mmDMILITARY MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES

THE ENGLISHCIVIL WAR

~TER YOL:'\G ,nu L\EL ROFFE

14

t:mmMILITARY

EDITOR, MARTIN WINDROW

MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES

THE ENGLISHCIVIL WAR

14

Fir'l pulJli,lu'(l ill (;1....11 Ihil.lin ill tlj7:l h~

0'1)1"0') ..111 illlilrilll "I Rn'd (;"'hlillwr 1i<l<lb l.ul.~lidll'lill 1[ou... ·. HI FIlIh.II11 Ro.1f1.!.lImhm ~\\':~ l!RU,11Ifl.\1ll k1.llId. ;\Idh"unl". ~illl.:.lpon' ,tlltl Torolltll

(" Cop\l'ig'11l HI]:S R,·,·(l 1111"1"11.111".",1 Hook, Lid.

Rq>ril1lo'(l uln. Ill]\). 1l,J-h. ")Xl. u}lI:I. '~tUl' 11,J:I5I\\in·;. 'llll]...,wi. lltl!lj, '99", I~r.l· 199.')

All ril.;hl' 1I.....,I"\"I'd. '\1'.111 lil,rn '1I1~ I;.il" dl.·.llill~ lor Ih....p.... rp',...· u! pri\.........tut:h, r.·... ·.m h. I I"ili, i,m "r l"t,\·i,'\\ ..1'

p,:mlilt'.., Illlcl.·r till' (~'pl f'it.:lll Ik... it.:II' .mel 1'.lt'·Ill'. \rl,IqlSn. Ill' p.u1 or thi, pullli, .1Il0n I1M\ l}t· l"I·prodlK'''1.~'II"NI ill a n-lrio·\ .11 '\ 'tl'III, "I' IF,Ul'lnill,..1in all~ rOnJl orIt) ,11l~ m,';lII'. ('11-. Inmk. d ..... lrio .11. , 11I'mk ,II. nlt"t"hanio-;II., '1>1 k ••1. 1,111 ",-, " "II\"ill~, r,', "rdin~ ')1" otll('l"\\ i...·, Willllllli lilt,pri"r p"rmi"il!ll 01·11", \' '11~ right '1\\ Iwr. J:II'luirit.... shouldllot" ;tfkh·,.......·c1tu II ... I'uhli,h,'''''.

Fi[Ill'il'1 in (;1I·.. t Uril.lin

I'l'ill\l·,ltllruut.:h \\'''rld ['rint I.ld. ll"llt.: ""ug

If }"'l \\l,"I,1 Ii",' t" n~ "11,' 11l' ,rr lllfl,nn.uk'il ;11")"1f )'1""'1 .\Iilll.ll'\ l"IIJ~" lIlt' ()~11I"\ .\1,',so·IlI.,"'r I':l

,..·t.:"I...· ,,,.,, .J,·II,·, \\ Ill' Ii '''"1.,ill' .lrl'l I,·,. 110"\\ 1,.1,·u,I.,rm.lli,Ul .",(1 'III" I,ll "lin", Iu ~)11l fro.., "f, j,an.~'·

I'k., ... · \\1"111' to;

Osprr)' Miliu.ry Mrliungrr,PO Bo" 5) R"shden,Northants NNIO 6YX

1Jlfrotlt/rfio/1TIl<" p<'riod conred in this book begins with til('outhreak of Iht' First Civil War ill .G.p and endswith the Restoration of King Charles II in 1660..\!though Scots ,Inuit's illl(n'C'ut,d in tl1l' stru~gleIWlwecli Kin!!: and !ladiamcnt. it is Iht" Englisharmies of ,he dOl) which an' discussed in ,lies..:pag('s. E\C'1l though, as time \\l"nl by, th(" Cavali('fand l'arliamClltarian armies devdoJX'd their OWI1diSlint:tin- charaCIl"1', ill mailers of organizationalld ulliform Iht'y dillcrl'<! bUI lillie, and for thisrcason it is 1I0t inappl'Oprialc to deal with tht'lliboth in a singk ,'olume.

Thl' gnlcral history of the war has been dealtWilli by slIclt modern aUlllorilics as S. R. Gardiner,Sir Charks Firth and C. V. Wcdg\\'ood, and its

A ......~.....t~U or 16401, from the th.I"-pal" or a pampbl"lin Ih" Brhiih M .....u.m. _arins a plum..d al ..,,1 ...orionand ridinll:-boola. H" la, p"rhaps, a &""I1"....n or Ih"t1onou.rabl" ArliU....')' Cotnpan),. Musk"l«rtI wo..ldnorn,.Uy w"ar .hoes

military hislol")' by lilt' l.tlt· Lil'lllcn:lllt-Colund:\. H. Burne, D,S,O, FOf Ihis reason Ihcr(' is noattempl heft' 10 gin' :I det:likd rhronic\C' of Illt'cvcnts of Ihl" war, llowcvcr, a brid' chrollologyma), scn"c to remind rC;ldcrs of the main CHillS.

GIl/mloloK)'

1638 & 1640The First anti Second Scots \\'aI'S,

1642The first carnpaigl1. Till: King ddi.:als the Earl ofESSt'X at 11L~' hallie of Edgdlill (23 October), and,after Ill:lking Oxlul'd his capital, :\Ch":lIICeS 011Loudon. HI' is check(xl at Tlltrlkun Gn:cn andgoes into willlt'f quartct's,

1643Essex tak('s Reading: ('J:7 April), Me:lllwhilc, IIl1"Nortlwrn ana Western Royalists, ul1der lhe E:\rlof Newcastlt' and Sir Ralph 1-101'1011 I'rsP('cli\'c1y,gain the IIpper hand, though Hull and Glou­ceSler still huld QLl!. Pri;lct, Ruperl storms Hristol(26.J lily) a lid King: eha rle~a)'Ssiege to Gloucester(10 August), ",hiell Essl'x I'dit,\,cS (8 Septf'll1!){'r).The King: illtl'I'ccpls Essn: at Ncwbur)', hut, :Irtcr;t SCH'n' action (20 Sq>lcmhef), draws OO'II,:!\,ing

the road 10 Reading and Londun open.

J

1644The Scots Arm)' under Lord LC\'C'1l crosses tliehOI"{II'1" II!) January), lipping Ih(' halance illfal'our of lilt, P;lrliall1('l1tari.ll1s. Sir WilliamW.dln (h:fcals the Royalists uncll'" I.ord Forth atClu:riwll l\.l!) i\larch', Inll is d('rl~.\Icd liy til(' Kingat Croprcdy Bridg(' 29 .JUlIl·). Rupert and:\\'w('.15t1(' an- dcfl':tt ...d hy LCH'Il, III(' Earl of~1;lllchcsll'r and Lord Fairfax .11 i\hrston l\'loor('2 Jlll~ J. and, in conSC{IUCIICC, the Cavaliers losecontrol or the ,~onh. King Charles surroundsEssex's ,\"111)' in Cornwall and compels all bm the(';nalry 10 surn.:m!t-.. ncar Fowcy (2 September).At Second ~('wbllry ('27 October) the Ilarlia­IIl1'lHarians COllet'tllrall.' rorcc.~ double the King'sin llumber, hut fail 10 crush him. Recriminationsamong- the Roundhead kadel'S brings about thefonnatiun of the New Model Army under Sir''I'llomas Fair-Hlx,

1645Tlte New 1\lodcl Army dcl~alS the main RoyalistArmy :\t ;\lasehy (I+June) and captures most ofits loot and gUllS, It thl'lI worsts the \\'esternC:n"aliers lInclC'r Lord (;orillg :l.l Langportllo July), who los(' heart and n'!il'c graduallyinto 01'\'011 and Cornwall.

From Ihis lime onwards the slUry of thl' war IS

largdr une of siegcs.

1646'I'll(' New l\lodd storms Hopton's 1>oslliOll :11Torrington (16 Fehruary), I.ord ,\.!Hlcy is com­pelled to liurn:ndcr at Stu"-oll-tht,·\Vuld (21

March), Till.' King: givcs hirns{,lf up to till' ScotsIwfor(" Nf"wark C') 1\!arch), Oxfiwd slIlTt,ntkl'~

(24 Junel.

1647Harlcch Castle holds OLiI ulltil 1:1 March, andthcrcafta the Royalists !La\(' no strongholdsexcept in the Isle of 1\tan, the Channel Islandsand the Isles of Scilly.

1648The Second Ci\ il \Var was in parl:lll illsurreClionby discontented Roundhead sold ins, and in parta rising of Royalists with thc suppOrt of a SCOISarmy under the Duke of Hamihon.

4

Oli\'cr Cromwell besieges Pembroke C:a~tll' andthen defeats Hamilton and tilt· NOl'thern Royalistsal Preston (17 Au~usl). Fail'fax ddi..:lts theRoyalisn of KCIll at ~laidSlOlie I June} and thelllx:siegt.-s Colchester (1'2 JUlll' to '.!R ,\UHllSI1. Inl'Olllcfracl Casll(' a Ca\alier !{arrisoll IJIllds 0111

until 1649,

1649Cromwt'll and Henry IrelOll contri\(· t!le trialof King Charles, who is beheaded on :~o January,

1649-50Cromwell's Irish Campaign.

1650Cromwell defeats David Leslie :It tlte hank ofDunbar (3 September).

1651Cromwell defcan King Charles II at lire hall It' orWorcesler (3 September),

1655A small Royalist rising by C'.ololl('1 John 1'('11­I'udclock in Wiltshire is quickly crushed.

1658De.:uh of lhe Proleclor, Olivcr Cromwell, who issucceeded by his incffccti\"l' !IOn, Richard ~

September).

1659Sir George Booth's rising in Cheshirt.' is crushed althe battle of Winningtoll Bridge,

1660The RestOl'alion of King Ch:u'lcs I I is managed[argd)' by George Monck and a strong detach­mem from the English garrison of Scotland(29 May),

The li\'es of lhe chief prOlagolListli 1ll:IY be foundin the Dictiona1)' of J\alio1/oi Biogroph)' alld for lhisreason I have not de\Otcd a chapler to ,he leaderson eilher side in Ihe Ci\'il Wars, Sufhct· il to sayIhat there was a great deal of militat: l.dent andoriginality 011 either side, and that buth meant

,•

,~'. . •

The Earl of Lev...", Colon",I-G",neral Syd..nham Poynlz andColon.,1 Edward Rosaitotr at the IIlege of Newark In 1646:a de,all from Richard Clarnpe'5 conteD\porary plan.

