 ships of the line,15 frigates, 6 brigs and :25 gunboats, as weB asships standing on the stocks. The stores in thearsenals, which included masts, spars and timber,amounted to some 20,000 tons, sufficient to load9:2 transports and other vessels chartered for thispurpose. British losses were light for such anoperation, not exceeding :200 men; those of theDanes were much heavier, about :2,000 peoplebeing killed and 400 houses destroyed.

The British foreign secretary, Canning, didpromise to return the Danish fleet three years afterthe end of hostilities; but the Crown Prince ~

understandably-sequestered all British property,and forbade all contact between his people andthose of England undel'" severe penalties. Heturned to France, with whom he concluded analliance on 31 October 1807 at Fontainebleu, andat the beginning of November the dual kingdomof Denmark-Norway declared war on Britain.

This declaration of war had a serious effect onthe Norwegian economy. She depended wholly onher overseas trade to exist. The country's needsdepended on her imports, especially corn, whichhad always come from Denmark, but whichceased as soon as the war began. A governmentcommission (Regjeringskommisjonen) was estab­lished to deal with this situation, but due tomishandling in Copenhagen it failed to displaythe urgency that was demanded. The situationworsened with the failure of the 1807 and 1808harvests, and atlempts were made to make mealfrom birch-bark and lichen. But despite this theNorwegians survived, and because of the lack of

~~,;r::..;n:~o~:~:~th~1:;:i.'~iu:~;~~~f=~r:a~yeUow for the latter umt. White feath..r pluDl", o .....ralh,b..1t. and hayon..t fros-. Bla.,k c:urled.hriDl hat with yeUowloop and button On left; tum., button. bran.

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Danish officers, .802: (left) of the Line, and (ri!!ht) of LighthlflUltry. Li..e: tall black curled-brim hat with Ilold hurtonand loop on lefl; Ilold cords wound round lUId lerminatm!!at top rill:ht, th.,n hans-lnll: to fasten 08' with flounders andtassel. On the right side of the tUDic; la,"!e white feather

:~~m:il~::r~at::~I~~:t(:.~~~~,:wo~c;:fts ::~u~:~a:~~buttons. Dark blue pantaloons, helsian boots, y.,Uow silksash with interwoven crimson slripes; sword hilt and 6uinll:sofblack scabbard ~Id. LiKIot I ..f ..rotry: b.,adll:ear as Line, butdark srefll plume. Dark green tail coat faced and lined. black;silver bUllons and ""Paulettes (unfringed. on rigbl shoulder).Dark Ilrey pantaloonl; lasb and sword as Line.

communication from Copenhagen they took uponthemselves more ofan independent policy.

The secret clauses in the treaty concluded atTilsit between Alexander or Ru~sia and Bona­parte, contained many articles indicating theirgrasping ambitions. Among them was a reference

to Denmark which, provided she surrendered herfleet to France, gave her the Hanseatic towns as anindemnity in lhe North of Europe. As to Sweden,Russia was given a free hand regarding Finland,which at this time was a part of the Swedishdominions.

Britain imposed a blockade on both Denmarkand Norway and occupied Heligoland. Denmark,who had thrown herself completely behind thecause of the French Emperor, viewed Sweden asEngland's ally. For this reason she senl 14,000Danish-Norwegian volunteer troops to join the22,000 French and Spanish forces under MarshalBernadotle in Zealand. (The Spanish RommanaDivision included the Prince's Cavalry Regimentand the Princesa Inbntry Regiment, who at­tracted considerable attention from the Danes be­cause or their exotic appearance.) This force wasto attack and invade southern and western Swedenin the event ofa Russian attack on Finland. Withsuch a situation in the offing, Sweden entered intoa convention with Creat Britain, who had offeredevery assistance within her power. Britain im­proved Sweden's financial position with a grant of£t,200,000 pounds sterling in equal instalmentsof [100,000 a month.

'R.!!JSia illVtldes:J'inltllldThe Russians began their invasion on 8 Februaryr808 when Finland was covered with icc andsnow, which provided the best means of transport- by sledge. Nearly 4°,000 Russian troops crossedtheir own frontier under the command of Lt­Ceneral Von Buxhoevden. They smashed theirway through the thinly.hcld Finnish defences, andproceeded as far as Hclsingfor without any greatopposition. Ceneral Klcrker, the Swedish com­mander in Finland, hastily concentrated some22,000 Swedish-Finnish troops to defend thecountry. The king of Sweden sent reinforcementsto Finland's defence, with the new appointmentofCeneral Klingspor as commander-in-chief; hewas a courtier of uncommon talents and ex­perience.

The Russians pressed on and within one month

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of the invasion gained possession of Abo, thecapital of Swedish Finland. The stronghold atBiorneberg fell, with the Swedes suAering heavylosses. General Klingspor decided that resistancewas useless at this stage, and in order to keep hisarmy intact he ordered a general retreat, leavingonly 7,000 men in a few scattered strongholdswith orders to delay the advancing Russians. TheRussians, under the command ofGeneral Tutsch­1I;0w, failed to outRank tbe retreating Swedes.Almost every day over the following weeksskirmishes took place between the Russian ad­\'anee guard and the Swedish rear-guard. Notableduring this period was the counter-attack byGeneral Aldercreutz who, acting without orders,smashed a Russian attack at Siikijok. The retreatcontinued over some 400 miles of a countryalmost without roads and covered in deep snow.Klingspor not onty conserved his army butmanaged to preserve his magazines, stores andammunition, and finally succeeded in uniting hisharassed forces with another division underCronstedt.

The first full-scale battle was fought at Lapuanear the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia, with theFinnish troops atlacking on 14July. Battles werefought throughout the following summer, largeareas being lost and recaptured. The Finnishpeasants became guerilla fighters, attacking anddestroying the Russian supply lines. Aldercrcutzdefeated the Russian troops soundly al Rcvolahti.Sandels smashed the Russian communicationsand defied the Russian General Barclay de Tollywith his second Russian army on Ihe EasternAank. D6bcln and his Bjorneborg Brigade dis­lodged the invaders between Tampere and theAland Islands. The morale of the Iroops was nowhigh after the long depressing retreat andsuccessive defeats.

In the southern part of finland the Russiansdirected a large-scale atlack on the grc,lI fortressof Sveaborg which guarded the cntrance toHelsinki. This place had a strong natural position,being built on a group of four inter-connectedislands just ofT the mainland, helped by thereinforcement of its defences; it was justly called,he 'Gibraltar of the North'. By the beginning ofApril the Russians began to bombard Sveaborg,but it proved to be almost impregnable, and the

damage and loss of life was negligible. The 7,000troops inside the fonress outnumbered the be­siegers, and their firepower, food and ammunitionwere amply provided for. Nonetheless, despite allthese advalllages, the Swedish Governor Vice­Admiral Cronstedt, who seems to havc under­estimated the whole situation and position, sur­rendered Sveaborg.

By the late summer and autumn Russianreinforcements began to pour in: experienced,seasoned troops direct from the fighting in centralEurope. The Swedo-Finnish troops began to fallback steadily northwards, and November 1808saw them retreating across the Kemi river.General Klingspor withdrew to a pre-fortifiedposition at Oravainen which was flanked by thesea on the right and protected by a squadron ofgunboats. The Russian Count Kamensky orderedhis advance guard under General Koulneff toattack the Swedish left Rank, but the very natureof the ground proved too much for the attackers,and the Swedes repulsed the constant assaults.The weakened Russians were then confrontedwith a determined counter-attack by the Swedo­Finnish troops under Generals Aldercreutz andVegsack, who descended from their held positions

1795 huna.. pistol (16tntn): cartridge VO..ch,ligbl infantry powd",r bo.... , aU Danish inu",.

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Hol.ten.ke lnfanleriresimenc, T.lDbour(d....mm.ajor), '807. tUsh black f..1t .h.ko wich blackI..ach..r r ..inforc..m.""c.l rfll-ov......bl.ck-ov......

=i~e ~u.:~I~~~i ..;ucc:r;j:~7~::':u~~::i.~:

f;;::.,·~:;:~;~~:Ull~~~"t,~~~kwi~~·:::;pal.. blu.. bord..r and ouCU plpinS in whi..., ."d.crip of r~ b..rwHn lan..r Cwo f...cure.; cro...beh al.o decoraled in lhi. f••hion, with loop.for .lIver_butted black d ....m"tick. dHoracedwitll mulcl...::oloured cord., apparently red­white-blu... SlIv..r epaulelle., lefr unfri.BSed.Front edS". of eollar app.re:ntly bear broadpale blu.. "trip<! .w..lIi.nS co c_cral outer point,with Un.. ofwhice pipinS ...,arated from thi" by• rfll atrip. WlUte ""ai"l_belt wilb bra... plate;veY pa.nlalOO•• wicb whit.. Au.c.r1an kant.;.bort h .....huJ boon trim.med "ilver. The .wordb.iJt i. bra". or silt, d".. luIol .ilvu, ch.. browat .....cbeon baa a .nvu cip and f..mal.., and i.wO!aDd with cricolour eord••pp"re:ntly ....diDSia.ilv..rla".ela.

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and routed the Russian attackers in some vigoroushand-to-hand fighting. However, the gallantSweda-Finnish troops could not withstand addedreinforcements put into the field by the retreatingRussians, and they in their turn were routed. Thebattle of Oravais was over; although it onlylasted a few houl1i the losses were some 2,000 dead.Klingspor knew his troops were exhausted and,painful though it was, ordered a general retreat tothe homeland, with Degyllenbogel's irregularsacting as the vanguard.

Throughout the summer of 1808 the Britishand Swedish navies combined to control the seas.The threatened invasion by Bcrnadotte with theFrench, Spanish and Danish-Norwegian troopsunder his command could not take place, for theSkagerak was under the control of the British andSwedish·ships. The Swedish king was becomingmore and more unpopular; many assumed him tobe insane, and his treatment of friend and foealike forcshadowt:d his ultimate downfall anddismiss.:,1 from the throne. In ~1ay 1808 theBritish General Sir John Moore arrived at theBaltic port of Gothenburg with an expedition ofabout 14,000 men; but. for some reason which hasnever been fully explained, some difference arosebetween the commander of the British force andthe Swedish king in respect oflhe employment ofthe troops and where they could best be used. Theking was so enraged at SirJohn'S refusal 10 complywith his demands thai he placed him underarrest; after some difficulty, the British com­mander escaped, rejoined Ihe British fleet (thearmy having remained on board for several weekswithout disembarking) and relurned 10 Englandwithout having been of the least service 10 theking of Sweden.

FIRST BATTLE OF NORWAY

The Spanish troops which wcre stationed inNorthern Germany and Denmark and on theDanish Islands in the Baltic, mutinied at the newsof the revolt of their cduntry against France. On 9August 1808 6,000 Spanish troops under thecommand of the British Admiral Keates took overthe fortress of Nybourg in the island of Funen,reinforced by a thousand more from J ulland. A

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British roc:ket boau in action - Copenh.-.!5-' 2 105 September.ao,. Some 40,000 rOl:kets were fired In thi. auack, (rommme. fi:sed to the (orem.ast; sail. were cooltandy wetteddOWll to avoid fire hazard. (R. Willtia_.L.lbam)

further thousand men were thrown againstLangland. One Spanish-regiment in Jutland wascapturl'Cl and two regiments were disarmed in theisland of Zealand; the Danish Kongens LivjaegerCorps took part in their disarmament. TheDanish garrison on Xybourg made no great effortin opposition. The Spanish troops, now amountingto 8,000 men. were embarked on I I August to theisland of Langland between Funen and Laland,where a further 2,000 Spanish troops werestationed. From here the Spanish were transferredonto British ships and transported to England;in leaving the large fortress of Koldinghus, theydestroyed it by burning. \\lith their departurc thethreatcned invasion of Sweden by Franco-Danishforces was ended. An attack on Sweden was nowonly possible through Norway, and orders wereissued to the commander of tile Norwegian army,Prince August of Augustenborg, to strike throughBaahuslen. With about 17,000 men, the Nor­wegians began to mobilize, but because of thetight blockade numerous things were in shortsupply, with many of the troops still wearinguniforms of the previous century.