Alexander L..sli". first Earl of Lev"n (IS8o?-I66I),though praclically Illiterate, learned his Irad.. in d."Dutch and Swedish armies. He captured EdinburghCasd.., for the Covenanters and won the b:utle of Newburn(:li8 August 1640) b ..ing "r"ated Earl oCLeven In ,641. Hf: I..dthe SCOIIl Army that lnvarlw England in January 1644 andwall in ovenll com.mand of the Parlia.nenlarian andScouillh arn>.les Ihllt fought a' Marston Moor. He did notdistinguish hI ...",,,lf on thai Dcca"ion. When Goring putp"rl of hi... arm.y 10 flight he galloped (rom. the field anddid nOI draw rrin uRdl he reach..d Leeds. He aillo com·nlanded al Ihe siegell of York, Newcallde, Hereford andNewark,

Colonel.General Sydenham Poynl'ir. (born 1607) wasmade eolond.General of Ihe Norlhern As,wdalion

business. ,\s a Royalist, Captain RichardAtkyns, wrotc:'I was admitted into Prine!.' Mauricc's regl­1l1('1lI, whil:h was accounted the mOSI active illthe artny, and most cOllllllonly placed ill IheOllt quarters; which gave me more proficicncyas a soldier, in haifa ycar's timc, thall gcnerallyin tile Lo\\' COLlntries ill 4 or :) years; for theredid hardly one \wek pass in Ihe summcr halfyeaI' r16431, in which there was nut •.\ batllc OJ'skirmish foug-hl, or beating up of '1U'II·II.:I'S; . , .'

(27 May 1645) and Governor of York (19 Augu"I). Hedefealed Ihe remnantll of King Charlell'" hor"e al RowtonHealh (24 Seplemb.,r 1645), but fell Out whh Ihe Pari;'.·mentarlan" in 1647 and f1.,d 10 Holland.

Colond Edward R"Sl!iitrr (c. 1617-69) was Major of Ih..Lincoln"hire lior"" 101 I.he "ielle of Ne_ark in March .644,and I>uer Colon..l. H .. contm..nd..d a regimen' 600 "Irongin Ih.. Ne_ Model and _a" .. Iso n,ad.. Commander·in·Chie( of Ihe PariiaRlentarian (orce" In Lincolnshire. Hefought .. t Nall..by. He becll,ne M.P. for Grlmsby In about1646. On 5 July t648 he de(eal ..d 800 Royalislll at WilloughbyFi..Jd although somewhal outnumb..rrd, In the fiutcbarge h .. 10"1 his hdn,et and _all shot through th.. rightthigb, alii _ell "Ii receiving 1I0me Olh.. r l.a1n(ul wounds_hh a muskct.ball. BUI he conce.. led his lnjuriell andcontinued in con,Aland till th.. figbt ......s _on. ROllsiters .. rv ..d in Ih.. Parlia.m..nt of 1656. lie was a Presbyterian,and had 1I0me IIhare In bringing .. boul the ReSlor-,&l.ion

Though ill t!leol')' tile :ll'rlli";i \W'nt into willterquarters t!lel'(· \ras s<:arn'ly a 11111 ill Iht' Ji~ll\illg'.

Wilmot lOok i\larllJnt"Ough nil :J Dl'ct'rni)t"I" t642ilnd Rupl'J'1 SIOJ'ml'd Cin'Il(;('SH.·r on 2 Fdlfuary164:~. Hopton and \Valln clmpaigncd ;lgainstt'aell 011lt'I' in SUSSt·x alld Ilalll[>sllirc throughoullilt' winllT Qr t6.1:\-44, :111d tll~' ull.'usin' uf tht'N(·w Modl'l WCIII 011 tlll"Ollg"htllll Ihe last willter

of till' war.T1Iis 'war wil1wut :Ill ~·lIt'rny', as \Vallel' (:llkd

ii, W:IS wagnl with rdCllllt'SS zeal, and if till' wurst

5

\'XCt'''St'S III' llit' Thirt)' Yc'ars 'VOIr wnc olllyimiwtt'd ill In'laud and SCOllaml, England sa\\!hloodslwd (,llou~h, CoulIli,'s wne di\'ided, f:tllli­lies wen' split, ((Ir tlloS(' who fought on eltllt'r sidefullu\\td tht'if "unsc:ienct's, j"or :Ire till' caust's forwhich tll('y fought meaningless at the prc:scnt day:Wt' still ha\t~ 1{ollndhc;l{ls and Ca\alicrs ill ourmids!.

IIt)w did tlu'y li~11l in thoS{' days? Wltat was ahatlk lik('? As always, w\lic... W('I'(' gO\'l'rllcd byWt';IIXIlIS alld ground,

Tht, English cOlllllry~id,' in til(' mid-S('\cnteentheentur)' rather f,n"tlurt'd du' action of ca\"alry,Not cIIlly. OreOl/rM', waS thlTc no harbed wire, buttllt'n: W,'rt' t'umparatin'ly few enclosures of any(It-scription, ami sitl('t' tilt' forests which dOlliedlhc country ill the Dark aud f\liddlt' i\~('s werealready hc'gillllillg tu dis:tp»l'ar, Ihe coulltry was,broadly speaking, Suil:lhle fur movcm('nt andesp('cially lor that of large hod iI's or cavidry,MO\t'Il\I'Il( is (111)' onl' dt'lllelll of tal' lies: anot ht'ris fir\', 'I'hl' importanl c'!tar:H:lcriSlics of firearms:1I'C lheil' r:lllg<" lllt'if ralc' (,t'fin' :llId Ihl' nalure oftill' missiltll the)' throw,

The rail' of t':lIlIiOIl-firt was very slow, Theproel"ss of spulIglng-otll amI reloading wasddilwrah' and complex, I'uwdrl' was kept in slllallIlUdJ.:l' I"'flt'ls lIear Ihe gUliS, whit'll werc fired bytilt, ;lpplit ,Ititlf) of lillstocl.. to the tOllch-hole, Therisk tlf prematllrt' explosions was \('ry grcat, andit i~ douhlful wh("th('r it was possible 10 firc morcthan aboui OIiC round t'\-ery thrc(' millull's. Bythe tilll\, of \\';t1t'1'loo il was possihlt', using grape­shot, to g(·t "ll" as mall)' as thrc(' rOlillds a minule

6

for ~r.ort IWl'iods, Witb grape-shot tht' recoil wa,~

rnluel'd ami it was 110t necessary to rllll the gUllslip hetWt'Cl1 rounds, But hy IBI;) all sorts or im­pl'Un'llH'llts hild heen mack, with guns lightenedand IlU';ITlS or tr.lellOn improved, A table orrangNi will hI' fOund In the scctiull dtallng withtht, train,

The musktt in common usc was :I heil\'Ym;l!chlock, whil:h e,"en a Irained soldil.'r could 1101hope to firt mon' than once a minute, Though itmight kill or maim at 200 yards it was lIot likely10 hit the target :II a range of mort than .)0 y:lrds,Tht, rt;lson for this inaccuracy was that the hlilletdid not fil the smooth-bon' barrel ilt all tightl)',ami therefore, whcn propelled lowards the target,it ltended to wander. The disath'anlages of matchwen' all too ob,";otls: by night it I:ollid betray thepositiolL or the musketeers, and in 10111 wcather itsimply wcnt out.

Onc cOllies acroSS another form of' muskelduring this pcriod: all eill'1y llilltlOl·k known asthe 'sllaph:lnec' or 'IIn'lock', It was comparall\"c1yrare, and soldit'rs so armed wc.:re usually employedto guard tilt.' lrain of artillery, Therc was lesschance of unrOrtull:ltt.' .tccidents if its escortconsisted of men armed with flintlocks ratlwr thallwith matchlocks,

The c.walry of the period normally carried abrace of piSlOls and sometimes a carbinc as well.These weapons were frequently used ill melct,and pursuit, but the great ca\'nlry commandersof the Ci\ il War soon came 10 rdy chien}· 011 thesword, This is true hOlh of Cromwell and ofRupert.

How('vcr, ir lhe e:l\'alry, Cavalier and Round­head alike, came to rely upon shock ;I('tion liLeycould l'CSOrt to firearms if they chosc, Similal'ly,lhough thc' bayuncl had nOI yet bel'll illlroduced,the musk~,teers could join ill it melce with theirswords or, better still, the sharp-pointed bUllS oftheil'!l<'av)' llluskets, But the pikcmell, who madl~

up at least one-third of the infantry wt.'rt' COIl­demned 10 shock aClion and nOlhinlo; mon°, Theywere far from mobile, ha\'illg to movc in doseformation in order to form thtir hcdl-;"ehog, andbeing weighed down with helmet anrl cONcll't,

II is nOI \'cr)' safe to gencralizJ' ahOllt tile hat tiesof the Ci\'il Wars, for Ihe l:Letics \\,('rt' f:tr fromst('f('otypt.'d, Uul usually, ami at I\, .. ~t in thl' bigger

I,I

Si.. Thoma", Fai.. fa",. h.' thIrd Ba ..on ••.. ; ..f."of Can.....on (16n-71)••" ·f'd at th" 1i1f'8" of80ili-I..-D"e (1629) and ;n th" First SCOl!o W.r.F..om .6.." to .646 h" W"1i I"f' lif" and Iioul of hh.f,...h .... •••",1011 for~ whkh k"pl up 'h" un..qualSl"u8CI" wllh N..wc••'I..•• NO..lh n A..n,y unlH ;twas d"'>Iroy"d ., Ma"'''on Moo Hi. tacdc:al .kHland pilanl I".d......hip ali ......11 hi.. V;CIO..; .....1Wak..6 ..ld (21 M.y 1643)••nd Nanlwkh (25 J.nuary16;14) I..d '0 hi. HIf'cllon ali ..omma.nd.... of Ih..N..w Modd A..n.y, who,... "ielorl..",.1 Na"..by,Lanfl;porl, Torr;..~'on and "Isf'wh.. r .. l,ul lin f'nd10 Ih.. Fi ..sl Cidl \\'.r. FaIrfax,. ladlurn ",an,waf; no poliddan, and pow.. r lIlr.ildlO..Jly pa5st:d10 hI" .....,ond_in..:o"'"'and, Oll"f'r Crornwf'lI.Hi. _If..'. ayn'palhl... w ..r" Royall.1 .nd h ..pla)'t:d no p.rt in 'he Irl.1 of Chari... I

7

Prinet R"~"I (1610r32). The porl ..... ;1 Mlow is froman orillinal by Sir Anchon)' van Dyck. and ,halonI.he I.,ft by Ge.... rd von Honchonl. With the polislblr"""..pdanli of Ih.. M"'rquis of I\fon10'05" and LordHopton, Prince Rupert wa.. d ... oUlsCandinsRoyalilll leade.. of hhl day. Un(orulnalely hi..vidori... a. Powlck Bridle, Cl ..enceliter. Uc:hfieldClo",.., Chalsro.... Field, B"hilal and Newark "'erecanetll«l OU' by the di••,ur.. at !'<ta .....lon Moorwhich 10111 Ih,.. Norch (or the Kin!!_ II .. was bootie..... Ihe commande.. of .. "Rlall mobile a .. ft')',.. 'brisade ,roup', th... of. blS ...my. This mayboo au.rib"cw 10 his yauch. He waa .. Ihoro"shly"leReifie soldier, •• much.1 hom.. in a "i~ .. a ...ca",lI.1ry ch" ", and ;nl"""I',rd in the developm",",of "'''.pon In Ialcr life he pro....d .. bold anddfidcnl .dmi.....1

8

battles, it was customary to draw up an armywith thc foot and gUllS in the centre, and thecavalry on the wings. Dragoons, if preS('I1I, weremostly placed Oil Ill(' ollter wings of Ihl' caYillry.The smaller gUlls - oftcn c:llled 'drakes' - \\"("n'

placed in pairs wilh the hrig:ldcs of foot l \\'hile II\(·bigger pi('Ccs \\l're planted further hack.

There W.L!i usually a reseryc, ofttn consisting ofIX)lh horse and fool. The commander, 011 hOI"$('·

b:lck, \vas oneil to bc found al the head of thercscrn', btlt il was not thc fashioll to Sl:t lip acommand post at some building or upon somccmincnc(·. It cannot havc been easy for gallopersto deliver their mcssages. Princc Rupert's greatstandard, taken at Marslon 1\Iour, may hayc !.Jceninlcnded lu mark his headqtlartl·rs. In Ihc I"('arof Ihe army, occasionally formed into a wagoll­laager, was the baggagl·-lraill.

Baltlc.~ sOlllctimes lx-gan witll tile commanderpar:\ding duwII his linc exhorting his men, urgiving Ihem tactical instructiuns, as King Charksand Prince Rupert did al Edgehill. Somctimes,as at Braddock I)own, the Royalists had prayers,or the ROllndhcads, ;IS befon' Powick Hridge,s:lng a psalm. Then canH' the preliminary bom­bardrncllI which was 1101 gencrall)' \'er)" c!Tcelin:.Excrpliolls arc Braddock IJown where a surprisehurst of fire from the IWO small Royalist gUllS

struck terror into Ihe Roundheads; Hopton Hc..... th\\'here 'Roaring l\Jcg' c•.used heavy casuahi('Samong Sir John Cell's Roundhead sland of pikes;and Langpon where the artillery of thl' Newl\lodl'l quickly silenced Goring's big gUlls.

The ncxt phase was usually :t genNal advancc,sollie times Ill'ralded by some preliminary skirmish­ing h)' the dragoons. Usually it was the. cavalrythat came to grips, before the foot calllc to pushof pike. The victor was usu:llly tltc one who cOltlddispose of his 0PPOllCIH'S borse, ami having dOlleso could tul'll upon Ihe as yel unbroken foot of hiscllemy's arm)'. This was Iltt casl' hoth at Marstoll:\Ioor ami at Naseb),.

TII(,last phai>l' was the pursuil, 01' '('XCCllliull' <IS

it Will> c.. lIed. Oftell more fell ill flight than ill theaClual bailIe, and Ihe victor made a good haulof prisoners, especially from among the fool.

Some of Ihe so-called battles were \'cl)' small,im'olving 1I0t more than a few thousand on eachside. In the biggcsl, Marston Moor, therc may

havc heen 50,000 men l'ngaged but lhey wcrcfrom live dilICt'(:nt armies, thosc of Rupcrt andNewcastle (Royalist), of Levcll, .\Janehester andFairfax (SCOIS and Parliamentarian).

The control ofa battlc was ~t simple. Cenn.dofficers very often led charges and fought hand-to­hand. Men like Sir Thomas Fairfax and PrinceRupert \\'crc ne\'er contenl to sit on their horsesupon some loft), cminence, whilst their menfought il out, and Rupert, indeed, h:l(.1 his owntcchnique of running a cavalry fighl which calledfor his personal leadership. Sir Edward SoutheOle,when describing the Prince's way of fighting,says, 'he had a select body of horse who alwaysattClIded him, ;md in every allack Ihey receivcdIhe CllCllI)"S shot withoul rellll'ning it; !.Jut oneand all borc with all their force upOn the adver­saries till they broke lbeir ranks, and chargedquite through tltem: thell they rallied, and whenthey [the RoulldheadsJ were in disorder, fellupon their rear, and slaughtel'cd Ihcm withscal't:e any opposition'. Thc select body lIO dOllutwas the Lifeguard under Sir Richard Crane, andPrince Rupert's Rcgimellt of Horse, which e\tnas latt as Naseby could muster 400 men.

A mi'lcc could uc a difficult and dangerousaffair if the enemy stood 10 their work. At Round­way 00\\'11 Colonel Sir John Byron describcs how,cchoillS Rupert'S orders at Edgchill, he com­manded Ihal:Inot a man should discharge his pistol lill Iheenemy had spent all his shot, which was pUtlClU­ally observed, so that first they gavc us a volley

The D"nba.. Medalls tho..Jthl 10 ....ve "-n Ihe linl Sh'en10 .11 no..... ol ....il:lorio... Enlli"h ...my. The obverseshow•• po"no;1 ol Olive" C ..om..·~11 ...d the wo.......TIlE LORD OF HOSTS, which waS ,he 'field wo..d' 0 ..p ...._n:1 .1 Ihe ban..le. The .-e..erse _how. lhe Ho"se olCommo... I" .a.loll

9

G~org~ ~10nck, raUl Duk~ o(Albemarl~,K.G. (1608-70), a D~von

n,an, wall on~ o(lh~ mOIUdililingu;"h~d profe5lllonallloldl~rll

of hili day, H~ was In Ih~ Cadi,.~",~dhionof 16::t5 and disc;nguish~d

hims~lClIIllhefamous lIiege of Bredain 1637, in which 110 many of lheleaderli of Our Civil Warli look parI.Caplur~d al Nanlwich in .64.. h~ walis~nt to the Tower, wh~re he w .... lehis ObsulXJlions upon MiliforytmdPuliticol Affairs, whleh are full ofgood sense, Afler Ihe beheading ofCharles I he joined. Cromwell, and areg;menl waS formed for him whichill now the ColdSlream Guardll, Hefought at Dunbarand waSaflerwards Comm.ander.ln.Chlef InScotland. He wall chieRy responsiblefor Ihe re.,lOrallon of King Charleli II

or their earhilil's, tlll'll or their pistols, and thenwe 1'\,11 in with them, and gave them ours in theirtecth, )'et the)' would 1I0t quit their ground, blltsl00d pllshing lur it a pn:tly space, till it pleasedGod {I thinke) to Pllt new spirit into our tiredhorse as well as into Otlr men, so that though itwefe lip the hill, and that a stecp onc, we over­bore tlH'm, and with thai violence, that we forcedtllem to Elil foul upon otllt'!' resen'csofborsc thatstood behind to second them, & so swept theirwhole body ofhonw out urthe (jeld, and k·ft their,

10

foot naked, and pursllcd thcm twar 3 miles, overthe downs ill Bristol way till till')' carlle to aprecipice, where their fear made them so \'aliantthat they galloped as ifit had been plain ground,and many of them brake both their own andtheir horSt'S' necks.'

This is a spirited account by olle whose regi­Illellt was till' oldest ill the King's Army, Olle likethose dcsnil}('d by a Roundhead eycwitlU':SS ofj\larstoll 1\1001' wlto wrote: 'The enemy's horsc ...stood \'cry firm a long while, corning to a close

it secms, was nOtAtkyns of Prince

follow and charged the eru.'ll1y, wlto ellllTtaillt'dus with a great sal,'o 01" muskct shot, and dis·charged their two drakt·S upun us laden withcase SIlOI, which killed sOlne and hlll'l many ofmy men, so thai wc Wl'l'C Iilrced to \\'heel ofr;\nd (ould nOt meet thl"m at Ihat charge."

The dogged l3yron was nOt lhe mall to he pm oll".He rallied his mell, and while he did so theRoundhends pulled back tllt:ir drakes. Anothercharge beat them back to till" cml of thl" close,'wherc they [;lecd liS again, having tbe advantage01" a hedge ;It th(·it' hacks and pOlll'cd ill allother"olley ofshot lIpon m, when IColonel I Sir Thoma,~Aston's horse was killed under him, ami witll:!1kept liS orr with tlH·ir pikes·. The hattldidd 01"

Newbury was full uf ellclosures ill thos(' days: noplacc for horse.

Little Dean (Il April 1643),much btttt'l". Captain Richard

"'-"";~-'

;:t&~-Colon..1 John RUllUIl, M.I'. (.620-87) w:u. G..n .. ral of IheHors.. in Eu..x',. Army. All Li"'ul ..nanl.Colon..1 of LordW..nlworlh's R ..gim..nl of O ....g{){)nll h .. foughl al Ih..•Ho..ming of Ci....nc.... I.... (2 Feb..ua..y 1643) and ac Ch:tl_g ..ov.. Fi.. ld (18)une 164]). H .. WlUl wound..d al Ih.. storm_ing of Bohon on 28 May .6-44, W"II at th.. slorming ofLeic.... ler (Jo May .645), ..nd wa" wor,>nd..d al Nas..by.He was in ,h.. defence of Bri~101 in 1645

fight with the sword, and standing like an iron­wall, so that they werc not easily broken... ."

The heavy cavalry of those days, unless skilfullyhandled, could easily rOLlt those of their OW1l side.I-Iopton givcs a marvellously vi,·id account of the'rune medly' at Babylon 1-1 ill at the vcry beginningoftbe war (7 Septcmber 1642). The Roundheadsnearly lOok him by surprise by marching out ofYcovil 'by a secret way they had made over thrfields'. I-Ic bad four troops of horsc; and he scnttwo into thc attack, supportcd by a third, keepingthe: fourth in reservc. Captain Edward Stowell:

'charg'd n:ric gallantly and routed Ihe enemy,hut withal I (bis troops consisting of ncw horse,and the Enemy bcing more in number) wasrowted himsclfe; and Capt. IHenry1 Moreton,1being a little tOO necrc him, was likewise hroakenwith the same shocke, and Ihe truelh is in verie ?shon tyme, all the horse on both sides wcre in aconfusion: At the sallle trllle a troope of theEnemyes horse charg'd lip in the hollow-way ontlte right band, where ([ Colonel] Sir Tho:Lllnsford having forgotten 10 put a party ofmusket tiers as before) they found noe opposiciontill they came among the voluntirrs ["Stowell'stroop] upon the 10PP of the Hill, where br a vcryextraordinary accident, Sir James ColborncWilb alowling gunnc sholt at lhe Captain',!. in thehead of tht' troope, and at the same instant Mr.John Stowell charg'd him single (by which oftheir hands it was, it is not cenainc) but theCaptain was slarne, and the troope (being rawcfel1owes) immedyatcly rowtcd. 111 this cxtrcameconfllsion Sir Ralph Hopton was enforecd tomake good lco\"crl the rt·treatc with a f('wofficers and Gentlemen that rallycd to him.

Sending 00' his foot lie withdrew to SherborneCaslle with lillie loss.

Nalllrally not all charges were candry againstcavalry: somelimcs it was a question of horsl·against foot, alld this had pc·clliiar hazards sinc(·the latter would take cuver bdlind hedges andwalls.