Sweden foresaw the threatened invasion and

struck first. On 15 April General Armfelt, eom­mande-rofthe Swedish Western Command, madea three-pronged attack. He succeeded in defeatingthe unprepared ;..rorwegians and advanced be·yond the frontiers; attacking at Lier, south ofKonsvinger, he forced the ~orwegjal\s across theGlomma river. This success, howevcr, was short­lived, as the second prong under Col,lnt Axel~'Iorner was defeated and captun..'d at Toverud.The NOlwegian commander Staffeldt thencounter-attacked, and defeated and captured theSwedish commanders Weibyc and Galm, where­upon the Swedish advance faltered and stopped.With inadequate provisions, camp fever rifeamong the troops and a certain lack of en­thusiasm, further operations against Norwayceased and the Swedish army was ordered backacross the border. The iXorwegians, havinggained the initiative and with their morale soar­ing high, acted offensinly with some successagainst ·the Swedes, defeating them at Prestebakke.The Swedish army withdrew to the frontiers andthere was a change of command, with CeneralCcderstrom commanding the centre, GeneralAldersparre the right flank and General Posse the

II

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END OF RUSSO-SWEDISH WAR

GeaeraJ Lord Carh"an. "ornm.aader oCBritiah land forutl indlleCopenlt.aSeD e",peditiOlll .flBo]. (N.riOlllal Army Mu"e,un)

from 1804from 1809from 1811

K. G. BangJoh. Frt"dr. MathesonElias Heltberg Lund

The Sonden troops were commanded during theNapoleonic period by:

Henrik Reus Bang from 1800Kristian Vilh Kluver from 1804Frederik Vilh Bruenech Stabell from 1805Sven Arntzen from ISag

The Nordenfjaeldske troops were commandedby,

The Swedes, both in the north and the south,were being driven out of Finland; to the SOuthDobeln had retreated from the Aland Islands.The Russians issued a proclamation to the Finnishsoldiers serving in the Swedish army, asking themto desert with their arms and equipment andoffering two roubles for a gun, one rouble for asabre and six roubles for a horse.

During the winter the Russians took over andfortified themselves in the Islands of Aland; with

left flank. Thus prepared, the Swedes awaitl;{\ aNorwegian invasion. The war was disliked by thesoldiers and populace of both countries, anddespite outside pressures to invade Sweden fromRussia, France and even Denmark, the ~or­

wegian Prince refused to continue the struggle anda truce was signed between the two countries bythe end of 1808.

Ski-troops (Skiloberkorps) were used -althoughnot extensively - in this expedition. They werealready in existence in the 17th Century. On 13August 1747 they were formed into corps atSonden and Nordenfjaeldsk, each with threeregiments and one Volunteer company (Lande­vaerns-Kompagni). In 1768 a further four com­panies were formed, and by 1769 these ski-troopswere attached to other regiments, the Sonden tothe Oplandske and the Nordenfjacldsk to theTrondhjelllsk Regiment. In 1801 the ski-troopcorps caine under the NorskeJaegerkorps, and in1810 under the Akerhusske Skarpskyclle Regi­ment.

Norsk Skil~(Norw~dU-troopen) oC lSoL 1De..-..dblado ur .... dKOra1lrd witll the li_ iaaipiaj the wholewUCorm waa blue wirll~U_collaraad a&Jfa; tbelM.tla_rewlUre aod the aide-pack ia IUde.

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three corps in the centre, commanded by Kulner,Bagration and Barclay de Tolly, they made Ihefamous march across the frozen Isthmus ofK"arken to Umea and carried the war into

weden proper. Count Chouvaloff, the Russiancommander in Ihe nOrlh, defeated the Swedo­Finnish forces and drove them southwards untilthe whole of southcrn Westro·Bothnia was underRussian occupation. I t now became necessary toopen negotiations, to which the Russians agreed.The Swedes evacuated Uleaborg and retired tothe west side of Ihe river Kieme, the limit of theFinnish border. Thus hopefully the campaignwas terminated.

The war between Russia and Sweden wouldprobably have been renewed as soon as the springof the year permitted the respective armies tomarch, had not a revolution in Sweden by agroup of military moderates suspended hostilities.General Aldersparre, commander of the armyfacing Norway, occupied Karlstad in Varnlandand gathered a force to march on Stockholm todepose the king. Gustavus IV, realizing the

,806 smoothbore pisiol.

position, attempted to escape to the south whereh(' hoped his army in Scania would still remainloyal to him. There was no bloodshed; Gustavuswas captured on his escape, placed under arrestand confined at Drottingbolm with his family;but a short time later was granted his liberty.Under the title of Colonel Gustafsson be travelledin Europe. never to return to his native land, anddied in Switz<:rland in 1837. Duke Charles ofSuderrnania, the ex-king's uncle, was asked by themilitary jUllta to assume the position of Regent,and was subsequently offered the crown, be­coming Charks XIII of Sweden.

The Russian Tsar was not satisfied with thetruce and resumed hostilities. A Danish.Nor.wegian Division joined the Russians under thecommand of General Kamensky and swept IheSwedes back at Hjerpe; tben the Swedish General

D6bcln counter-attacked and drove them backin turn. A convention concluded between Den­mark and Sweden involved the withdrawal of thisdivision. Witb tbe Gulf of BOlhnia still undertheir control the Swedes, in co-operation with theBrilish Reet, attempted a large-scale amphibiouslanding; although not highly successful theywere able to retreat and re-embark ill good order.A simultaneous allack by the Swedish mainforces on the weakened Russian lines drove themback to Pitea, where they were cuI off from theirsupplies.

The Russians, realizing that their main objective- the invasion ofSweden - would be impossible toachieve without a long-drawn-out conRict, agreedto a treaty. On 17 September 1809 peace wasconcluded al Fredricksham, and lhe boundariesof Sweden were permanently fixed on the cast.Sweden ceded Finland to Russia as far as therivers Tornea and Meconio, the Sea ofAland andthe Gulf of Bothnia. Those islands at an equaldistance from Aland and Finland were ceded toRussia, whilst Sweden retained those nearest toher own coast. Sweden promised 10 adhere to thecontinental system with certain modificalions,also to close her ports to Brilish ships, and not toallow any importations other than salt and certaincolonial produce. Peace was signed with bothFrance and Denmark.

The SLlccession problem still remained, asCharles XIII had no children. The claim ofPrince Christian August of Augusten.burg, theDanish commander-in-chief in Norway, waslooked on with favour by General Aldersparre,who harboured the hope that the prince wouldbring Norway along with him to supplement theloss of Finland. After consultation with the Kingof Denmark, Christian August agreed, was dulyelected by the Rikstag and carne to Sweden totake up his duties as Heir Apparent.

Meanwhile, in April 180g, with the northernGerman states in open rebellion, the King ofDenmark ordered units of his army into Germanyto join forces with lhe Dutch Corps already atWismar. This Dutch-Danish force attacked thefamous Major von Schill at Stralsund on 31 May.Fierce and bloody fighting took place at the citygates ofTriebseerther and Knieperthor, and afterthe gates were taken fighting continued in Ihe

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market place and the street. Major von Schill waskilled and the official version stated: 'DanishHussars Lorenz and Crohn captured an enemyofficer in the street fighting. He was wounded andasked for pity. A Danish officer who was passingordered the Hussars nOt to kill him but 10 takehim along as a prisoner. When requested toaccompany the Hussars he resisted and was shot.He was recognized as von Schill, his militaryorder was taken as evidence and the bodyremoved'. Later the Hussar in question wasawarded a medal.

The Danish Corps under the command ofMajor-General von Ewald consisted of the follow­ing:

1st and 2nd Baltalion, Oldenborgske Inl:'lntcri­regiment

3rd Battalion. Holstcnske Infanterircgiment4th and 5th Companies, 2nd Battalion, Hoi.

stenske Infanteriregiment2nd and 6th Squadrons, HussarregimentOne troop of Holstenske Rynere

(A total force amounting to some 2,500 men.)

After two cellluril'S of Swedish domination thcFinnish Diet met in the small townofPorvoo, thereto offer Tsar Alexander the loyalty ofthc Finnishpeople. The Tsar accepted and Finland became aself-governing Grand Duchy under him.

BERNADOTTE BECOM ESCROWN PRINCE

Sweden suffered yet another disaster regardingthe choice of a Crown Prince. On 10 May 18lOthe Heir Apparent, Christian August, had aseizure whilst reviewing troops at a militarymanoeuvre in Skania, and fell dead from hishorse. After lengthy debates the Swedish Rikstagnow had two choices: the late Charlcs' brother,the Danish Prince Frederick Christian of Aug­ustenborg; or, as the Swedish Francophiles sug­gested a candidate selected by Bonaparte.Napoleon was at first non-committal as to hischoice at a meeting with thc chosen Swedish cn­voy, Lieutenant Baron Karl Otto Marner, whothcn turned to the French Marshals, and ap­proached the independcnt Bernadolte. Jean

14

Nonk Iftfantryofficer, .808, in a ,u,iform aimilartothal wo....by aU Daniah officera of 'hal period. Searl'll lail coal withyellow .:ollar, plutroft and cuffa and white Msm!; ailverbuttona, white turnbacka, allver epauleltea. Ta""elled aaahin sold wilh crimaon nripel; btue breechea wo.... with .ilve...trimmed huaiana.

BaptistcJulcs Bcrnadotlc, 47-year-old Marshal ofFrance and Princc of Ponte Corvo was a popularchoice who was liked by the Swedes for his goodtreatment of Swedish prisoners-of-war during the1806 campaigns. He was an able adminiSlratorand had a valuable relationship with the Bona­parte family; his brother-in·law was LouisBonaparte and his wife was Kapoleon's ex.fiancce.He was now semi-relired and living in Paris.

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Napoleon allowed Bernadotte's name to be putforward and although he had at that time otherideas for Danish-Swedish union, eventually gavehis consent in Bernadoue's favour. Full supportcame from the Swedish Rikstag when it wassuggested by the French Viceroy that a furtherloan wasin the offing upon the Marshal'sselection.He was unanimously elected heir to the throne!

Bernadone accepted the Swedish Constitution

Nouk B0"8"rbevupnins (c:iri,.e. militia) officer, 1808. Btac:k

::do=k;J~. ,,~I~~!1i ~:~~ ~~~bt:~,J::;.l~I;r;;;~u:';breeche•. Sa.h, .ilver_t rimlDed he...;a....nd .word (undt\lrewere .ta.dard Datli.h types.

and the Lutheran faith, and on 21 August 18lObecame Charles XIV John, Crown Prince ofSweden. Theold King Charles XI II adopted himas his son, and his forceful personality and manytalents soon won him a place in the Swedishpeople's affections.

The Crown Prince studied the situation of hisnew country. Finland had been annexed byRussia; to regain this by force of arms would be

IS

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.~ ~ ~_ ....: ~ -.-f;--(~~.~.:.'S)'_~

A famoa • .celIe from. me Napolecnoie Wan_Major YOlO 5dUUi••hoc oal of dIe ....ddle duriall n..-.611otia« al SuaboutdOB 3' May 1&09- He rni.ted capttlre, c1uHlllh wou.ded, a.Ddwa. kiUed by hyO Daai.h lroopers. (Kaolel)

111f1~1 .\'-- .\·'1.

I

\ .:\00't' 1.--.

both costly and dangerolls, yet his people yearnedfor their lost empire. Norway was the 4 obviousanswer; what better compensation for Finland?A combined Scandinavian state of Swedcn andNorway had great economic and cultural possi­bilities, and more a much easier defenceproblem. Of the two alternalives, Norway was byfar the better solution for Bernadotlc. To achievethis ambilion he had to manoeuvre carefully,although he had no intention of becomingNapoleon's lackey; when France wanted him towage war against England, he did so only withreluctance.

Relations between France and Russia hadgrown strained, with Napoleon massing hisarmies on the Russian frontier, but regardlcss ofthis Bernadottc made friendly overtures towardsRussia. In Swedcn he reorganized the country'sproduction. The overhaul of the army was an­other problem: the Swedish system of tenure-

16

establishment had many weak points, especiallyin the raising of rescrves. At a meeting of IheRikslag at Orebro in 1812 he introduced com­pulsory military service, which ordered 12 daystraining each year for all able·bodied men be­tween the ages of 21 and 25. The curious systemof hiring another person to substitute for oneduring this conscription service was permittcd.Nonetheless the tenernelll regiments'" remainedand continued to be the core of tile army. Due tothe great natiOnal debt, the supply of uniforms tohis army was a \·cry grave problem.