Byron wltose hors(· had been shot in the tllroatwith a Illllsket-hall describes the fighting ill whiehLord Falkt:llld fell at First Newbury:'The p:lssage heing then made som('whatwide, and I not ha\'illg anotlh:r borse, drc\\' III

my OWl) troup first, giving orc\rl's 101' til(' rest til

II

Cromwdl. Bothport ....,;' .. are bySamuel C&oper. lhlllOne on the I"ftfrom an unfjnl~hed

nllnlature. Th.,signature iH I...

Protector In 1657,and the secondGreat Seal of IheProtector is of 1655

12

~'Iau rice's Regi ment had Olll: of his se"er:\l narrowescapes that day:

'The charge was seemingly a.~ desperate as anyI was e"cl' in; it being to I)('at the enemy rrom awall which was a Strong breastwork, with a gatein the middle; possessed by above 200 muskeleers,besides horse: we wefe to charge dO\\'11 a steepplain hill, ofabovc t2 score yards:l ill length; asgood a m:lrk as they could wish: 0111' partycOlISisting of between twO and three hundredhorse, nOt a Ill:ln of thelll would follow LIS, so theofficers, about 10 or t2 4 of us, agrccd to gallopdowl1 in as good order :IS wc could, and m:lke adesperate charge upon thelll; the enemy seeingour resolutions, ne"cr fircd at us at all, but flm

away; and \ve (like young soldiers) arter them,doing execution upon tht'm; bllt one CaptainHanmer being Uell('l" horsed than myse1f~ inpursuit, rell upon their ambuscade and waskilled horse and man: I had only time enough 10ttlrn my horse and run 1'01' my life, This partyof Ollrs, that would not be drawn all at first,by this time, se~'ing our success; came illlo thetown after us, and stopped our retreat; andfinding tltat we wcrc purslled by the tltcmy, tltthorse in the fronl, fell back upon the rl'ar, andthey were so wedged together, that they l"Out(..dthemselves, so as there. wa~ no pa~~agc for a longtime: all this while the enemy were upon mc,Cutting my lbulf] coat uijOIl my armour inseveral places, and discharging pistols as thl:Y galup to me, bc·ing the outermost llIan; whit:hMajor lThomasJ Sheldon declared tu my wrygreat adv:ltl1age: ... l~'lajor Leighton,r' came upand] made good a stonc house, and so preparedfor thcm with musketecrs; that one volley ofshntmade lhem rctreat: they werc so ncar me, that alllusket bullet Ii'om 0111' or our mtu tOOk 011' oneor the hal'S or my I.stcelJ cap I charged with, andwent through my hair and did me 110 burt.'

Many and varied wcre the ad\'elllllreS thatmight befall a ca\'alryman as he tried to get thehetH'r or SOllle opponent in the 'Balacla\'amelee' nf tbose days. Likl' Sir Richard Bulstrock,he cuuld be wounded while pursuing an el\ellly atEdgehill, and, obviollsly striving like any sensiblehorse-soldier to all,u:k all the left or bridle-haudside, be wounded by a vicious swing or the pole­axe! Blllstrode was savcd by his colonel, Sir

Thomas Byron, who pistol led the Roundhead.The episode at Newark (21 March (644), whena Parliamentarian trooper laid his hand 011

Prince Rupert's collar only to have it sliced on'by Sir William NC'alc, serves tu show that thecavalry fights of those days were no! a u:\ttlc offlowers.

As for the foot, it was their business to ach-ancesteadily ill rank and file until they camc to pushof pike. Sometimes, as at Braddock Down, ollesidc would 1101 await the shock; or, as at Stratton,they counter-attacked; or sometimes, as in thecase of EdgehilJ, finding they could make noimpression, 'each as if by mUlual! consent retiredsome fe\v paccs, and they stuck down their colours,continuing to fire at one another even till nighl;a thillg so very extraordinary, tbat nothing lessthan so mall)' witnesscs as were there presentcould make it credible' - Killg ]amts II. Theseyoung soldiers, Roundhead and Cavalier alike,who lough! it OUl at Edgehill, were not unwonhyancestors or the 'Thin Red Linc' or the superbinf."111try of 1914, for the one. virtLie thal the rOOl­soldier nccds above all, then and now, is tenacity.

CJlie :HOrse

As a general rule regiments or horse were ,jOO

strong and were organized ill six troops, eachsome 70 strong. In practice, however, strength,~

varied considerably, especially in the Royalistarmies, and this was the case from the very outset.The raising or horse presented peculiar difficult ks.1t was not easy to find olTicers who had bothtactical skill and a knowledge or animal manage~

men!. In some pans of the country it was notpossible to obtain large numbers 01" horses. The

13

Ch,.rl .... G ..... rd, 6r"l Baron Gerard of Brandon and Earlof MlIIccle"r. .. ld (d, 169-f), Gerard wa" a caplain in Ihe D ..tch..er..lce and th..n in Ih.. Seol" War, He commanded aI ..rda of foOl. In which hi,. r"Jl:lm.,nl of bluecoatlj .... rved... I Ihe b,ud.. 01 EdJl:..hill, Ii., wa" 1IIlall"nt ",Didier ..nd waswounded H ..eral Ume.., ""'.id.... dlnlnJl:ulshing him...,lf alfint Newbury, Newark and elsewber." Ue wa5 a firmfriend of Prince R ..pert who Jl:01 him the conun.and inSo..lh Wal.,... whr.rc h., pro..ed very unpopular _lIb tbelocal lentry, Gerard wa.. _lib Turenne al the .,iese ofArra.!i in 1654. and COlJltnanded Chari.... U· Urer;U>lrdof HOnle in t66o. In lal.,r years h ......pporled MonmO"lh,Iho..~h he did not lake parI in bU rebe.lIion. He li..ed10 conun..nd William III'. bodYluard in 1688. Hi.porl ... il by DoblOOn ili;n Ihe Dunedin P ..blic Art GaU.,...,.;nNew Zealand

Thomas !'Iowan!. At the othcr end ur the scaletherc wel't' Colonels Sir Allcll Apsley and GeorgeGUllter, who had only onc troop apiece; and SirGcorge Vaughan who had ('ighty IllCli organizedin two tl'OOps.

At a muster of the Parliamcntarian Army atTin'rtoll in thc summer of 1644, under thl' Earlof l:.ssex, ,hcl'c wcrc SC\'cn rcgimelllS prcsclll,They, too, varied vcry much in sizl' and com·position.

COLONEL TROOI'~ OFFlt:ER~ MEN

Sir Philip Staplelon 8 86 639Sir William BalfOll1' 6 6, 43'Hans Bchrc 5 5·' :$7 1John Dalbicr ., 43 .67James Shcnlcld 6 6, 'P4Sir Robert P)'c " 3' '08Edmond Hal'\'c)' 6 7' 389

38 _11 0 2.720

I n addition there was Captain Abcl'cromby'scompany of dragoons. consisting of nine officersand sixty·fivc dragoons. At first sight the largellumber of officcrs may s{'CIll surprising, but illthose days non.commissiollCcI ofliccrs and C\'cntrumpeters werc included undcr that head,

The composition of the normal troop was:

In the Royalist armies regimt'lits usually hadtltree field oflicers: colonel, lil'Ult'nant·colond andmajor. In the Parliamentarian armies onlyexceptionally strong regiments, such as Crom­well's famous unit, which was twice thc usual size,had licuten'lIlt·coloncls, The qu.lrterma<;tel'S w('recommissioned o(lkers. I ha\'C nc\t'r comc acrossany individual Royalist soldier with the appoint·ment of fan-ier or saddkr, but Ihey t'annot very

Cornish Army, which HuplUn led at Slr:tttOIi ;:tnd

Lansdown, was sniously short of caxalry until itjoined hands Wilh the l\lal'quis of Hertford andPrinc(' MaUl'ic(' al Chard 011" .Julle 16.~3,

1'11::LD-IlON,Sl( 1>N,i\UOOSS 1:00'1'

l'lECES

Ii0PIOil SOl! :I()() :$,000 '~-5

Hertfordand

~lallriec 1,500 ',000 10-11

'.000 300 ·1,000 1.1- 16

At tl1l' rendcz\'ous at Aldbourne on 10 April16+1 four of tht' Royalist regiments were 300strong ami had each, scven or ciglll troops. TheseI>o\\crfui units were thc regimt'lUs of thc Earl ofForth, Prince l\lauricc, lArd I)crcy and Colonel

14

field ollieer or captainCOlptain-lieutenanl or lieutcnalllCornelQual'tcnuUslel'Corp0r:llsTrlllllpclen.SaddlerFanicrTl'oopcl's

3,

7'

'11... Poul..11 Family R ..turn frOn>lh .. Wan_' 11.... charm_inr; if s<>m..wh,u prin"dv.. plclur.. hi ..specially r ..v..alin&aboul th.. ho........ The".. h..avy, hand"on... bea"I'; w ..n:..,.aeily whal Ih.. eavalryn.an of Iho".. daYIi .....nl ..d for aeharr; .. r, NOI.. , 100, Ih.. r1aboral .. ly buill.up "addl....

well have done without ,hem, In the organizationof Essex's t6'1~ Arm}' tlu:y arc specifically mell­tioned,

FOR r.,'IATIONS

The ea,'alry of tll(' Civil Wars seem 10 haw usedrather del'pl'r Or Ju'avicr formatiOlls thall those ofmore mo{krll tinu's, Bulsll'mk lells. us that ;Il

Edgdlill tht' Ro}'alist horsc wen' thrl'l' dCl'p,while th(' P,.rliarucntarians occasionally, as atXewark (:.!t ~Ial'ch 1601,,1). douhled tlldr files :lttdcharged six {!t'ep, Tlw picilln: thai Cruw gi\'t~

(Plate G) canllOI, IIll'refon', ha\(' been vny f;lrfrom till.' rcalil~" though Rupert and Croml,'ellrelied all l!ll' sword r.l\lwr than the pistol. Thelauer, describing the action at Gralllham, speaksofad,'ancing at 'a !ll'l'tly rOllnd trOt',

11... oldrr C._lirr in IlU. Aroup it" John, fI Ba.ronPoul..11 (1586-1649) of HlnlOn S. Ceurr;", So", e', whowas railird 10 Ih.. pt'eraS" in 16:l7' II .. Hrvrd in Ih.. W.."ICounlry, as did hi••on. Sir John (.615-65)••h ......condba.ron, and Ami,""

Rupert Oll(' imagincs f;1\'O\lrcd a faster pace,and lhe Earl of Northatll]JLOtI'S first allack atHopton He;\th (19 March 16'1~) was {kscribedby a Roundhead cyt'witlll'sS as 'a vcry fiercecharg<:, French-like', an itlll'rt'Slill~ C01ll11l1'111, lorCondl'·'s great \'ictul'y at Rllcroi was IOllght thaivcry p'ar alld tht' Fn'llcil OWt'd ;t g-I"t';\( deal oftheir succcss to the daslt of their ca"alry, AIPowid Bridge (23 Se]Jlt'mbcr t6,12) Sir Lewi,~

Dy,'c's troop, which was in Ruperl's Rrgillll'lll,received tIl(' ROllndll{';ld eharg:t' ,II lhl' lIalt,firing a volley of carbine alld pis.tol shot. Theywere roughly handled ami wl1('n, a mOllth laler,they fOllght at Edgehill they recei,'cd slwcificorders 10 'march as close ;IS was possible, kecpingtheir Ranks with Swol'd ill I land, to rcceiw lheEnemy's shot, without firillg either Carbin orPistol, till we hrokl' in amongst the Enemy, and

15

then to make use of our Firc·Arms as need shouldrequire; which Ordel' ,,'as punctually ohsern~d'­

Sir Rid/Qrd IJ/ilstrod~.

'Disciplille

The Cavalier, Sir Philip Warwick, records thecOlH'ersaliOIl of a sober friend of his with anacquaintance scrving under Sir Thomas Fairfax.The Roundhead bO;lSIcd of the sanctity of theirarmy and the negligence of the Cavaliers. 'Faith,'retorled the Royalist, '1I101I sayest true; for in ourarmy we have the Sins of mcn (drinking andwl'nching) Inll in yours YOll have those of devils,spirilual pride and rebellion'.

At the beginning of the war they had a goodmany other sins as well. In 1642 Essex and hissenior officers were hampered in their attempts toimpose discipline. For one thing man)' of thcmwere 'pluralists' and could not be in IwO placl:s alonce. ~1:lny of the colonels of foot were membersof one of the Houses of Pnrlialnl:nt and alsocommanders oftl"Oops of horse. But a more seriousfactor working against good order was the feelingper\'ading' the Roundlwad Army that, high or low,tliey WtTe all rebels togcthel'.

An intelligellt Londoner, a sergetlnt in DenzilHolles's Rt'/{illlellt, wrote ll'lters to his master,which paillt a lurid pictllre of the anny's discip.lim:, \\ hilt: Brian Twyne has record eo some of theirclisonkrs at O"ford. We lind instances of kirk·rapine, poaching deer, Illurderous ;lIld drunkenbrawling on a large sc:th', Illutiny; plundering offellow soldiers as well as papists and malignallts.It was recorded lhat man)' soldiers flung awayIheir arms and descrtt'd.

In Sept!"mlJcr Hampden and five Othl'r colonds

16

complained that their soldiers plundered every­where, 'The trllth is unless we were able to executesome exemplary punishmelll upon the principlemalefactors, we have no hope to redress this horridenormity.' They were rightly afraid that, 'if thisgo on awhile, the army will grow as odious to Ihecoumr)' as the Cavaliers', Lord Brooke and LordSaye and Sele both made some attempl to asscrtdiscipline, the latter C\'en scnding some mutineersto prison. But il was not until 9 Now'mber thatParliament eventually laid down The Laws andOrdinanus of IVaT established for the hellif COT/dud ofthe Arm)·.

II is an odd fact that, e"cept for the mutineersimprisoned by Lord Saye and Selc at Oxford, theonly inSlanec of punishmcllI in Essex's Army thatSergeant Wharton records was when, 011 27August, some soldiers at Coventry took the lawinto their own hands and ill-treated a whore, whohad followed them from London. She 'was takenby the soldiers, and first led about the city, thenset in the pillory, "flcr in the cage, then duckl in ariver, and at the last banisht the City'.

Pillaging and desertion were not readilychecked by The Laws and Ordinanus, panlybecause lhe soldiers had too long been allowedto do as they pleased, Cromwell, Ihough he hada taSle for iconoclasm as he showed at Peler·borough Cathedral (22 April 1643), drew theline at pillage and marauding. As early as May1643 S/JtLinll Passages records thaI,'no man swears but he pays his twelve pence; ifhe be drunk he is set in the slOcks, or worse, ifone calls the other ,. RouJldhead" llc is cashiered;insomuch that lhe countries where thcy comeleap for jo)' of thelll, and come in and join withlhem. I-Iow happy were it ir all the forces werelhus disciplined.'

But, of cOurse, they were nol. As late as Adwa.honMoor (29June 1643) Sir Thomas Fairfhx tells usthat Ihe Northern Forces did not yel have manialla\\' among them, and it was left to Almight)'Providence to punish four malefactors who \~'erc

plundering the corpse of the Ro)'alist ColonelGeorge Heron. Fairfa.'\: records with salisfaCliontheir death from a cannon·shol. As early as APi'il1643 Cromwell had twO descrlen whipped inIhe markel-place at Humingdon and ·11I· fled offas renegadocs'.

A standard of Ihe Civil Wars, froma "kelch by W. Y. Carman, said 10ha"" belong"d lOa Royaiisl calledColon.,1 Rice Yale. There doe!l nolappear 10 have been a colon.,1 Oflh"lnarne _ perhaps his d.,lIcendanCt.promoted him. Nor does the mouolook like a Royalist on.,. Perhaps,indeed, the slandard wa!l a lrophy.... ther lh.... lhal belonging 10 .. trool'of Ca"aliers

Two ParUamentarlan ca"alrylitandards. These are taken fron~ abook of colours preser"ed in IheNalionlll Ar",y Museum, CaptainRoberl Manwaring e"ldenlly lou hiscornet in the charge.. by whiChCharles Cenrd'lI bngtode of horseswept the Roundhead right from Ihefield al the first baule of Newbury,and had anolher cornet ",ade.According 10 I.he law ofarn.. he..hould have donello only if One of hilltroop had laken .. lltandar<! fron. Iheenen~y In the ",_nwhile

·"ry·.... '··.. ·r····._ .

SilO \Villiam \Valler was another Parliamentarianwho strove to enforce discipline. Some court­martial papers have survived which date baek to16'H. rvlutiny and mass desertion serioLisly reducedhis army alier his defeat at Cropredy Bridge(29JllIlC), and it is ofgreat interesllOsce what hisdisciplinary troubles were, and what was doneabOlit them. A 'Counc(·ll of \,VaIT' at Phemham(Farnham ?) on 22 April ordercd Ihat 'the(PrO\'05t) i\lal'shall Genera]l", whcnever he fOlind:t private soldier drunk, 'shall have powcr to

infliCI the punishment of puuillgc 011 a pairc ofhandcuffs, and with a chaine to dr:lwe the partyup untill hee stand on lipptoe with a bn or jtlggrLbout his l1ccke ncere lhe maine Guard, and thereto stand according to discrecon'. As a punishmenliL sounds rather more scvere than lhaL of theslocks, which Cromwell had employed for thesame ofl'encc the previous year. This punishmelHwas also gi\'cn to Phillip Warningwn who hadabused and Cllt a fellow soldier (17 July); inaddition he was cashiered.

17

Robert ~vere..., third Eart or Ene. (159t-I~6) com·n.anded the main Parliamentarian Army rrom 16~ 10;>16.«. He bad ft'rved as a colonel in the Dutcb Army aftdbad bftn vi~-adrniral ift tbe Cadiz e.pediuon or 1625.He wa. no Il~t stntle'llilil or dlsclpU-riatl. nOr was hepsrticuJarly ene..etic. Bou be wss • rna.a or couralle. Hi.cl>ld ~ploit _. hi. relier or Glou~.ter in $epte-Rlbe.r...,

The same coun ordered that oneJohn Boremanfor 'Running away from his Cullors severalltymes', was 'to be hang'd by the neck untill heebe dead'. This secms to have heen the ordinarypunishment for deserlion, Ihough the coun wassomctimes Illore merciful; as in the case of twomen who confessed to robbing a tailor at Wood­stock of a doublet and a pattern for a pair ofbreeches who were ordered to 'lye neck and Heelstogether one whole day and be fead with no otherfood then bread and water, and then set atLibeny'. The same court ordered that HenryStone who had confessed to 'plundering a shin, anapron and some other triviall things, shall havethe Cat lapp once through the whole Regimentand be ignominiollsly discharged the Army'. TheGanttlope or 'running the gauntlet' was com mall inthe Swedish and German armies. The men formeda lane facing inwards and the prisoner passed

18

down it, his speed checked by a sergeant with hishalbert. Each man was allowed onc blow at thecriminal with a switch or with his ramrod.

A l\'lajor Willelt was cashiered (II OClOber1644-) for presenting a false muster, that is,attempting to draw pay for men who did notexist. On 17 October Corporal Rc.'ld was cashieredfor robbery, with the added indignity that hissword was to be broken over his head.

The Roundhead commil1ee which ran Ihegarrison of Stafford (16.1-3-+5) look it upon itselfto impose i1 high standard of discipline. OnII December 1643 it was ordered that LieutenantYang should 'forthwith be casheercd out of theTowne' for bcing drunk, neglecting his guard,lelling down Ihe drawbridge at the 'Geolegatc'at 10 o'clock at nighl and going to Ihe further endof the fOfegate. He was to st~Uld in the market·place 'wilh a papet in his h;\lupon Ihe markel~da}'

whc"cin shall be wrolc his onence'.;18 M:u'ch, 1644'Ordered that the Gunner which did commillfornication shall bee SCt uppon the grealc gunwith a marke uppon his bade through IheGarrison and then disgracefully expulsed.'27 :\·Iarch 1644'Lieutenant Dutton for plundering and forterrorizing the inhabitana of the county wasto "be committed to prison and by Ihe nextcOlwcniency scnt to Ihe Parliament to receivepunishment according to Iheyr ordinance inthe case".'It would be idle to pretend that the Royalist

armies did not suffer in like manner from dis·ciplinary troubles, Plundering and desertion seemto have been the crimes most prevalent, and,since the King was unable to keep his menconstantly paid, it is not surprising thaI they eithertried to subsist by marauding, or jusl wen I home.It would be unwise indeed to assert thaI theCavaliers were beller disciplined than the Round·heads, Ihough in 1642 - while the pay lasted - itmay be true, at least of the infantry. The trulh,is that both sides had such severe administrativedifficulties that neither army was blameless, andso the unfortunate country people who had to findthem quarters suRered the consequenccs.

In lhe autumn of 1642, at the outset of the war,according to Clarendon who wa.'io not one to praise

The Q ..een's Sconee aI Newa..k. This wo..k was b .. ilt to<:0"..... the bridse whe..e th.. Fosse Way cro"_,, the Ri".....Devon. It tlland" On " IiLiSht.ly .. le""'l ..d "pu.. of srav...1 andhali a SODd vi ..w of the Oal meadow" no..th and weSt of tbelown. II C:O".....1iI a Iilll.....0 .... than th..e.. :U;....IiI, and ill1iI ......o ..nded by a dilch "p to 70 f ....' wide, and 12 to 15 feetde..p, Tb.. fo..1 Wall almose ee..eainly lI ....ro..nded by a

military men, the Royalist army 'either hy lhecare and diligence or the officers, or by 'he goodinclillalions and temper or the soldicrs thcmsclVl'S'was 'in so good order and discipline, thai, duringthe King's stay at Shrewsbury, there was not adisorder of name, lhe country being kind to Ihesoldiers, and Ihe soldiers JUSt and regardrul 10thc COUlllr)", Frec loans and cOlllribulions rromIhe gentry and subSlaiHial inhabilants, and thenoblemen with the ,lrmy, guaranteed the payorIhe men so that Ihey had no calise for discontent.