Swedish lack of cnlhusiasm for the war againstEngland did not appease or please the FrenchEmperor, and relations with France becamestrained. To show his displeasure Napoleon ord·

·The 'lenem('lIl r~imenlll·.....·hich made up Ihe hulk of Ih('S,,·o:dishllrenltlh.....·ereunilllofpart-timesoldien-·TerritoriaIJ·.inIh(' modern British I<:n5<:. Thr 1}'Jtem ,,--as oprn 10 man) abu..,......·hich Bcrnadolle "'orkcd 10 rliminalC. but he was unabl(' to ..rapthean:haicprO«dureemirrll'

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~red the invasion of Swedish Pomerania at thebeginning of 1812 under the command ofCeneralDavOUL There, a large number of the garrisonwere taken prisoners. This was a blow to the

wed ish Francophiles, who at last saw the truepath of Bonaparte's ambition. The Crown Princedttlared Sweden a neutral country, and with thepromis~ of help from Russia to secure Norway for

weden, he formed an alliance with Russia inApril 1812.

'['he 181J GumpuigllsAlthough Sweden took no pan in the Russiancampaign it is said that Bernadott~'sadvice to theRussians aided them in def~ating the Frencharmy. In March 1813, with the Grondt Armet inretreat, the Allies again aligned themselves againstFrance. Bernadotte signed a treaty of alliancewith Creat Britain, with the understanding thatifSweden committed her forces to co-operate withthe Allies on the continent, Creat Britain wouldsupport her plans for annexing Norway. Thetreaty also included a grant of I million poundsand the Fr~nch \Vcst.lndian islandofCuadaloupe.For this enterprise BernadoH~ gathered togetheran army of 30,000 Swedish troops. On I April hesigned a treaty with Prussia, and the same month

wed ish troops und~r the command of CeneralSandels landed in Pomerania, already evacuatedby the French. On 18 May 1813 the Crown PrinceCharles John arrived at Stralsund, and the samemonth Prince Christian Frederik, heir to theDanish throne, arrived in Norway to take com·mand of the army.

The Swedish army lransponed to the continentat this time was dressed in a motley collection ofuniform styles, the variations being copied fromtheir various allies. Some were wearing theearlier type uniforms, as the issue of 1810 had notyet been completed. Captured and borrowed uni­forms and equipment were also worn; these in­cluded French shakos and Russian kiwtr'J, thelatter becoming very popular especially with theSwedish offic~rs.

On 16 May 1813 the King of Denmark orderedthe Danish Division which was standing by in

Dam.h D.val weapoa. (left to riKbt), coa.t S-rdpike, lBoI aDd 1808; ...val ••bre 'Hol.tda'improviHd from FreDcll.767 haDllerl boardin(aJle, 18o?-141 ...val ..lore 18o?-a.. au.o madefrom tbe Frl!Bcb bul(er; _val cutla••808-'4,improviud rrom tile cavalry broa.bwordl.adboard.Uoll pike or c. 1800.

Daai.1l weapoe. (Iert 10 riIlllt)IIl 10" of1790; draJ- ..10" of 1808; 10 hrl! of'7921 h...-.bword rorNCO or.-traJ .taIr..t......

17

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Holstein to join the French Army Corps underthe command of Marshal Davout. During thebrief armistice from 4 June to 16 August, thisDivision was brought up to strength, and namedthe Danish Auxjliary Corps; it was placed underthe Danish commander, Prince Frederik ofHessen.

The Advance Guard was under the commandof Colonel Waldeck:

Slesvigske Jaegerkorps IIHoIstenske Skarpskynekorps I and II2nd and 6th Squadrons of HussarsOne Horse Ballcry of Artillery (three-pounders)The First Brigade was under the command of

Major-General Grafvon der Schulenberg:

Oldenborgske Infanteriregiment I, II, IVand the light company from III

eoate...porary print of D.nilh leaeral in dre.. umfonn,IBog. The blad< bicorae _I bordered wilh white fe_therll..d had a white pl1l.llOe. The o:n..mloa tall o:oat had tilht blue

=r:u:::c.~::e~o~I~::~:~:~':~~:;I;~e:.:_do:ri.m_ialn'WOVftl ...h;wlo.ileh~";lold-lri.m..m.Nhnsiaa.. {R. WillUa....Latha...j

18

Holstenske Infantcriregimcnt IVDronninggens Livrcgiment I and the light com pan}

from IIHoISlcnske Regiment R}'Hcre and one FOOl ArtilJen

(six-pounders)

The Second Brigade was undcr the command ofMajor.Gencral Lasson:

Fynske Infantcrircgimcnt I and IISiesvigske Infantcrircgimclll I and IIHoistenske Infanterircgiment IIIJ)'dskc Regiment Lene DragonerOne Horse Battery (thrce·pounders)Onc FOOl Battery (six·poundcrs)

The main force of this Danish Corps organiza.tion thus consisled of thirteen baltalions, two in·dependent companies of lighl infantry, tensquadrons ofcavalry and four batteries with fortypieces of cannon, amounting to 11,000 men.

The French Marshal Davout marched north·wards for Hamburg which was defended by theRussians under General Tattcnborn; being con­siderably outnumbered, they withdrew. DanishAuxiliary troops entered the city 10 hold it againStthe Swedes, but on [9 May Ihey evacuated itwhen news was received of the advance of fourSwedish banalionsunderGencral OObeln. Dobelnoccupied Hamburg, but to the astonishment ofthe Allied commanders, Bernadotle ordered himto be replaced by General Lagerbring, and on 26Mayordered the withdrawal ofthe Swedish troopsfrom the city.

The conduct and cautiousness of the newCrown Prince of Sweden so angered the sus­picious Allied commanders that many could notgive him credit either for his professed enmity toBonaparte, or his attachment to the Allied cause.However, he had his difficulties; as he could notspeak Ihe language of his adopted country, hesurrounded himself with soldiers and advisors ofmany nationalities. He was too cautious to com­mit his Swedish troops, a fear which annoyed theSwedes themselves, since in the eyes of the otherAllied troops they appeared to be cowards.Bernadotte seemed to be content only to send intoaction his beloved artillery.

After the battle of Bauzcn in which Ihe Allieswere defeated, partially due to the inactivity ofBernadotte, Ihe Allied command gave the CrownPrince more responsibility for planning the offen·

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sive and command of the Northern Army. Thiswas made up 01'3°,000 Swedish, 40,000 Prussian,10,000 mixed German and 2'2,000 Russian troops.The Prussians were under the command ofGenerals Bulow and Tanerzien, the Germansunder Wallmoden and the Russians in four corpsunder CzcrnischeO', Tettenborn, Winzergerodeand \Voronzow.

By 1'2 July 8ernadotte's famous TrachenbergPlan was issued. This formed the strategy of theAllied command for the eventual defeat of:\apoleon; its main points were to split the Alliedarmies into three groups:

I In south Germany, Russian and Austriantroops numbering some '2'20,000 under thecommand of Schwartzenberg.

'2 In the centre, 80,000 Austrian, Prussian andRussian troops under the command of8Wcher.

3 In the north, 100,000 Swedish and mixednationalities under the command of Bcrna­done.

Bcrnadotte placed his main force al Treuen­breilzein, concentrating about '20,000 troops toguard the Danish frontier (in the event ofa Danishattack in that quarter) and the Hanseatic Leaguetowns.

(A total combined strength ofsome '20,000 men.)

SWF.D1SIl ANI) ~'INNISII UNITS W"'CII ~'OUCHT

IN TilE IWSSO-SWEI)ISII CAMPAIGN:

["he Artillery Regimentof Finland

The Infantry of bo(CapitalofSwl:dishFinland)

Rusthall's BattalionBjornchorg Brigade

(orCeneral Dtibclnfame)

Colonist BattalionInfantry Regiment

TavastehusTavastehus Light HorseThe Queen Dowager's

RegimentTheJagerHorn

RegimelllAldcrcreulz's Regiment

Vargering InfantryVargering CavalryNyland Regiment of

DragoonsNyland Infalllry

RegimentNyland Light HorseOstro-Bothnia RegimcntKajana BattalionSavolax Cardia

DragoonsSavolax Infantry

RegimentSavolax Lighl HorseArtillery Regimenl of

SavolaxThe Kardske Light

Ho,""

::::;:t':t·k;;t~_;=1!:3.er=7~,v:=·,:::: ==eqllipmeDt. The &"'1 rqulatlOD pane... jacket bad a ItreeDcollar, cufI'...d .bovld_trap. aU edited white; the IJfteD(roDtal tVrDbaclo. had DO edPIt. Grey paIltaJoon...d.mallblack It_iten. Officen' tail eoat. were o(tIIe .alDe eolour aad(aemlt•. (Tojhu.mu.eet, Pellonark)

On '2 I August, Bernadolte reccived informationvia intelligence sources that Bonaparte was can·centrating the corps of Oudinot, Victor andDavout, and of Generals Bertrand and Regnier,ncar Bayreuth, the force amounting to some80,000 men. Napoleon was preparing a powerfuloffensive through 8erlin. Bernadotte took ap­propriate measures, placing the third PrussianCorps under the command of Bulow betweenHernersdorf and Klein Beren, and the FourthPrussian Corps at Blankenfelde. The Swedisharmy was concentrated at Ruhlsdorf, and theRussian army was brought up to the rear. Be-

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~~~:.~I~t=c:::;::e;lu~~oldl~~:~jacket willi collar, plastroa, aaK...... be..Li~...I

.houJder-st...p in black, aDd IJ"fl' c.1I'..lasbn, aU edJ:...Iwhitll'. Wkitll' (..-tal hll"llbe.ck.. b ..... buu-.., whitll' oye....n.buuoninS to _, black ""Iuipm"'.t. (RiSht), srftladiu o(

thll' Alto_i ", GreDade~Jail'!lI'rkomp.pi, 1810-11 ia aDidll'1ltical uaifortD with thll' II'JOCeptiOIl of the tall black bear­.1Iia, wid. b..... chia_Kal... aDd rll'Cl-oye"'!r_ plumll'. Notll'b ..... match..caR 011 cro..bdt.

cause of their rapidity of movement the cossacksand light infantry, under the command ofGeneralCzernicheIT, were ordered to stay close to the rearof the enemy's columns. On 22 August the Frenchattacked the advanced posts ofBernadotte's army.

As the attacking force was greatly superior innumbers, the Swedish troops retired. On themorning of the 23rd the French made a desperate

20

. -.attack on the Founh PruSSlan Corps; they wereheld and some prisoners were taken. The villageof Gross-Beeren came under heavy fighting, withthe Seventh French Corps and the FourthPrussian Corps both being successful, and it wasretaken. With the occupation of the village theenemy was exposed and Bernadonegave orders toGeneral Bulow to attack. For some hours thebattle raged, the Prussians advancing under theprotection of the Swedish anillery. About thistime the village of Ruhlsdorf was menaced by theenemy; Bernadoue ordered some battalions ofSwedish troops, together with a few pieces ofartillery, to reinforce the advanced posts. In thisoperation the French were taken in the flankwith a battalion of flying anillery, and retiredclosely pursued by the Russian light cavalry. Thebooty consisted of twenty-six pieces of cannon,',500 prisoners and a large quantity of baggage.Napoleon, seeing his plans defeated, replacedOudinot with Marshal Ney.

In August the Danish Auxiliary Corps re­ceived further reinforcements of dragoons, theDanish Fynske Regiment Lette Dragoner ac­companied by one company of sailors. On 16August Davout with his XIII Army Corps beganto march towards Berlin to support the Frenchtroops that were advancing on that city. Danishtroops marched on the left flank of this army to­wards Lubcck-Krummesse. The operation wasaccompanied by constant running fights withbands ofcossacks under General Walmoden, andthe Von Lutzow Freikorps. On reaching Schwerin,Davout halted his army and awaited informationabout Marshal Oudinot. By I September hereceived news of the Marshal's defeat at Gross­Beeren, and gave orders to fall b<lck on Hamburgto try and keep this important city for the Em­peror, and at the same time to cover the southernpart of Denmark.

With a force of about 70,000 me:n Ney attackedthe Prussian army, at this time some distancefrom the main forces of the Crown Prince. Beforemaking contact with the French at Juterboch,General Bulow informed Bernadotteofthecircum.stances. Immediately he changed his plan tomarch towards Leipzig, and with forced marchesarrived in time to save: the situation for the hard­pressed Prussian force:. Four thousand Swedish

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and Russian cavalry preceded the atlack, followedby 70 battalions and 10,000 horse, supported by150 pieces of artillery. The french began to retirein great disorder, Swedish and Russian artillerycompleting Marshal Ney's disintegration at Den­newitz on 6 September. After this battle it was~timated that the french had lost, in killed,.....ounded and prisoners, 16--,8,000 men, 50 piecesof cannon and 400 ammunition.waggons. Amongthe Allies the Prussians came off worst with up­wards of 5,000 killed and wounded. Swedishlosses were extremely light, with some twelve men""ounded; Bernadotte was again accused by boththe Allies and the Swedish soldiers of not commit­ting his own Swedish troops.

Every day l'apoleon's position became morecritical, bUI he still remained al Dresden. TheAllies, failing in their attempt to capture Ihe city,continued with a plan of campaign 10 weakenhim by attrition. They advanced from the valleyof Topiitz, in the direction of Bohemia, towardsDresden, and on another occasion from thedirection of Silesia; when Napoleon came out toattack them, they retreated. At length his troopswere becoming exhausted. French communica­tions were constantly under attack, and convoysof supplies were harassed by the reinforcedRussian cossacks. Davoul, who had advancedfrom the vicinity of Hamburg into Schwerin withthe express purpose ofco-operating with Oudinot,was being held in check by Count Walmaden, andhaving learned of Oudinot's fate he thoughtproper to commence his retreat. The cautiousBernadotle ordered General Vegesack to attackthe Danes if Davout withdrew his support fromthem during his retreat.

Prince Schwartzcnbcrg continued to advancefrom Bohemia, whilst Blilcher pressed forwardfrom the direction of Silesia. Austrian, Prussianand Russian troops re-entered Saxony, and ad­vanced to within eight miles of Dresden at Pirna.Again Bonaparte was forced to leave the city, butas usual the main Austrian army retired as heapproached, drawing him towards the mountainsof Bohemia. On 4 and 5 October Bernadotte andBli.icher, having crossed the Elbe at differentpoints just twenty miles apart, were in com­munication with the main army, drawing a lineacross this part of Saxony. With General Ben-

Drawiall from contemporary print, officeu of Sjaet_tand.lle Jaq:erkorp. and (riSln) Hot.ten.ke Skarp.kytterKorp', .8'0-11. The uniform. dlff'er only in epaulette and,hako loop colour _ ,ilyer (or the (ormer ..d sold (or thelatter. The black ,hako ha. a larSe sree.. feather plume andsold ta..eUed cord. in both can•. The sreftt jacke" haveblack collan, pl."ron, and cull'" a ..d Sree.. three-poi..t c:uJf..Ia,hu, all edlled white. The rq:vlalion ..,h i. wOrD., ..d thewhite pa..'aloo... are tucked i,no black he..i..,; tbe 'word,have ,ityer furniture and sold and crim'on kGo".

ningsen advancing tOwards Dresden, and thecossacks under Platoff in advance at Lutzen,Napoleon's communications with France werecompletely destroyed. On 7 October he finallyleft Dresden, taking with him the royal family ofSaxony. By the 9th Prince Schwanzenberg hadestablished his headquarters ncar Leipzig.

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LEIPZIG

The French position now occupied a front ofabout 120 miles from the fortress on the Elbe, in·eluding Dresden, Torgau, Witlcmbcrg andMagdeburg, the course of the river being nearlynorth-west. From Dresden, Torgau is about 45and Wittemberg 70 miles; 17 miles below Wittcm­berg, on the left, the Mulda Aows into the Elbe.Leipzig stands between them, about 18 miles fromthe river Saalc, 13 from thc Mulda, and 35 milesfrom the Elbe. By I I October the combinedarmies of Bernadotte and Blucher lay on the riverbank of the Saalc west and north of Leipzig, withBlucher in the more advanced position. The mainobject of the Allies was to force Bonaparte intoballle, whilst he in turn was trying 10 weakenthem by drawing off sections of their troops.BeT;lin had been left exposed by the CrownPrince's march tojoin the main Allied army. TheFrench Emperor advanced, pushed a corps acrossthe Elbe at Witlemberg, and Bernadotle re­treated to Cothen, halfway between the Saale andEtbe rivers. General Tauenstein with 12,000 menhad fallen back to protect the capital, so that theFrench force, having failed in its main objective,was recalled.

On 18 October, after receiving reinforcementsfrom Bliicher, of 30,000 men. infantry, cavalryand artillery, Bernadotte undenook the attack onthe enemy dircctly opposing him; a strong posi­tion on the left bank of the Panha, with its rightresting on the heights of Faucha, and its left to·wards Leipzig. To gain the heights Bernadotteordered in the Russian and Prussian troops underGeneral Winzingerode while he himself, in com·mand of the Swedish army corps, endeavoured toeffect a passage across the river at Plosen. TheRussians achieved their objective and took some3,000 prisoners and pieces of cannon at Faucha.Before Bernadolle could complete his Aankingmovement, French infantry abandoned the line ofthe river and retreated in the direction of Leipzig,defending the villages they passed through to safe­guard their retreat. The Allies continued theiradvance, meeting only token resistance, butGeneral Langeron under Rliicher's command meta heavy concentration of French troops in one ofthe villages, and was forced to retire. However,

22

the occupation of the village was essential for the­fun her operations of the Allies, so a rocket.brigade attached to BcrnadOl\e's army was calledinto action against it. Only one salvo of Con.gre\'e's formidable weapons was fired, but theeffect on the solid square ofopposing infantry was

(1..,(l:), J.~~ DC Lon-dslu, J.~erkorpa, 11510-11. BladrsllaJoo, «"'I'll tas_lIed cord., s~ pluDle .pparelltl,. Urwb.he metal CaueaUrs. Blackjadret. pa.o,alooaa ..d saiters,

{.::.~':~-:o,:~,....~IU:dN~~:;.:~~t~~~; Ib:~e~~:r(l~t~~j;~~~b:~k1:.=;.:~-;t-~:::'~U;:~~::;:'1:US::~:~:~~,:.i~:~~::"~:;p~~:.::~~lf:::r~=::Tke ja"ket is eatiret,. bla"k "s"ept for WlUle Iuroba"ka, thepalltaloo..s dark sre)' a..d the sa;ters bla"k.

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N

tGftoem .....p or areas ... wlLic:h SeaacliaaYia. arm.in"'.... aetiOll ia the period r801 '1.

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staggering; they were panic-strickcn, and sur­rendered.

In this pcriod of the battle the Saxon artillerywith twenty-two picces of cannon, two additionalSaxon battalions and two Westphalian hussarregiments deserted the French ranks and joinedthe Allies. The guns were immediately turnedagainst the French, Bernadotle led these newtroops against their former allies, resplendent onhis white horse and dressed in a uniform of violetlaced with gold, his hat adorned Wilh white plumessurmounted with a larger plume in the Swedishnational colours, and in his left hand his batoncovered in violet velvet ornamented with goldencrowns.

The French held out more determinedly to thesouth. Napoleon was in a dilemma, whether toretire to Leipzig and hold out from there or toesc'~pe by the line of the Upper Saale. Withcasualties of some 50,000 men as well as 65 piecesof artillery 10SI, he hesitated for some time, butfinally chose the latter alternative and evacuatedlhe city only two hours before the Allies entered.After a brief resista nce the victorious Allied lroopsattacked and carried Leipzig. The Emperor ofRussia, the KingofPrussia, and lhe Crown PrinceBernadotte entered the CilY at different points atthe head of their respective troops, and formed upin the main square. where they were greeted bythe liberated inhabitalllS with cheers and muchjubilation.

With lhe victory of Leipzig, the NapoleonicEmpire crumbled fasl. Gone was the allegiance ofthe German princes; lhe Confederation of theRhine lay in tatters, and was dissolved. All thatremained 10 Napoleon was the attachment of theKing of Denmark, who even when Napoleon wasat the extreme crisis of his fate declared war onthe Emperor's enemy, Austria.

The pursuit of the French army continued.Napoleon's straggling dispirited soldiers, some80,000 strong, were attacked by Bavarian andAustrian troops under the command of GeneralWrede. In anticipation of the final result of thebattle for Leipzig, Wrede had been sent forwardby a route calculated to reach the French beforethey reached the Rhine. At Hanau a desperateconflict was fought and despite their numericalsuperiority the French were defeated with a loss

24

of about 10,000 men. When they finally reachedthe Rhine, Napoleon garrisoned all the strongpoints on the river and the frontier, and departedfor Paris.

Although the light troops of the Allies pursuedand harassed the remains of the French army asfar as the Rhine, Bernadolte had no wish to sharein the final extermination of the enemy.

The liberation of the COuntries of Europe wa.~

now the Allies' chief problem. The defence 01'France called for the withdrawal of all the troopswhich still remained beyond the frontiers. TheTsar's plan was that Paris should be encircled, andFrance invaded from all sides; the main armywould attack rrom Switzerland, the Austriansfrom Italy, the British from the direction ofSpainand the south, Blucher from along the Rhine andBernadolte with his army through Holland.

Bcrnadotte and his Nonhern Army marchedin the direction of Cassel, with the object of im­plementing the Tsar's plan to liberate the Dutch.Here the plans were altered for obvious reasons,as the French were still in strength on the rightbank of lhe Elbe. The small army under Wal­moden was insufficient to either hold or attackthem in any great strength; before the NorthernArmy could act effectively or safely in Holland,the rear had to be made entirely secure with theutmost expediency. On 29 October Bernadotlebranched northwards towards the French XI 11thArmy Corps under the command of MarshalDavout, who were grouped in and aroundHamburg; these amounted to some '3°,000 men,many in isolaled fonresses.

This plan had the added attraction that bymarching against the French there was the prob­ability that Hamburg could be liberated andthrough it an opening made for immediate com­munication with England. Bernadolte also de­cided to attempt the liberation of the Hanoveriandominions, and by r November he had achievedthis ambition. Sir Charles Stewart, the Britishrepresentative at his headquarters, said in hisofficial despatch: 'The enthusiasm, loyalty andthe joy of the people can not be described, and,although it is some ten years that this coulltry hadbeen separated from their legitimate sovereign, itis obvious he lives in their heans with the samedeep-rooled affection'.

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, o..nmar": Offi.,~r of 0.... Ko..!~li!~ Li ..!ard~Til IlaSI, ,800-13

2 D~nmar": Guards (Li~_"adro..l,paMld.. and ! .."rd ifor...

A

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, Dfcnmllrk: Kon~fcn", Livjll~..r Corps,ja..!:O'r,,8<ry

" D ..nmark:jaO'!:",roffi"",r,fi",lduniform

:1 DO'nmllrk: j"..~.. r offi" .. r, pllradO' uniform

B

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• Swed"n: Andra LifGard", GuardSnlan, .807

3 Swed"n: Kongung"ns S..."" Lie Gard".Offic"r,·807

c

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o

• S_ed~nl Liv Gr~n.di~rCorp. oflh., Lift'Bri!.d.. , Officu, .813

., Swedtllll KouS....S..... LifG.II'd.. Til " ••1.TrOOl"'r··Scrt

3 SWedtllll Lif!rtllladi..r R"'!;m.... I. Offi«r••813

<4 SWMtIIl' Kou«U"Stlll' LifG.II'd., Til H.~I.

Offi«r.·Scrt

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• OtnTtlark, Hu,,§ar RtgiTtltnt, Offictr, .6'3

0: Oani§hGtntral, .8'3

3 Otnmark, Guidt Corps Offictr, .8'3

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• Oflo....r .. ' JydB"" R~;rn"D' L.,u., Dr.gon.,r,TrooperiD • .,rvic.,dr.,ltI, .8'3

2 In:a....r .. ' Jyd.... ., Ro:w;rn.,,,, LUI., Drago".,r,Offic.,r,"'3

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(• and,. D"""11.a..lo, Gr.....di..u o(Old..nbo"l!: .....

IlLfanl..rirlt!'me.t, II.]