Mrs HUlchinson speaks of Sir Lewis Dy"c'stroop at ~oltingh:un as 'plundering all the honest

pali ..ade. Thi.. may hav" been in Ih.. houonl of th" dild,wh...... i' c:outd nOI be IU' by cannon.balls. In 1957N..wa..k Co..por..,ion d"lI .."d eh" fo..e of a d ...nli" jun~l... ofb .."h..!> and h ....mhl.,,,. so Lh,,' iL ill now po,."ibl., fo ...." if"o ..i!:in,,1 o ..LBn." (CO....t .."y of f.h .. Iloyal Co... n.i""ion onUislori.1 Monum.,nts (Ensl:tnd), C ..own Copy..i«h.)

mcn Or t1lcir arm,~', hUI \l) disal'm rehds callscarcely be so stigmatized, At Binning-ham, avery hostile pJacL', lht, Kin~ aClUally had two mCl!exccuted lor slealing !i'om tile house uf a Round·head soldier.

Ccrtainly, without question, Ro)'ali.'H troopersoccupied Ihelllsclws wilh plllndering Essex'sbaggage·train in KinC!OIl durillf{ the b'lllle ofEdgehill though OIU' Roundhead ct]>tainaCCU5("S drag-oons of his own side or this! As earlyas :"1o\'cmber 16-1-2 Sir John Uyroll's men did agreat deal of malicious damage al the house of llwRoundhead, Bulslrodc Whilclockc.

19

20

...

T~ _,," .f frlttflitt.( 4 ~W."t/t S~"fr·

D1is Fourc.fqtt1r(' Skon{C. is of greater llren£th than }'out Triangle, and

if it be £WCUN with a Ctrong !>cituatiOll, ;IS grnt Rh'crs. or upon'aRocke, Of whac it rmy be: lbnkcrcJ from the Bu!work, of. Fort, itwill lUnd III gtClt nod; orhcrwifc it is not to be eaken fOr aOrcngth

ofany moll'lCm. 1"hC' Eulworkcs :md Corrina 3ft to be nude '"Of high. thickcJand(\rollg. that it may endure th: b3ttering of d)C EI)C11'1ia Ordnance•

A plan of .. liIconc~. (rom an i1lu!I(rauOD in Robert Ward'.A"imut/"f!rsirms oj IV"""l!, 1639; a Konce -alil. detachedfori wilh balition... (Co"r...)' of the Royal Con'mission onHistorical Monumcol" (Enslandl. Crown Copyri!hl)

A Royaiisl Iroop on Ibe ma.rcb, from Ihe monunuml of of Plate Co which III r~cO"lilr"clecl In pa.r1 fro... I.h ..Sir Richard Aluley, Bart." al Pal"h"II, FUr1h~r particulars t ....mpeten llbown hereof A!Otley and hi. lroop wiU be fo"nd In l.he de"",ription

As the war went 011 the Royalists strove touphold disciplim: with the gallows and thewooden horSC,', The lash was not vay much usedthough :t soldiCl" who had r:I\,ished two womenwas tied to a Iree, wit II his shoulders and chestnaked, so Richard Symonds of the Lifeguard ofHurse tells us, ';Ilid c\'cry carter of the trayne andcarriages was to have a lasll', I-Ie tells us that thi~

was a Spanish pUllisbtllt'nl.II may be 11\;11 tht" King was not sufficielltly

Sl'\"Ct"e ill Ilis disciplilll', But al Wing 011 28 August1645 he did ha\'l':1 soldier hanged for stealing tll('communion plait', Nichola$ writcs to Rupert fromOxford (II ~Iay lG.j.J) 'Sir James i\lills waslatdy shot hy an ofllccr upon a private quarrd;and tilt' lasl night Lielltl'llalll Crancleild waswuullded by Ont' Captain Hastings upon the likeoccasion, TI1I'r(' is here no punishmcnt, andthcrt'fOl'c llutllillJ..: hIll disorder can be cxpected:

Perhaps this wry complaint led to a liglHcllingof discipline. <..:enainly Colonel Sir ~icholas

Crispe, who killed Sir James Enyall in a duelwhich he had llOt pro\·oked, had to answer for it10 a COLIfl martial. Colonel Richard Feilding losthis rcgillll'nt - and very ncarly his life - for sur­rendering Rcadinf.:' Sir Richard Ca\'c wascourt·martiallcd lor sUl'fclldcl'ing HercfOl·d, butwas aequillcd.

Calollel IlclIl'y Windcb:lllk was shot (3 May16'~5) fol' surrcndering Uletchingdon I-louse toCromwell, and Rupert himself was dismisscd forthe sllfrende!' of Bristol (10 Sl·ptcmbcl' 1645);and, al,hough he was cventually acquitted, helleVCI' fully r('co\'cr(,d his l>Qsitioll in his uncle's

fa\'Ollr.Tile Rupert COITt'spondcncc conlains lll:ltly

IelltTS in which Royalist eommander.~ complainabout plun<h-ring. This shows at least that Ihesenior officers, with :t few notable excclHions,intended to kel'J} their men in order. In this somewere mol'c Sl1cc('s.~ful than others, and Ihis may,of course, be said of both sicks, If pay, or at Icast

21

Culrall~lcrll :ond H:orqucbuliicrli, (rom john Crulio'" Militari.. bl$tructiu", fur 01" CafKIll'ri.. (16J"1).Sir Arlhur Hc"Hris;e'lI 'Lobslcra' wcrc probably armcd vcry n,ueh Ukc the Irooper wllh Ihc pllitol,

Ihough il ill probahlc I.hal <luring Ihe Civil Wars c ..lralillicrs worc Ihc lrlplc-barrcd 10hSlcr_lailcdh"lmrl ralher Ihan • dOllc h"'mct.

Thc common Iype of cltvltlryn""n of 164:1 wall cltllcd It 'harqucb"lIier', bUl hy that lime I.hc h:or_qucbull lIc"mll to h ......" dillapp_r"d. B"ck and br"astplale, pol heln.et .nd perh"pll It lerl arm Iluard•....ern 10 ha e en Ihe ..rn.our Ilenerally in ,·oguc; wlch a "word and a p:olr of plSIOl1I for armamenl.Th.. 1 1I0n'e c lryn'en had (owling_piecell or carbin_ ill c.. rtain, but Ihey 1I....m to ha..." m:..n Ih......_c ..plion ,",uhcr Ihan th.. rul... CrU80'1i harquebusler 1I....ms to bc w .... rl ..g .. kind of burgonet. Ie mUSIbe r embcr...d Ihal hill book "lOW Ih.. lighl lenyearli befor.. Edgehlll, but Ih.. Irlpl .._barrcd h ..ln...1 n'UlUha bcen Ih" mOlit COmmo.. 'pol' among bolh Cavalier and Ro..ndh..ad IrooperN,and th.. r .. III ..vid..nc..Ihal ,,"orion,; 1'( Ihc !oort worn in Is88 w ... re 10 he n In the Ci i1 Wanil. Th.. ...., Ilil nO rcalion why ahel",cl 6fly_four )-CarS old ~hould not bc Ii.. r ...lceabl NOI.. Ih.. cr 1 bil.. and "purl' ,hal Ih..ltIfl IrooperlilUli.. : Ih..y rod.. wllh th.. brake" on and Ih.. chole" OUI!

22

COLO:'<LL Nov. 16+2John Bclasysc 505Sir William PcnllYl11an 68SRichal'd Fcildin~ .~60

Richard Bolle 560Sir Edward Fitton 460Sir Edward Stradling 715Sit, Thomas Salusbul'Y 9tO

The colonel had a captain-lieutcnant instead ofa licutenant. This officer docs nOI ~eem to ha\'ebeen paid cxtra for comm:1I1ding Ihe eolond'scompany, bUI at least he ranked above the otllel"lieutenants and was ncxt in line for a company,should there be a casualty. Each company had acolour which was carried by the ensign.

The gentleman·of·the·arms scems to h;l\'c beena Royalist innovation, It was much more difficultfor them to obtain arms than it was for theParliamentarians, and there/ore it beho\'ed themto take good care of those they had, especiallythe firearms. This officer seems to have been akind of company armourer sergeant.

Both pikemen and musketeers were to be foundin each company. the theoretical propol'lionbeing one pikeman La cvery two muskc\(·l:rs.Therc is some evidcnce: howc\'er, that theRoyalists at Edgehill had as many pikclllen asmusketeers, and from a tactical point of view thatmay ha\'e been an advantage.

Tbroughout tbew::tr regiments varied very milchin numbers. In 1642 many were up LO strength,but battle casu:dties, sickness and dcsenion soontook their LOll. Neither did every regiment haveits ten companies: on the Royalist side eight secmsto have been a more usual number.

This table illuSll"ates the wastage in the Royalistinfantry. The figure'S for Novemher t642 al"ecalculated from a pay warrant; those for April1644 were taken from a muster of tl1(' garrison ofReading.

rations, cannoL be assured, marauding is bound LOlollow and discipline can no longer be maintained.This is a truth as old as war itselr.

C]/feYOOf

In theory a regimcnt was 1,300 strong and wasol"ganized in ten companies. The field officers,colonel, licuLenant~colonel and major had com·panics, which I~umbercd 200, 160 and 140 respec~

tively. Each of the seven captains had 11 companyof lOa men. Very often the colonel was also ageneral ofriccr or the governor of some fortress;frequently the lieutenant-colonel or even them~or was the real commanding officer. IIIaddition, one of the field officers was sometimestaken away to act as brigade· major of the forma·tion in which the I"egiment was serving. The dutieswhich in modern times al"e carried out by thcadjutant and the R.S.M. were then performed bythe major. I have fount! 110 adjutant in anEnglish ;lfIny before 1665, and no 'sergeant­major' in the modern sense of R.S.M., beforeabout 1720. In 1642 the term 'sergeant-major'was still frequently used for the major, that is, thethird senior officer of a regiment.

The staff of a regiment usually included aquartermaster, a chaplain, a provost-mal"shal (inthe Parliamentarian Army), a sllrgeon and hism:ue, a carriage-master and a drum· major. InRoyalist regiments one occasionally finds thewagoner or wagon·master signing for stores,instead of the quartermaster.

The organization ofa normal company was:

CaptainLicutellant

Ensij.;11Gent[elllan ·ol'.tllc·a rillsSergeantsCoq>ora[sDrummersSoldiers

COLONEL

Sir Theophillls Gilby

,3,

'00

April 16+-\355

23

Sir Lewi~ Dy\'(' ;\1](1 Thomas Blagge, who carnefrom the Roundhead coulltles of Bedrordshirc andSlllrolk, werc probably nOL able to raise manymell ill those pans. Dyvc seems to ha\"c got alleast twO companies from Lincolnshire.