3 Dnamark: 3di.. Jyd.k_lAf","..ri~m"llt,Office",.B.]

<4 Denmark: Old....bo""5."'.. laf... t ..ri~;m...IU,Offic",r••(Iog

G

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H

• and \I Denmark, Holsunke Ryuere, OfficerandTrO<tJH'r,.81:)

:) and .. Denmark: :)d;e Jydske In(anterir~.

menl, Jaeger company Corporal andTrooper, .81:)

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As soon as Bernadolte had reorganised andarranged a suitable provisional government inHanover, he marched against Davout. At firstthe French commander appeared to stand andawait the full onslaught of the Allies behind hisso-called Stecknirz line. Bernadotte, to appeasethe Allies and keep alive the Tsar's plan, sentCenerals Bolow and Winzingerode towards Hoi·land whilst he took command of 60,000 men andcontinued northwards. With a change of plan,however, Marshal Davout withdrew from theStecknitzline and retired to Hamburg, which hestarted to provision and fortify. When called uponto surrender by Bernadotte, he replied: 'I willdefend the city to the last burning debris'.

Bcrnadotte marched against LObeck which wasdefended by a Danish garrison; resistance wasbrief, the inhabitants greeting the Swedish soldierswith open arms, and lhe commandant sued forcapiwlation. Negotiations with Davout havingfailed, Bernadolte sent a Russian corps of about16,000 men, under lhe command of \Vorintz, tosurround and besiege Hamburg. The Swedishforces under his own command took on the leftwing of the Danish troops in position at Lubeck.Ceneral Walmoden with a mixed corps took onthe Danish right wing situated at Boden, south­ust of Oldesloe. The advance guard was com­manded by Major-Ceneral Dornbcrg.

In the general retreat before Hamburg theDanish Auxiliary Corps were now cut offfrom themain French army corps. Prince Frederik ofHesse gave orders for a general withdrawal toHolstein to defend Ihe Danish frontier from thenow obvious threat of an Allied army advancingunder Bernadotle. Further reinforcements ar­rived as late as 3 December; these were theJydske Infanteriregiment I, Leite KompagniSlesvigske Infanteriregiment (III Batlalion), onecompany of Hertuginde Louise Augusta Liv­jaegere, and the Ahonaiske Jaegergrenader­Kompagni. The Danish commander sent outcouriers ordering all units to fall back to the mainDanish position at Oldsdoe, but it was too late:on the morning of 4 December the Danish 2ndBrigade under the command of Major·CeneralLasson had made contact with part of theAdvance Cuard of the Russo-Cerman Brigadeunder Warden burg in the village onVesterau.

The 2nd Brigade consisted of:

6odragoons rrom the Fynske Lene DragonerRegiment

50 huss.'lrs1St and 2nd Battalions, Fynske Inranteriregiment1St and 2nd Battalions, Slevsigske InfanteriregimentRifle Company rrom the 2nd Battalion,

Dronningcn RegimentRifle Company rrom the 3rd Battalion,

Holsten RegimentRifle Company rrom the 3rd Battalion,

Oldenburg Regiment3rd Company of the SlevsigskeJaeger Korps

Fighting took place around the villages ofSiebcnbaumen and Steinhorst, and before Dorn.berg had time to organize his division his fronttine had been driven back. The HannoverianBrigade pushed the Danes back from Steinhorst,causing lhem to retire to Cross Boden. Thefighting continued for some hours with the Danescounter.attacking and forcing the Hannoveriansto break and retire. The Allied Advance Cuardunits regrouped and again advanced. This timethe Danes did not give fight but joined the mainDanish position at Oldscloe, subsequently makingtheir way to their own border.

THE FALL OF DENMARK

By 5 December the main force of the Allied armyof Russo-Swedish troops, containing ~bout 18,000Swedish soldiers had advanced into DanishHolstein. Fighting took place at Bornhoved andSehestcd. The last ever Swedish cavalry battle, inwhich the Marner Hussars distinguished them.selves, was fought at Bornhoft. The Danish army,after retreating through Holstein, drew up in aposition on lhe Eyder where Prince Frederick ofHessen requested an armistice. Talks extendedinto January, with both armies drawn up inposition and fortresses besieged. As the basis ofthe negotiations laid down by Bernadotte was notacceptable, hostilities were resumed and thetown of Cluckstadt was taken. When the frontiertown ofJutland Kolding was reached the Danishgovernment decided to conclude a peace withSweden and Creat Britain, and on '4 January1814 the Treaty of Kid was signed. The condi-

25

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26

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Swo:dish troop. o( 1813-14 campaign. Resulations (or uni.(orms u:isted, but due to the S"reat po...eny of the Swedish• ation the soldiers we", badly c1otbo:d and equipped. Whenthe uniforms deteriorato:d with use a..d "0 replacement.were fonhcominS", the .oldier. worewbale_r was available,allied and captured uniform. and equipment being worn"";Ih equal freedom. The uniforms 0" this plate depict tbeSwedish mililary 'fashio'" during tbe period of .8IJ~14

througboul the Nonh Gel'........ c.mp.ign., the .......lIio.. ofDenmark, the Iibe.... tion of the Netberland••nd finally theia....s io.. ofNorw1ly.

The figure 011 tbe left, a pri ...ate of tbe Nonh Skiin.ka Resi­ment, ill we.ring a c.ptured Frencb IIh.ko, .nd p.rt of hillequipmenl is from hi. (now) Runian allies. R"'!'JI.tion.bid down that .ll unit. wore tbe t ....dition.1 higb rou..d feltbt all shown on tbe figure On tbe ri!ht, but replacement.were .carce. The j.cket was the .8'11 p.llern, dark blue withred collar and cuff"s, tbe cuff". being piped in dark blue.Shoulder.lltl'1lps were in tbeuniform colour ofblue and pipedin red. The turnback. were in yellow and buttons were brall.The panl.loo... were i... medium grey colour ."d decorato:dwilh an Au..trian knot and Illripes down the out..ide lIeam inred. Dark grey g.iters were worn o"'er the boot•. Around thewaill was the lance....style girdle. Crotll-beh., .rm-strap.and chest-eonn.,.,tingltraps were in white leather. A h.yo..etKabb.rd was att.cbo:d to the b.ck of the black le.ther....munition pouch, whicb bung dllwn on Ihe ri!bt hip. Thekn.p...ck wa. of brown hide witb • copper cant.,.,n (theSgure ..bown i. wearin!. Ru...i....type white met.1 cant.,.,n).....!o.. the back. A wate.-.cont.iner was not ...,.,e.....rily pan•• •oldier's ",,!uipment, .0 tbese co..t.iners ranged frompllll bottle. wilh .ome prot.,.,ti...e co...eri,,!, to captured..elale.ntcenll.

~:ri:~I~~efi:::i~:.t.".::(:ii;::):~:.::.~:g;:;~:"i~:wilh tbe Swedes. The uniform ill tbe 18topattern ofdark bluewith tbe coUar a ..d tbe round cuff ill red. The shoulde...Rrapl are the lIame colour al Ihe uniforln, edSed in red. Thenlmbac". were in yellow and bUllons were bra.... The waistwa. encirded wilh Ibe la"cer-Iype girdle in the national.,.Iours of yellow and blue. P.ntaloons were Inedium grey...th Austrian knOll and lide .tripes in red. Dark sreypiters were worn. All the leather equipme"l wa. white withtlte e:sception oftbe black alnrnunition poucb. The back_packwas of brown hide with a S"rey blanket roll On top, aecured bywhiteleather .. trap...

Tbe figure 0.. Ihe riSht i. a pri.... le of the Uppland R~ment.He wore the r"'!'Jlation taU round hat with the left .ide brimdongaled 10 reach Ihe top of the crow" and fa.te"ed wilh a,..-Uow cockade a"d a hutton and loop, o"'er which wa. a_hile standin! 'bru.h'. Around the hat wa. a while hat-band.110e u.,;corm wa.. dark blue wilh a while collar, lapel...ndcaffl being yellow edged witb white. The turnback. wereJlellow, .houlde....strap. were dark blue ed!ed yellow, hulto....~re brass. Thepa"laloon. were medium 8rey with Au.trianbOI. and .ide .tripes in yellow, .nd the resul.tion l.ncerprdle w•• WOrn. The ",,!uipment was the regul.tio" p.uernwilh the addilio.. ofthe brown gourd carried On the left side..,. • cord, all a" impro......ed canteen.

lions of the treaty were that Norway should beceded to Sweden, in return for which Denmarkwas to have Swedish Pomerania as compensation;that Stralsund should become a depot for Britishgoods; that the Danes should, on receiving asubsidy of £40,000 from England, join the Allieswith a force of 10,000 men; that Britain wouldreturn to Denmark all that she had captured fromher, except Hcligoland; that both Sweden and

Britain would use their good offices to negotiate apeace between Denmark and the other Allies .Later, Denmark exchanged Pomerania withPrussia for Lauenburg.

With the question of Norway all but settledBernadolte evacuated Holstein and as rapidly aspossible headed south to fulfil his obligations inHolland. The first of the Swedish troops crossedthe Rhine on 24 February, finally halting at Liegewhere Bernadotte made his headquarters. Thecentre of the Northern Army under Blucher hadsufTered heavy losses, and he appealed to the Tsarfor more reinforcements; Ihis request was granted,and the corps of Winzingerode, Billow and\Voronzo were placed under his command. Tocompensate for the loss of these corps Bernadoltewas given the overall eommand of the forcesbesieging the French fortresses, which includedthe Dutch and British troops in and around theNetherlands .

in April of 1814 Bernadotte returned to Paris.The Tsar and some of the other Allies offered,indeed urged him to accept a position as mediatorbetween the Allies and the Royalists, or even asthe leader of the opposition; the post of General­issimo was even mentioned, but all these Berna­dotte refused. He had secretly entertained highhopes of obtaining the French throne, but was avery disappointed man, since the French thoughtof him not as a saviour but more as a traitor totheir cause. He had become completely alienatedfrom his own people, the French. VVith promisesof Allied influence and aid in his conquest againstNorway, he returned to his northern kingdom,Sweden.

THE iNVASION OF NORWAY

The refusal of the Norwegians to submit meeklyor to surrender their fortresses, Konsvinger,Frederikshald, Frederikstad and Akerhus on theborders, boded ill for a peaceful settlement.Scarcely a month after the signing of the Treatyof Kid, a representative body of Norwegians metin the town of Eidsvold and drafted a constitutionfor all independent monarchy with the DanishPrince Christian Frcderik (cousin and heir toChristian VIol' Denmark) as its Regent. Norwayprepared for war, but her military plans were ofa

27

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(Ldt to risbt) , artiUery .word (or NCO., I~;artillery .word, I~; cadel'••word, I~;

artillery ·Stral.wod' .word, .Bog.

wholly defensive nature. The army took uppositions along the German river to oppose thethreatened invasion. Norway then made strongappeals to the Allied powers, for without outsideassistance their cause would be lost. They ap­pealed to Britain, but although sympathetic, inMarch 1813 she had signed a treaty with Swedenassuring her of British military aid in return for herassistance against Napoleon. With this alliance inbeing the other Allies, although distrustful ofBernadotle could do nothing, so Norway was leftto her fate.

Bernadoue was still at this time at his head·quarters in Belgium, so the command of theSwedish troops was in the hands of Count Essen.Although well-equipped the Swedes were few innumber, being only 16,000 men strong, but tocounter-balance this they had a strong British andSwedish naval force. The i':orwegians had some20,000 men; they were confident in their cause,

28

their strength and the defcnsive nature of theircountry. Had they not thrown back the invadingSwedes in 1808--g? They could do it again! Theyhad not reckoned with Bernadotle, who hadbrought the new Swedish army up to a highstandard of discipline and preparedness.

Bernadotle informed Essen of the reinforce­ments he was sending, which amounted to about30,000 men who were being landed at Carlshamn.There were further Russian and Prussian troopsamounting to another 20-30,000 men. There wasa promise of more troops from the Tsar - 5-6,000men who would bc despatched from Archangel toland at Trondhjem. ByJuly Bernadottc was readyto invade Norway. On 26July the Swedish fleetsailed from Stromstad to eapture and takepossession of the islands at Hvaloerne, which theNorwcgians had already cvacuatcd. Amphibiouslandings were made on Krangcrocll where some6,000 men took over the fortress of Frederikstadwith little or no opposition. The garrison underthe command ofColonci Hjerman retreated withall haste.

General Galm led a Swedish detachment ofapproximately 2,500 men with instructions toattack and harass the Norwegians; he crossed theborder at Solor with the intcntion of marching toKongsvinger, and made contact with an equalforce of Norwegian troops under the command ofColonel Krebs. The Norwegians retreated beforethe Swedes until they reached Lier where theywere able to secure a fortified position. The Swedcsadvanced and attacked on 2 August, but werebeaten back with heavy losses. Galm moved backand established a camp at Matrand. During lhenight Colonel Krebs approached the camp with afew hundred troops, sending his main force orl,ooomenon a flanking movemenl. Thcyattackedat dawn; the fighting was briefand bloody. Gahnwas able to extricate his troops, but only aftergreat difficulty, with the loss of some 300 menkilled, wounded or taken prisoner.

Thc Swedish army of two corps numberingabout 45,000 men was in position at NorthBoluslen. With volunteers and militia the Nor·wegians could not muster more than 27,000 men.The balance of sea power was even more alarm­ing. The Swedes had four ships of the line, fivefrigates, one brig and about So--9o smaller craft:

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to back this up they had the helpofthe formidableBritish fleet, against which the Norwegians hadonly eight brigs, one schooner and some hundredsmaller vessels.

The Second Swedish Corps advanced throughEnningdal under the command of Field Marshalthe Count Essen, and the Norwegians retreatedbefore them. Fredriksten was besieged by 6,000Swedish troops under General Vegesack. AtSvinesund, to escape being cut off from the mainarmy by Essen, the Norwegians under the com­mand of General Butensdhon withdrew. TheCrown Prince Christian Frederik went to Rak­kestad where the main army was concentrated.There his chief-of-stafTGeneral Seirsted informedhim that he would be unable to defend his capitalChristiania (Oslo). There was no other way: thePrince ordered a general retreat across theClomma river, and the Swedes occupied theborder towns. Bernadotte wished to negotiate; hewanted a quick settlement that he eould present to

the great powers, as sympathy with the Nor­wegian cause could well sway his former Allies.Although these negotiations ended on 29 Julywith the Norwegians still holding out in variouspositions, the capital was already open to attack.Outflanked, outnumbered, and with a weakleadership, Prince Frederik surrendered Norwayto the Swedish crown.

Bernadotte·offered to accept the Eidvold con­stilUlion, with added amendments made neces­sary by the union of the Norwegian and Swedishcrowns. To this the Norwegians then agreed. Thecontrol of foreign policy was to be determined inStockholm, and the Swedish king was to appoint aViceroy to represent him in Norway. Whereas inSweden the king had absolute veto over ordinarylegislation, in Norway his veto was valid for onlysix years. The former Independencies of Norwaysuch as Iceland, the Faroes and Greenland re­mained under the Danish crown. The small islandofSt. Bathelemy in the West Indies was the onlydependency she had left outside the ScandinavianPeninsular. The West Indian island ofGuadeloupewas, under pressure from Britain, returned toFrance. Britain gave Sweden compensation forthis island in part payment of her' national debt.Wiesmar, although only mortgaged to Mecklen­burg, was never relUrned to Sweden.

Sweden has never fought another war, and hasremained neutral throughout the many sub­sequent world conflicts.

By the end of the Napoleonic period in 1814,Denmark was bankrupt and five-sixths of herterritory had been lost.

Norway remained under a foreig,:! yoke, andhad to wait almost a hundred years before shegained her independence.

rile 'PlatesA / Denmark: Officer of Den Kongelige Livgarde Til

Hast, 1800-/3The Royal Horse Guard was formed in 1661 andapart from a shan period ofone year (1771-1772)continued in service until 1866, when it was dis­banded. The strength of this corps was very small,consisting of no more than about '200 men. Itsmain function was that of a personal bodyguardto the king. The only action in which the corps

29

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took any part was in 1807, this being in defence ofCopenhagen against the British attack on thatcity. During 1800-1815 the main duties wereguarding the King and patrol duties around thecoast surrounding Copenhagen. There were twosquadrons, differentiated only by the tops of theircoloured feather plumes. The first squadron,known as Livcskadronen (the Life Squadron,had a white feathered plume with a red top, andthe second squadron had a white feathered plumewith a light blue top. The uniform pattern of thisorganization changed very lillie over the years,except for minor details. The sword carried wasthe 1772 pattern; the hilt was of silver, with ablack grip bound with silver wire. A scabbard ofblack leather had silver mountings, and the sabreknot was gold striped crimson. The horse furnish­ings consisted of a red shabraquc with silver laccedgings. The harness was of black leather withgilt ·fittings. Pistols carried were the 1807 modelwith the 'internal' flint-lock by C. \·V. Kyhl.

A2 Denmark.' Guardsman (Lirwskadronen) in Paradeand Guard-Duty Uniform

In earlier years the helmet tail decoration wasmore in the form of a sausage-shape which hungdown the back, but this was replaced by a horse­hair tail. At this period the helmet had a blackleather skull, straight at the back. Two metalbands, one on either side, were fixed to give addedprotection from sabre cuts, and the 'up-turned'leather peak was edged in white metal with ametal band above the peak over the front of theskull. The turban, contained by three silver chains

. "

~~.~mm.iil~

(Top to beetOIll): IS·S.........hore rifled c:arbu.e,1"1; 16"lIIm .horerifled.c:arbi.e,I."s; 16"IIIIDcarbiDe, lao,.

30

on either side, was ofa red coloured material. Thehelmet was surmounted bya fur crest with a horse­hair tail which hung down the back. White metalchin-scales were adopted in March 1808. On theleft side was a cut feathered plume of red overwhite, attached in a socket beneath the turb."!n.

The uniform was a shan (just below waist­length) coatee of a light yellow cloth, fasteningdown the front by means of hooks and eyes. Twostrips of lace ran down the front on either side ofthe fastenings. The collar, shoulder straps. cuffsand turnbacks (in the front) were red with laceedging; prior to 1802 no turnbacks were shown.The bottom of the coatee was also edged in lace.Rank distinction was shown by types of lace andbuttons. The breeches were of a similar malerialto the coatee. a light yellow c10lh withoutornamentation. The boots were high, coveringthe knees, and fitted with white metal spurs. Itwas llsual to wear the black leather cross-belt fromthe left shoulder. For parades a silver cross-beltplate was worn. On active service tbe cross-belthung from the right shoulder and a black leathercarbine belt with a swivel and hook hung over theleft shoulder, crossing the body. A black leatherwaist belt had a silver belt plate decorated withthe Danish coat of arms in gih. Black leathersword slings and sabretache with silver em­broidered monogram FR VI were worn. Thesword carried was the 1772 paltern with the hihin brass, the scabbard being of black le'lIher andsteel. The carbine carried was the shoft riRed16·8 model of 1807; like the pistol it was fittedwilh the so-called 'internal' flint-lock, made by

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C. W. Kyhl in 1806, and approved in April 1807,made in the Kronborg Arms Factory.

B I Denmark: Kongens Livjaeger Corps, Jaeger, 1807With the threat of the British Reet offJudand on12 March 1801, volunteer corps were hastilyformed. One of the first open to the citizens wasthe Kongens Livjaeger Corps (King's Life-Corpsof Riflemen), recruited mainly from the middle­elass youth. With General Von Holstein as itscommander-in-chief, it was formed on 25 March1801. The corps consisted of two companies underCaptain Count Holk and Captain Von Stibolt.Although it did not take part in the baltIc ofCopenhagen, a small contingent was stationedwith a battery on Amager. After the bailIe thestrength was increased to four companies of 100men each. For every twenty-five men an officerwas appoinled, elected by the riRemen them­selves. The original regulations for the uniformlaid down on 15 April ended with the order:

'Everyone who is a member of the Corps mustprovide himself with the above-mentionedfield-uniform, sabre, cartridgebox, knapsack,greatcoat and all matter to support himself.For this service in the corps, the King will pro­vide him a rifle and ammunilion'.The greatcoat had a round cape with green

tassels and lace, both of which could be easilyremoved to convert it back lor civilian usc.Pelisses trimmed with black fur were permittedfor officers, and also the growing of beards by themen.

New regulations issued on 3 I January 1806 in­creased the strength of the corps by 80 men; theofficers were upgraded from Civic Guards statusto that of the Militia. Minor changes of uniformlook place: the parade-uniform for thc riRemenwas to be discontinued; officers were to wear lhesame czapka as the men; and gold cords andepauleltes were to be worn by the officers.

In defence of Copenhagen during the battle of1807 the corps conducled themselves with greatbravery, their casualty rate being the highestamong the defending Danish troops, amountingto one quarter of their effective strength. After thepeace treaty of 1814 this was the only volunteercorps which was allowed 10 remain in service. Forpurely political reasons the corps was disbanded

Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadoue, Marshal ofFraace, Prince ofPODte Corvo. At the age of 47 he was m.ade CroWD Prince ofSweden with the aame Charles John, ...d later took thethrone as Charles XIV.

on 21 July 1870.The Jaeger wore all unusual variation of thc

czapka, a six-cornered tall hat with parallel sides.It had a Icather body and peak, neck and ear­(laps, ornamentcd with a grcen turban, ball tuftand cords. Non-commissioned officers worc agreen cockade under lhe balt-luft. The short Oustbelow waist-length) jacket was dark green, with ablack collar, lapels, pointed cuffs and the turn­backs in lhe front. A black leather pouch belthung from the left shoulder across the body. Thewaist be It of black leather was fitted widl a brassbuckle. Non-commissioned officers (Overjaegere)wore white cords and a gold epaulette on the rightshoulder, and a black shoulderstrap edged withgold on the left. Grey pantaloons decorated withblack braid at the waist were worn with plain

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Hessian-type boots. Overjaegers' boots were fittedwith a tassel. On the left-hand side a brass hiltedsword-type bayonet (hirschranger) was carried,with a green sabreknot for the riflemen and awhite knot for N.C.O.s. A Rat triangular-shapedpowderhorn made from cow-horn was suspendedfrom the waist belt by straps on the right. All rankswore the black cravat plaited and allowed 10hang down in front. The rifled musket was carriedby all personnel.

82 Denmark: Jaeger Officer in Field UniformPrior to 1806 officers had worn for service dress aleather skull and peak helmet, with a leopard­skin turban contained by chains. It was sur­mounted by a fur crest and a green featheredplume. Their epaulelles were green, and theirsashes yellow striped green. Under the newregulations ofJanuary 1806 the officers' uniformcame closer in appearance to that of the men, withonly minor differences. The officers now wore theczapka filled with gold cords, and gold epauleltesto distinguish their rank. A gold sash with crimsonstripes was now worn in line with the regulararmy. Grey pantaloons with a slightly heavierbraid ornamentation at the waist were worn withthe tasselled Hessian boots. Both the crossbelt andthe powderhorn hung from the left shoulder acrossthe body, the latter supported by a green cord. Astirrup-hihed sword in a scabbard ofblack leatherfitted with brass mounts was carried on blackleather slings. Both pistols and rifles were carriedby the officers.

83 Denmark: Jaeger Officer in Parade UniformFollowing the new regulations this uniform hadthese notable differences. The czapka, apart fromthe gold cords and flounders, was also decoratedwith gold cord at each corner, around the greenturban, around the leather peak, earflaps andneck flap. The uniform was green, and lhe shortblack lapels were edged in gold lace and decoratedwith gold loops and buttons. Gold braid andbUllons reached the waisl. The black turn-ups inlhe front, the pointed black cuffs and the hallomof the jacket were all edged or decorated withgold lace. Gold bullion epaulettes were worn. Athin black leather belt edged in gold with a gilttwo-bossed buckle was worn around the waist.

32

Swedi.h .rtillery troop., .&0,. The fi~re Oil the le(t i. ap""er (Kaaoaier) o( the V,,"du Artill....ir~ ...ellt.., whowOn th.. taU rOUlld f..1t hat with the ..IOIIpted Calae hri...011 the Idt-haad .ide, C••t_ed with a Y"Uow how aad huuo..aad loop oC th.......e coto.r. The hat w-. ••rulO..-ted hy....hite pl....e, th.. hat_buld. _. h The .iDSle-h,.....ted-.ifor... _. dark bl".. with clar" bt (.ciDS" .bouJder-.lrSp.. cuB"....d tv.....hack.. The collar _ ....hite Ihlddecorated with two yello COUOll coreb or lact bar-. The.iDsle ro o(lnalt_. d the (roat Lad those OIl the aIH.wen ill b Fro... the Idt .boulder 11-. • huB" leather

~r:-~~:thi"'~~e·=:'~t·:.~tufi:'tt.:':=r:~ftl:belt p'f:te. he c1.......fitti.llS pLatd oC clar" bl.e ...e",deeonr.ted with A".tn- ....011 ill yeUo Blae" booll wert"'0rD., fiued with .ilver met.1 .p"n. The .rtillery pat"".........ord witb th...tirrup hilt ill a .leel Lad leather Kabb.rdwa.c.rried.