As lime went by tlte King's main army drewmany of ilS rCl,;I'\liIS 1'1'0111 'Vales, though it was

It will be noticed that nOl one of these sevcnregimcnlS still had its original colonel.

At Edgehill the Royalist fOOl, somc 10,000

sirong, was organized in five tertias or brigades.At Naseby, where Ihe 1001 were certainly nOtmarc than 4,000 strong, there were only threehrigades. Al Edgehill four of the brigades eachhad thrcc rcgimcnts, while onc had lI\'e. By 1644teni.:Is had as many .:IS nine weak regimentsin thcm.

In 1642 the regimellts of tile King's main armycame from many t1illcrelll parts of lhe kingdom.They included:

Sir James PennymallSir Jacob AstleyGeorge LisleAnthony Thc1wallJohn Stradling:Sir Charles Lloyd

In the matter of wastage, Parliamclltarianrcgiments fared \\'orse than tbose orlhe King, andsome did not survi\"c evcn the first campaign.Lord WIl;u"!On's and Lord rvIandcville's, which,among others, fled al E.dgellil!, werc disbandcd inthe following month. Dellzil Holles's Rcgimetllfought bravely at Edgehill, bllt was Cllt to piecesat Brentlord and did nOt survive Ihe disastcr.On October 16'tz, Sir Henry Cholmlcy'sI.zoo-strong Regiment ned at Edgehill and \\las

cvidclllly punishcd for its pains, since only 55~

men remained on 23 Novcmber. Lord Brooke,who had about 1,000 men when he enteredOxford at the end of September, had hut 480 inmid·No\'cmber. Thomas Ballard muslered 808olficers and mcn on 17 October 1642 but onlyhad .J.39, not counting officers, on I I November.Some orhis companies were \'Cry thin hy that time.

\VarwickshircLondonBuckinghamshircHncki IIglJa msh iI"C

COUNTYEssexLondon

;.zorth O:dol'dshirc

reinforced by several Northerll rcginwnts ill 164-3­Two lJf IIlese arrived in [\·Iay with a COJl\'oy orammunition, while s{"veral Others reac!l\·d Oxlilf{1with the Queen in .July. On tlte whole, Ihl"Nortlll'rn Royalists wellt inlO Ihe army raised bythe I~arl nf Newcastle - the army whid. was\'irtually destroyed at Marslon [\1001". The CU1"I1­

Ish, who W('I"e as \varlike as they were loyal,defended their territory With their trained bands,but as these would 1101 go 'abroad', five 'voluntary'regiments were raised. These \'OlllIllCCI'S made IheIlucleus of Hopton's '""estern AI-my which, afterllis victory at Stratton, joined Prince Mauricein Ihe Lansdown-Rollndway Down campaignand pa\"ed the way for Prince Rllpen's caplure ofBristol; like Newcastle's Wbitecoals, tltey werevery good foot.

So far as one can lell Ihe Earl of Essex's Army,which was the main Roundhead army, wasrecruited in London, the south Midlands and lireHome Counties.

COLONI!.LEarl of EssexSir John Merrick(I) Lord Saye and Scle(2) Sir John MeldrumLord BrookeDenzil Hollcs, ~[.P,

Thomas BallardJohn Hampdcn, ~I.p"

479"7'70'9635'-t09

LancashireCheshireNorth WalesGlouccstershircYorkshireNOllinglJamshircPartly from Herc10rdshireSomersetSUlflordsllireCheshireSoulh Wales, cspcciall~'

GlamorganLincolnshireDerLyshircCheshirel.incolnshil'eSla(lordshircLancashireNorth Wales, especially

Denbiy;hshire and Flintl.al1cashircNorth Oxfonbhirc\Val'wickshil'e

Lord 1\lolynellxEarl orNonhamptoll

The King's Lileguard

COLONEL/REGtMENTCharles Gerard

Lord GeneralSir John BeaumontSir (;ilbcl't (;(;I",U"((

Sil' Thomas Salusbury

Riclwrd FcildingSir Thomas LunsfordRichal'd BolleSir Edward FilionSir Edward Stradling

Sil' Ralph UuLtOllJohn l3c1asyse

24

-.,.,........

I Kinll: Charl~. I (1600-49) in .6442 Sir Edward Walk~r(.6u-,,)3 Prin,,~ Charl~., I.,u KinS Ch.rl~. II

(163-SS) in 1642

A

B

Lucall (Ie. 16.8)Sir Charl..-

Trump""",.. ,Capfain Si .. Richard Ascl",y'sTroop of Hors",

"CHAH ~o,.. C

D

P;k~n,an, Lord Brooke'. R~lin..,nt

:t Roundh~.dCommander

3 MUllket.,~r

E

F

Lieutenant or a bluecoat regil"enf2 Colonel Nathaniel Fienne. (1608?~)3 Colonel Sir Richard WlII)'liO (1614""90)

t En.lln, Lan.plulh'. Rell.n.ent or Fool

~ Drumn.er or a redcoal rell.menl

J Royali.1 St:rlunl or. areo-n.coal rellmenl

G

\~cond captain(Sir L",wi,. Dyv.. '11 Roeglrn""I)

Fourth caplllin(51.. Edward Slradling'sReg;rn",nl)

Li.,uu,nanl-Colonel(RIch........ D"II",'" R"",lm..nt)

c..ptaln(King's Uf"'luard)

H

Major(p.,nnyman's R"gin'''n1)

Caprain(KlnJ'5 Lifeguard)

Major'. Juidon(Dragoon Regin...,nt)

Fiut captain(Charh'li Grra..d'lI Regime'u)

Fint caplllln(Lamplugh's R"gln,rnl)

Tb~ Eq..ip...~n( o( a Ibavy Cavalry",an, (ron. Jo..... Cruso'. AfiUt"1'i~Ind1'uniol'lS!01' tJl~C.tHlll'1'ir.(163:&). II i. QP'Kiallyfnler~.lin.lloob",~rv~how "~ry diff~""'nl Ih~ ..ddl~ i. fro", the ""Hilary 'addle of modern linus

25

...fA R T. -

.',.~......~

SCOTLAND

"r..."O

.::;~.,

,PAJ\T

..sCOTLAND

•

,.,. l ..... "'r'''''''''''­.,01 d,.,-.r."o~~'l..c .....

~ :i; t:::t ~;:::"l~. "oor l> ...P_ ...._ , ,_.hl n",t."",,, ........u.T., ,-, ''l'''''''''

<I ' L..,.'.., ~, .."" ,. '".l""'" ••~"""..., .<0,,, ..., II ••" " ......~,-'

~ """,'~' '.r.... ''11''''''', .",n.... ,,,,•.•'1l, .......

" '1"_ """".........'H~..\"8 ........ ".,,"",,··'11,...I' '·.A!o".u ., ......,,,....,,, .; "".•,., ""'"''''''1I'''fq ~ Po"'I' 0(,.", ...,.,• hbom •• " '"'1,....,n•• ,..", .>l .I n~ lHl,I, " ...

1" _ ••

•

KIng Charlell'l' ~anlp near B"rwi"k during the First ScotsWar, 1639. Th.. Glorioul/; Standard is no doubt the lIaaneone rallied at Nouingb.aan wh..n, in August r6,.,. the Kin!d ..c1ared war. Some of ch" colonels listed took pare in th"Civil Wan. The E:...1 of Newport wall for a short timeLieutenanl_G"n"ral Co th., Earl of Newcastle, bUIquarrdled with him and wa" ianprison"d in PontefraciCalitle. Van.. :and HOlh:an) w""re Roundhe:ad... Savile had ar""l'hn ..nc or redcoatli in 1639. and il il/; likely that hi..regianent wall r.,.railied for th.. King in 16,.,. Harcourt

look his regimenl to Irel:and and was killed there. Jeroane8reu becan'" a .."rg"anl.n,ajor·llen.,ral. Sir Willian,P.,nny....an's Yorkshire regiment was the 6rst railled in1642; be WIll< Governor of Oxford and died Iher.. in 160,and his r""gim""nl w:all e"enlnally delltroyed 101 Nalleby.Old Sir Thoma.. Metham of Mechan), Yorkllhir., (c.1575-1644). con.manded ... troop of g ..nd"men "OIUnl.,ers,of which N ..wc..... II"" hhnself wa.. noaninally Ih.. caplain,and WI''' killed al il .. h ..ad at Mar.. lon Moor

Captain Primrose had only 19 men and CaptainMa,-rord lmt 15.Jolln I-Iampden, whose regimentdid not arrive at Edgehill until the battle wasover, still had 893 men on 21 January 1643. Hisnumbers dwindled more gradually and bY2 I June,when hc was lying on his death-bed at Thamc. hestill had 849 men. Some may have been lost at thesiege of Rcading and elscwhere, but most hadprobably succumbed 10 the fevers so prevalent III

the Thames Valley in the Sllmmcr of 1643.

fORMATIONS

A body of foot normally mllrched in column offours, but when it eamc to light il was drawn lipin a deeper fOl'm:uion. At Edgchill Essex had hismen cight decp, which was the formation in theDutch Army when he was a colonel lhere. TheRoyalisls on tbat occasion were six deep, withtheir tcrtias arraycd in what was known as the'Swedish brigadc', A regiment or body of loot

26

lIol'mally fought Wilh a solid hedgehog of pikesin the celltre :md with muskeleers on lhe flanks.If ca\'all'Y threalened, the musketeers would takeCO\'cr among the pikemell.

ARMS, DR [55 AND EQU I PM ENT

The "ppcarance of the armies of 16.~2 would havepained the Duke of Cumberland, King Gcorge 1\'and j\larshal Bcrnadotte: lIUI, all lhe same, the)'did present some show of uniformity, as any unitwill if they receive general issues of clothing,anns and equipment. At the time orthe Civil 'Varscommissioned onicc'rs and ('\-ell sel'gcants seem tohave WOnl pretty much what they pleased, butlhcsoldiers, parlicularly in lhe fOOL, Wt'rr gi\'Cll suchilems as C:lpS, coats. hr('cches, stockings and'snapsacks', as well as their arms and armour.UnlOrlllll<Lldy, we ha\'e 110 record of thc coalcolours or till' m:uority of rCl:{irncnls engaged, UUlsOllie arc known.