The c_tre fipre (h.ck vie...) i. La officer i .. the Ve.duArtillerir~m"'"".Th.. lUliforrn ......irnil.r to that oC thep""er with the CollowiDS e"ceptio•• : the decoratiOIl Oil thewhite coDar _. o( cold lace; the e.......beh ..... leather ...d

t:~o:e:..d:I=:.P.f:;''::~t~::~':'~::~ct':t~~~:.~r;~~lact. The clar" bl"e tv.....back....ert o........_ted with • sold

feft':~,:~::,c:,:';~':;;':I~~~I~;I:"~~~:''':.~~:....m.ofthebl.epalltalooo.. ne ....ord ••pportedbySold.lace .IiDS...... Ih.. .rtillery palt__ ill • hlack leather_hbant with Jilt fittiar•. The .word"'01 _. oC lold lact.O'Ih..Ie(t ...... w-. the white 'bra rd', traditioaally wo....by all S...ed.i.h offict,..., ill co oratioa oC the Palactrtvol.tio.. o( "772. A .ilve......ohbed uick _. carried.

~(:"r':nriC:a;::eo.~=;~t~:.s:~t~~::ts='..:~'-:::pluD1e Cor thi. r~D1_tw.. y..llow. The C.ciDS coto"r .....the .am.. (or the coll.r, cuff. Lad t" b.ck., t>,.iDS d.r" hl"e.Gold Cri..selu. ep.uleue. were wo A sotd.l.ud cro.._belt .upport"'CI • bl.d. po"ch. Blue breeehu "'ere ...0 ....

with hiSI> ........ boot•. The ....ord _. uraisht hl.ded .ad...ora ill • Cros Crom the ....i.t_belt. (Kllotet)

The gold·edgcd black leather crossbelt bore thebelt plate of the Danish coat of arms. Thepantaloons were green and decorated at the waist,down the sides and around the back with goldlace. The Hessian boots were ornamented aroundthe top in gold lace and had a gold tassel.

Cl Swtden: Andra LifGard, Guardsman, 1807This, the 2nd Regiment of lhe King's Life Guards(Gustavus Adolphus IV), was one of three suchregiments, the 1st being 'Kongungens Svea LifGarde and 3rd 'Kongungens Finska Garde'After the Russians invaded and conquered Fin­land in I BoB, the srd regiment was disbandedaccording to the treaty of Fredricksham on 5September 1Bog. Prior to 1807 the guardsmenwore the black bicorne, but at this date theSwedish headdress, the 'kusket', was adopted.This helmet was peculiartothe Swedes. Madefromblack leather, it was tall with a rounded top andthe left side of the brim elongated and turned upnearly to the top; this was ornamented with a

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white brush plume with a yellow loop and button.The 'chenillc' or bearskin crest was placedobliquely across thc top ofthc haL The metal hatband was adorned with thc crest of Vasa with acrown abovc.

C2 Sweden: Andra LijGarde, Offiur, /807Thc Guards rcgimcnts carnc undcr the Varvadcor pcrmancnt establishment of thc army. Theseeither occupied the many fortresses which sur­rounded Sweden, or were housed in barracks invarious towns. Their status and pay was higherthan thai of the regular Linc army. The totalstrength of a Guards regiment was two six.company battalions, each company consisting of100 men; added to this was an attachment ofabout 100 men of a Chasseur company. Officersstill retained the bieorne for certain occasions. Incommon with Ihc practicc of all Swedish officersthc white 'brassard' was worn on the left arm.

C3 Sweden: KongungtnsSua LijGarde; Officer, /807Being of the 1st Regiment there were certaindifferences ofa vcry minor nature in the uniformof the officers, but apart from the facing colourthese were essentially the samc. The Chasscurcompany (mounted riRemen) had a green uniformpiped yellow. They wore the kusket with a greenchenille and grcen brush plume. The Chasscurcompany of the 2nd Regiment wore a similaruniform but with orange piping. As wilh theguardsmen, thc crest of Vasa with the crownabove was worn on the metal hat band.

D / Sweden: Liu Grenadier Corps oj the Lije Brigade,Officer, /8/3

The Crenadier Corps of the Life Brigade wasformed in 1808 from the Liv-regiment Brigade's'Latta' Indelta Battalion. The Indelta unilS weremade up from the militia, a form of tcrritorialservice. Under the ncw Crown Princc's guidancethe grenadiers were drawn from their regimentalunits and placed into regiments of their own,possibly augmentcd with the Indelta regimentswithin his new infantry organization. The uniformof the Grenadier Corps was similar to that of Iheother Linc regimenls. The kusket was worn, butwith the following differences: Ihe brim was smalland did not have the e10ngaled upturned left

Swedi.1a d .....Soo.u and I"...ar, '807. TJoe Iwo ceatre 6suresare _ effic"r _d trooper ortlae Wutptha n...Soo.u. Apartrrom miaor difI'"reaces tIl..-e -ue....... ar" ""I')' .imilar.TJoe black I"a~r laetmel _. fitted wilh 10....... eraa.meeta_tioa, willa a 1I0id cockade ror officers witb a sold bunoa_d

::ri~~~=.::r:It::.:i~·C;:"'~:I~Ufu.:,b:::~::comla _d ha.asias dOWlll~ back o(llae lael.o..",. TJoe -uorm_. darlr. blue witla red coUar and aaJr•. The half-rariaS (roat_s edlled ia wb.i'e whicla coatiaued doWD rhoe (roal aadaloellibe botro... orrhoejackel. Officers wOre lIotd epaul"ues,olher .......... had nOn". Arouad tla" waist w.. a wid", yellowsa.1a willa cords _d la..el. laooked up oa tbe righl .id",. TJo"breeclaes w"rt! lauffleather and worn witla hes.i_ bool •. Th".word .upported On !l0ld .lings w.. Ihe .tandard r"S'ulalion

~fa~~~:~~7,.~~':l~I: ~~~:~:.::~::::(::~:t:e:~h;:::;1:h: h:;~.~:afi&,~: :=s~~ ~:t::l::.hako had a deep lold laced bordn- arouad rhoe upp"r parrwitla a sold lace 0 ........_1 ia IlIe cnllre; rho., wmle ph....", wasaflised witla a y..Uow bow, laulloa _d toop oa the tert.

~":~n..~t:::=r:i:t ~~:ed';"e:I~:~t~:d;j~~wa. dark bl...., wirho ,be .ame (arias colour (or collar aadcuff•. Fromjasl betow tbe co,.... 10 tile bottom tlae dolman_. deco.....ted witb gold lace. TJoe cro...betl was orleld laceaad teather _d tbe barr"I••a.h, cerds aad tas..,l. (which

[=:::~rb~:"~~:::.::r~llh~~:ct1:~:'e~oe"::::t:da~na:::i:a7':e~::=Ia~:e:::em':::~tfo;:t~~:"~:~I~::~..~I~b....ian hool•. TJoe .abretacbe was .u.P""'ded by gold diall"_d had a blue backSroUlld deco.....ted willa tlae rhor.... cro_.ia sold lace. TIle .word _. alIsto,,".t witb. sold .word....ot.eKuelel)

brim, and the chenille was placed from back tofront centre. The white plume, yellow cockadeand button and loop were fastened on the leftside. Thc Chasseur detachment had a similaruniform.

D2 Swedrn: Kongungt'ns LijGarde Til Hast:Trooper, /807

The Royal Life Cuard was made up of sixsquadrons; like thc Crenadier regiments it had'lfurther attachment, in this case one squadronequipped as mounted Jaegers. The troopers worethe pale blue service uniform, and the yellowbarrelled sash belt applicable to all dragoonregiments since r795, as were also the three goldcrowns (the Swedish coat of arms) on the sabre­tache, under the regulations of that year. Thekusket was worn with the elongated Icft brimupturned, fitted with the chenille centre, fromback to front, and decorated with cords. In thereorganization of the army under Bernadotle thekuskel was replaced in 1813 by a shako.

D3 Swedm: Lijgrmudier Rigimrnt, O.ffictr, /813The cuI of the uniform was similar (Q the olhergrenadier and line infantry regimcnts, now being

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blue in place of the lalO uniform colour of grey.The formation also followed that of the other lineregiments. Earlier Ihey had worn the bearskin capwith the red patch at the back, and a while plumeworn on the len side. In 1813 Ihis was replacedwilh Ihe kusket, worn without the upturned leftbrim, thechenille being worn at righl angles acrossthe top of Ihe hat. The while plume remained onthe left side with the bUllon and loop.

D4 Sweden: Kongllllgens Lif Garde Til Hast,Officer, fOOl

The Royal Life Guard was part of the standingarmy, and had six squadrons, including a jaegersquadron. Each squadron consisted of 125 men.The officer is shown in full dress. The 'brassard'was worn on the left arm as a reminder of IhePalace Revolution of 1772. The mounted Jaegerswore a uniform ofsimilar cut but in dark green.

£f Denmark: Hussar Regiment, OJficer, 181jThe Hussars saw most of their service in NorthernGermany. Many accounts of the various balllesfought mention squadrons of Hussars fightingalongside the Dragoons and Line troops. To theHussars goes the credit for killing the rebelliousMajor von Schill of the 2nd Regiment of Branden­burg Hussars, during the street fighting inStralsund on 31 May IBog. Stralsund and Bodenare but two of Ihe battles in which the Hussarsfought. Their uniform followed lhe generalpattern ofall hussars, the exception being lhe hat(Shachtclhue) which was a high black shako withsilver bands around lhe lOp, the lace band goingdiagonally down lhe front - although regulationsallowed the French-lype colpack which wassometimes worn. The troopers wore a similaruniform with white cOtton tape in place of thesilver lace of the officers.

£2 Danish. Ceneral, 181jThe Generals wore a special type of uniform whenserving on the General Staff, this being in Ihenational colour of red with the facing colour ofblue. Epaulettes were of gold bullion with threesilver bars. The sash was a little different fromlhat of the other general officers. If the generalwas in command of a regiment he usually worethe regimental uniform with the general's ep-

36

Thi. pl.fe .ho...... II:roup of Swedi.h Li.ne lnf....fry .oldie...we.n"'fIl ,he '807-10 r~la,iOll inue of ulliform. The ulli.

:;im=~....=.m.....,,~ ~m:~e~ ~..:;-~~o'";~ fi:~;~ :::::~~= ~!.:.:J~..':;::::::'°btu:r::~~r:~~a;:;....cer-IYJN'~~horizOllt.u,..friped ......e ..t1or:t.al colo.....of hI..e -et y..now wa. wo..... C.--d.,..lt., pIl'>ch......d .u

:~:::::.tij:=b:~l=~~~"::?::;~=fl::'~;~;::~::::':.~:rh;"'S.eh;C:::d:t;ow:":~d:·f~':;:~loa,. Oft the ...fr..m .. leff i .... officer of "'e Kron.obers:

r~~~~Etfr'~~:~:~1~~~~E:t:~~~:~~::officen. H iaD boota were wo..... Th.. bl M .... the Kron. ...=:=a~esime t cod,.de of. yellow hac"fIlrouDd with a blue

CeDlre leff i•• private of the Elf.borfll Resim~nf w~arinfll •fIlrey fIlrdtco.' with. d ..lachable c.pe, which alao h.d tbefad"'fIl colour of dar" blue. Kifllh hlac" pife... wer.. worn.wi,h b...... hUflOD fa&left"'••. The bf cockade bd ... o .......lI:ebac"fIlrou.Dd wi.... red cron ... ,he Cefttre.

The «Ilf", fill"""" (fro"'f ...d back view)1U'e privaf'" of"'~

~;-~;e~~~~f~~;':Ir::'~h~..aeY:""do;~:".t-=a~arm MiD. red.

ulrem.. ri.ht i. a prinl" of SOcIum........d Resim...f.Nococlr.adewa.woraonfhefro toffh.. hat. TheUAiformW&lOdaJo.. hl..e wi'" • yellow collar, cuB'. aud .......bac.... Thel"ther equipm_, wa. of wh.i1e le....~r. aud ,he ..,iOllal.coloured sinU.. waS worn.. The pautaloo.... were whi,e ao.dworn. wi'" bl.c" sai,u. 10 ,he ..0 ..... All ~me.>Is carried110.. hayo...et aU..ched und..rn._th Ih~ hl.c" ammunitionpo..ch; ,he m .....e.. bd red l...ther .tiufll•. (Knotel)

aulettes and sash. The black bicorne with the deeplaced edge, white feather border along the top andwhite plume was still worn, whether on the stan'or Wilh a regiment.

£j Dtnmark: OJfiurofth., Cuid, Corps, 181jThis corps was an csscmial part of the arm)'. liS

personnel were specially chosen officers and non­commissioned officers, who were trained for staffduty service. The uniform was red with blackfacing colour, and they wore a distinguishingcoloured plume of yellow with a crimson top.

PI Denmark: J),dskeRegimtnl ulteDragorur, 181j;

Trooper in service dressThis regimenl saw most of its sen'ice in NorthernGermany in the Auxiliary Corps, which was theDanish Division attached to the French XIIIArmy Corps under Marshal Davout. In commandof the Danish Corps was Prince Frederick ofHessen and in command of the 2nd Brigade, inwhich this Jutland regiment served, was Major.General J. C. Lasson.

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The helmct worn was the samc pallcrn as llscdfrom 179510 1815, and a similar patlern to thatworn by the Royal Life Guards. I t had a blackleather skull with a straight leather peak I:x>undwith metal. and a metal band abovc the peakover the front bearing the regiment's name. Itbore a crcst of black feathers. and the blue turbanwas contained by chains. The uniform followedthe s.ame style as the infantry, with the turn backsin buff and the collar. lapels and cuffs in theregimental colour. The overalls were dark bluewith a red stripe down the side and black leatherstrappings. The carbine was the short rinedmodel of 1807.

F2 Denmark: ]yiskt Rtgimrnt LeU' Dml:rmer,.mounted Officer, /813

Thc total strcngth of the regiment on a warfooting was four squadrons, each squadron con·sisling of 175 oAlcers and mcn, but whether thisfigurc was cver reached is not quite certain.Officers had their ranking shown on the lowerslce\'e, a system introduced under the armyregulation of I August 1812. The jacket was thetail-coat with buff·coloured turnbacks. The horseswere somewhat smaller than in other rcgimcnlSofcavalry, but were chosen for their hardiness. Theshabraque was crimson with silver lace em­broidery, and the harness was of black leatherdcr:orated with shells. Owing to the British block­ade and the financial problems of the country, thecrimson material was gradually going out of usethrough lack of supplies.

GI and G2 Denmark: Grenadiers, Oldntborgskehifanleriregimenl

Originally part of the Danish Division st,lIldingby in Holstein, this regiment was ordered toNorthern Germany by the Kingan 16Ma)' 1813,there to be attached to the French XIII Arm)'Corps commanded by ~1arshal DaVOli!. TheDanish Division was now called the DanishAuxiliary Corps, under the command or PrinceFrederik of Hessen. The Oldenborgske Infanteri­regiment I, II, I V and the light company fromthe III "'ere part or the First Brigade under thecommand of Major·General G. L. Graf \'on derSchulenberg.

38

c....up of Sw~.U.h dnSOOD' aDd c..ira..ie" i.. 1807. Thetypieal head-dre.. wa' the btack bico....e wo.... i.. the f..reaDd aft po.ili.... , w;lb y",Uow hat pullil at "'.ch ead. SliShdylen or Ce»lr", the hat wa. deconted wilh a y",lIow bow w;lh abull.......d loop, ...rmO....led by a while feal.her pl..m",.

0.. Ihe e.-I.rt!me I",fl ill a lrooper of 110... Scani Rqi.m.... t ofO....lII;oo.... The IUliform ill 110... l']98-tllo7 pan be"'lII; d.rkblue ... colour. noe lIf;ir.Ue wa. tbe Iatlur-type of yellow UKI101..", Io..rn....I.1 .tripes. Buffb~h W"rt! wo.... with killl;hk..ee boot.. A whil" I..."ber belt {ro 110.. riCbl .b..uJd..r'cros. Ihe body .upported th.. beary ca_try ~latioa

.word oa t .... lef,. A wai.t bell .....d ..r th", lIf;irdl", .upported th..sahretacbe. 11M: hd leath..r carlo.... belt from the kft

::-::.~n"'h:"..=f~b~~::..~":'::r~a:..":::~~:~:... yellow; ,b.. dark bt..e pistol caven we" d"",ont...t with'h.. IIor.... cro_.... yellow.

The fiK"" sec d from lbe lefl i.... officu of the Scania.aO....Coo.... The iform i••imilar to lhal of the lroopo:rother thaD tb I"'ri.l, ...d cold lac", ....Iead of th.. yell_couo.. lau. Buff'S'''Dd..,. w",r.. w...... by.1l .

Th", c.... t .... ficure i.... officer of tb.. Life Cui ier Rqi._me.. l. He won th", bl.d< t",atl.er I.cqu",red h",lInet 0 .....•

me"led with ,ill fitti"lII;'; the et.1 plale which covered Ihep".k·p;ece j .....ed the Cilt c t, 0" which w•••tt.ched •white worsted co...h. noe b.ck of Ihe helme' wa" al"..o.....m"'..ted wilh lII;ilt fitting. which ror...ed ...eck lII;u.rd.no", if..rm w•• of. h..ff' c..l ..ured c1..lh with the coll.r,cuff d tu....b.ck...f dark btue. The .teet cuir••• waaedlll;ed in lII;ilt bra.. trim ...d gilt b ...... domed lI..d •. I.. Iheceatre ofth.. cui...... w•• the Swedi"h R..y.1 Co.t or Ar.... u.gilt. Btue vetvet wilh a crimped edge (wkich .b..wed) tinedIhe cui....... The .h..ulder -.tItS ..f b...... a ..d leatber wbichf..leaed 0" Ibe f......1 .upported the cui....... A cold.lacedcr bell fro... 110... rillhl "bowder carried Ibe .word, aadf m a waist belt UDder the cui.......tinlll;' .upport...t lbe...bret.che, both 0 .. the leTt .ide. HiCh k.._te..p bool.filted wilh steel 'pun w...... wo.... The wkile ·bra....rd· ......wo.... o .. t .... lef,.rm.

noe figure .... lhe rillhl i.... officer of the Life 0"'1_Rqi.m",al. He i. w...riaC the 1&0, pan...... W>ifOnD with the....Ille r_ of gilt hun...._; it wa. dark lot ..",. ia Ihe cu'.awaytail coal slyle. noe callar, cafI'....d lu".back. were'" "",kite.

~~ ~:=kte:'::~t:.",:r:.'~Il-;~:::'''':=~ft~:= =:ri!bt .b.... lder .upported • sword ia a f"'l Ihe teft .ide.noe wai•• wa. eacircled by. IlAJ'TOW 1l..1d 10 with ..,kwbich hu..! dowa Ihe left .ide. BuR' caloured breeches e....

;;':'":a:~s~f: ."::r;-'O~~:'':;:':-e''''~;~~";it::'::;:'~walk...! stick "",as ..fte.. carried by officers. (K..otel)

The backview figure has the calf-length great­coat or medium grey worn during lhis period; thered coat of an earlier pattern was somctimes scen.The standard infantry equipment of white leatherand fawn hide pack was worn. Grenadiers had aninfantry sabre in addition to the bayonet. Thefeather was remo\·ed from the bearskin underorders issued on 8 September 1813, but restoredlater when the bearskin was replaced with theshako, on 12 :\'ovember 1813.

The second figure is wearing the lBog patlernred jacket. of which the cut was out of fashionwith the rest of Europe.

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G] Dtnmark.' 3dir )]dskt hifa1/lairtgimtnf. OJliar,18J]

This shows the uniform as worn in 1813 after theorder of I August 1812 had been issued. Thisorder forbade the wearing of gold or silverepauleues and sashes, and a system ofstripes andbuttons to denote rank was imroduccd. Thefigure shown is that of a second lieutenant. Bothblue and grey pantaloons were worn. The colourswere carried either by junior officers or seniorN.C.O.s.

G4 Drnmarlc.' Oldrnborgslcr InJanlerirrgimrnt,OJlicer, 1809

The officer is wearing the IBog pattern uniform;this was the period when both gold or silverepauleltes and sashes were customary. This uni­form was worn at the battle of Stralsulld duringservice in a combined Dutch·Danish force. It wasdue to ~he lack of both money and supplies (be·cause of the British blockade) that the laterpattern of uniforms lost most of their finery ofgold or silver cords and epaulettcs.

HI and H2 Drnmarlc: Holslmlct RyUert, OJliur and

Troop", 181]The uniform of the Danish Heavy Cavalry wassimilar to that of the infantry and the HorseArtillery. The officer's tailed coat and thetrooper's short jacket had the standard flaps andturnbacks in buff. Collar, lapels and culTs were inthe facing colour of green. The black shako had awhite plume with cordsofrcd and yellow. On thediamond-shaped metal hat plate were the letters'R.R.' for Rytter Regiment. The overalls weredark blue with black leather strappings; troopershad red stripes down the outside, the officers gold.The sword carried was the cavalry broadswordpattern of 1774, in the scabbard of 1786. Thetroopers' sword knots were black, while theofficers had the gold and crimson sword knot. Thepistol and carbine were the 1807 patterns. Theshabraquc:s for the troopers were red with a whiteedging, for the officers crimson with a silver

Swedi."lw",lve-potUId""('lA0(c. 17!IOteaL 12"2;&.11 Aus­Ehrfturird dKip wit.b cradl.. &.lid limber, it .laDd. itra.iliosS peKino•. (Ro)'1lt Army MUHum, Swedea)

edging. Parade dress for the officers wascoloured breeches and black Hessian boots wilassel.

H3 and H4 Dtnmark: 3dit ))'dslct Infanttrirtgim)arger Company, Corporal and Troop", 1813

During this period infantry regiments ,formed into four battalions. The first twotalions were made up of "eterans or the rexperienced professional soldiers, the lhirdfourth from the militia (Iandevaernet), whichbeell stood down since 1808. A battalion cons'of four companies of musketeers and onjaegere (riRemen); the first battalion had a (pany of Grenadiers instead of jaegere. Icompany consisted of some 167 officers and I

The Jaegere N.C.O. and trooper wear the suniform as the infantry with the exception 0

distinctive dark green feathers and cords 011

shako and the all-black leather equipment.smooth-bore infantry musket Model 1794used after the Crown Prince's request for a ligmusket; a special sabre·bayonet, the 'Hi,fanger', was carried. The undress forage ca'bonnet de police' were often worn on ocea~

other than fatigue duties. \Vhite trousers ,worn for the summer uniform.

Page 48: Osprey, Men-At-Arms #060 - Scandinavian Armies in the Napoleonic Wars (1976) (-) OCR 8.12

Men-at-Arms Series

THE SEVEN YEARS WAR,\10:-.'1'C.-\I..\I'S AR1-1YWOLFE'S ARMYTilE i\l'STRO·IIL:N"G,\RIA'\' AR.\IY OF THE

SEVE:\, YE.\RS WARFREDERICK TilE GREKI"S ARMY

NAPOLEONIC WARSrOOT GRF.:'IAD[F.RS OF TilE [,\II'ERIAL Gl'ARl)(:1I.\'3SECRS OF TilE GUARDHL(.l(:HEI{'S Mo.·l\'RllSSIAN AI{;\IY OF TilE :"\AI'OLEO:\'IC WARSTHE IlLACK BRU;.IS\\,ICKERSAllSTRO·Hl":"<GMUAN ARMY OF THE

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OTHER 19TH CENTURY CAMPAIGNSRl'SSIA\' I\R~IY OF THE CRIMEAIlR! fiSH AR:\IY OF TI1E CRIMEAAR,\IY OF THE GERMA:'I DIPIRE lA70 A8THE SL'f).\\ CA.\1Pt\IG~S 1881 98nn: ZL'LV W,\R

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