PAR LI A1\IEKTAR I A:'\J

Green (?)Green

RedRed lined whiteRedmile

mue

} utue (?)

utucGreyGreyGl'cell

G rcell Iined redOrant;:ePurpleRUSsel (?)(;rt') I?}

EMI of :"lonhamptonHenry TillieI'

Denzil l'lollesEdward I\lonta!{uLord Robal'\C5Sir Ilcnry Cholmle)'Sir William Constable

(I) l.ord Sayc and Scle(2) Sir .John I\lcldl'tllll(3) Edward Aldl'ich

Earl or StamfordThomas R:tllardSir John \lerriekJohn HampdenE..1.r1 or \Ial~cheslcr

E.:trl of E.sse.~

l.ord BrookeThomas GranthamEMI fir Dcnbi~h HlJrscl

Prince Maurice (16:zo-S:Z). The favourite brOlher or PrinceRuperl wa. a .Iour_hearled fillhter. Be wa. wilh hillbrother in .everal or hill u:ploltll - III Powlck Bridll:e,Edsehlll and Cirencester _ MrOre heln! s"ven an inde_pendenl command, He de£ealed Sir William Waller atRippte (IJ April 164]) and played a sr.... 1 parr in Ihevidorlell or the Welilern Army .. I L.ntKIown and Round_way Down. He took Exeter and Dartmoulh, but ralled 10

capture Plymouth and Lyme. He commanded the WuternArmy in Ihe vietorie. al 1.olltwlthlel and al McondNewbury, where they were driven rron, Speen vlllallt!<" Hewall under Rupert at N:l5eby. When parr or I.he Reel eIln'eover 10 Ihe RoyalilOr .. in 16..8 Maurice ...rved in il underhi .. brotber. He _10 10101 al Ha. HI.. port rail by Dobsonbf:lonllll to rbe Earl or Dartmoulh

R'd

RodRod(jllic

HIlle

HIlleBIlle (?)

White

R'dR,d

Red (?)

Rod (?)

YellowYellow

mack (?)Grcrn

White

WhilC

Crey

Vellow (?)

Yellow

ROYALIST

The Kill!-:'s LifeguardThe Queen's Life!-:uardPrince Charles

C.O.: Sir \Iichael Woodhouse'Ille Duke or York

C.O.: Sir William 5t Lcg-er(I) Sir Allen Apsley(2) Edward Hoplon

I..ord InchquillSir William SavileLord Hopton

(I) Sir Thoma~ Lunsford(2) Prince Rupert

Ch;lI'!cs Gerard

Sir William Pel\llymall(I) Sir' Ralph Dutton(2) (Sil') Slcphcn Hawkins

1'Ilarquis of Newcastle'sRegimcnt

LOI'd Percy(I) Thomas Pinchbeck(If) Sir !Icnry Bard

Sir Francis Gamul(1) Sir Charles \";}Vasolil'

('2) (Sir) '\Iallhew Applcyal'dSir John P.lulet(?] TalootSil' Thomas B1ackw;llIRobeI'I UroughlOll

27

A lell"r fro.... Charles II when Prince of Wale: .. c:o....... ill­sionlng Sir Edward Hopton of Canon FrOR1e, Hereford­shire, 10 be in command of a reg;"'''nl of fool.

The ,\larquis of Nt'WC;ISl!e'S men are gellerallydescrib<:d as '\\'hilccoals'. It seems tbat his army­not ollly his OWl! J'I'g:illll'lIt - worl' coalS of undyed\\'0011('11 dOlh. PC'I'cy's Whilecoats alld Pitlehbcek'sGrcyeoats bOlh CUll\' to Oxford from Newcastle'sArmy;H the same time, II would se('lll lhal thedr('ss of Nnvl';lstlc's 'Lambs' \\';\S nOt cxaetly aswhite as SIlOW,

Rf'd was a f<lirly popular cololll' ill the C:I\'alierArmy, I'spcri;t11y, il secms, ill the Royal regi­Illellts. From lllt,time oflhe formatioll of the NewModd Army it was adoptnl by the Parli;l1llCllt·arialls, from whom thl' Slanding Army of KingClw.rh-s II alld his SLltccssur.~ inltnitcd it.

A R I'vl S

\Vllellille war begall Illere weI'(' not nearlyenougltarm<; to equip all th.. I1l1'll who enlisted for the

28

King. The :lrtllouries of the trained bands, as wellas those of private indi\'iduals, were insuOicielltIII pro\'ide weapOllS lor all the \'olunlC'ers. Anumber of those who foughl at Edgehill hadnothing betlcr than some con\'erted f:trm imple­ment 01' a SIOtll sta\,C'. MallY of the weapons atIClpieces of armoul' had already seen service at lhelime of til(' Annada, or C\'Cll maybc of Floddcl1alld (joswol'tll, 011 the other hand, thuse wcrcdays when nublemen and gellilemen commoillyhad sllbstanlial :lI'ITlOllries of lheir OWI1, If lheRoyalist pikemell were shari of corS(,klS it \yas

not really such <l hardship: a steel helmet and agood bllll' coat wOlild keep QUI many a savageblow, and, marching in body armour call havcbeen no joke.

As for the Roundheads, they had at theircommand the great armouril'S uf thc Towcl' ufLondon and of Hull. Their troops mUSI haw

~

•

- ..••

".

" •• ft

" •

Plan of Ill'" siege of Newark, 1646. The survey by 'RichardClan'p.. lngenier' was engra"~ by Perc:grlne Loydl, andprinted and t10ld by Peler Ste"1 101 I.h....ig" of the Crownand ("Ier of I.h .. White Horse in Gilupur Slre",c withoutNewS"r". This plan was certain:)' on sale before 1650' Theengraving, 20 inches by 17 inches, COverli an area ofaboul1_0 .niles radius around Newark and shows the worksm"de for the lalil siege, which laSled from November

••

1645 to 8 M"l' 1646. Clamp,", who had "ervrd under Ih",Earl of ManehesIII,r, and Sir Thom".. I....irf",._preliun'"blyin the New Model_ seenU 10 have been the chief engineerof Ihe Parli,unencarlan Army b ..ror" Newark. He wasrewarded in 1647 will> Ihe " ..areher's po,.. 31 the porI ofKing'lI Lynn in Norfolk. (Courle'liy of the Royal Conlmi,,_ilion on Hi,uor;eal MOnUm.,nls (England). Crown Copy_right)

29

appe;lred armed \"Cry much accordin~ to the'rcgulations of the day,

In theol'}', all mnks carrit.'d swol'ds, those of theoOicl'rs brillg: no dOli I>! of sup<-rior quality, Withthe t'xcc.'ptiOIi of tilt, I'llsign, wilt> carrit.'d thecomp'lIly colour, the com pan)' ollict'rs were armedwilh partisalls, while lhe sergeant's halbert wasat OIlCt.' his wl'apon and his hadg:e of rank, Thepikenwll had a weapon hl,twet.'l1 sixteen andl'ig:htl'l'll fl'l'l in Icng:th, and wore Ilolck-and-brc.ut- tlw l'orsdet - alld a helmct. The lllllSkt'Il'('rs hadIIU hudy :lrI110I1r, lIut were gcnl'l"ally l'quippedwith ,I nl.ttchlock Illllskt,t, ,tnd a bandolier, Sonl('cI'rt:linl)' had ,t n'st, but this SIX'IllS to hale hcenOIJSOkSCI'Il\ h)' tlic time ol'tht, Civil \\'<'11'5, A fewhad tlit, sn:lphatlct" Ill' fin'lud, ,m t'ady Ililltlockmuskt,t; hut Ihis was rare and was lIstlalty gi\'CII10 thc eseurt ortllt' traill oral'till('I'y, for malchlocksand PO\\'tlt-r-llarrds Wt'l't' Illlllappy partncrs,The h:l)'ollct was lltlt yet 10 Ill' St'\'11 ,lll1tll1"~ lht'E.nglish illf:mlr)',

pe CJ171illifrufJ1i/IeIJ'

Artillery h;ul provcd its wonh in baltit'S as well asin sieges as I'ady as lhe middle uf the fiftcenthCt'ntur)': it was .IS decisiH' .It Castillon as atCOllSlalitillOpk, Hut its prugn'ss had 1)('('11 slow,,tnd, at thl' lime of the Ci, il "-.Irs, nuny of itschal'acteriSlics were still vcry ullsatisfaClory,Ranges \\tTl:' shorl, r:lH'S of /if(' slow, ('quipmcntIlt.'avy and mcans of tractioll Ullt'cOllomical,~e,'cnhdl'ss, hoth round-shot and caSt'-shut Wt-re

30

damaging rnissit('s, which could score ht',lvily 011"a troop ofhorS(' or a stand ufpikcs, whil~t tor siq.{cwork the big gUlls were invaluahle_

Clan:ndon dt'scribcs the train of •• rtillery as 'aspunge Ihat can nevCf he filled 01' 5.ltisficd', andit was only \\ith the grcillcst dinietllly 11t.1I SirJohn I-kydon (d_ 16.')3), ,he Royalist Lil'IHCll:tnt­General oftht., Ordnance, a noted matl\cmaticialland :1 thorough I)' competent .l<lministrator, man­:lgcd to ptt! tW('llly guns in the fidd, six of thembig Olles, Tlu:sc gUlls were mostly Ill.tdl' of brass,The trophies of Edge-hill included SC\Cll gUlls andat First Newbury tht., Royalisls had hl'iwier metal.

Al Nascby thc King had ollly twdw big gUliS,Among those captured by the New J\lodcl Armywen; lWO dt.'llli·cannolls, probahly thl: san\(' twolhal had beell at Edgl'hil1, and two morlars, Twoor the great brass gUlls lakt'J1 at Nast.:hy wcreafterw;lrds used by lhe Parlialllellt,lrians be-sieging\Vorccster.

The Roundht.:ads, backed by tilt., n'sources ofthe Tower of London, whe....: since llledil:v:t1times the Board of Ordnance had had its head­quunel's, wen' mud\ bettel' pro\'ielt'd \\itll gtlnsthan Wt're their opponents, In the i6+:l camp;lignIhey had OHr fony gUllS, Unforttlllatdy lur themtht.'ir Iil'utenalll-gcllcral, a torcigner n.llnl'c1 I'hili­bert E.m;lIIUcl du Boys, pra\cd ineapahle ofcollecting ;1 sufliciel1l number or draught-horses,and mall)' or tht' gUlls arrin:d 100 late fur thehattie ur Edgdlill. TIlt" tr.lin of .lftillery rceluireda gn:at deal of transport, for its ammunilion andstun's, " Royalist bye-train (II" fQlIl' hig gunsdetailed to ;,\lIack B;tlIbury Castle in OCtoherj6'12 rC<\llirt'd the support orfift)'-SC\CII wagons,

TILe persollnel - ufliCt'rs and spt'cialists 01\'ariolls l-:ueguril's - was also \"('1'Y cOlisiderablc,III 16'1~ Ess('x'S Train had on-r .p) otficers, 6uopiollt't'rs, be~idc~ ItlU firclucks, IU I-;uard tile train;engineers, .:umrnissarics, 11ro\05t, gl'lltlclllCI\·Ol"­Illc-ordll;lllt;C, tircworkcrs, IJattl:ry-n\.L~tcr :uldbridge-master were all to be luuml in its mnks,'('he dress 01" artillel'ymt'!l plol>.!llly l'l'sl'mulcdthat of the loot,

The suppl)' or ammunition was not, it seems,,ery lil>cral. In Ihe uyc-train already rclcrred to,the Royalists allowed fifty -roulld ShOH of yran'per gun, ;tnd, in addition, tWl'nt)'-four 'cases oft)'1I1I w'" l\llIskclt ShOll, or Cartoucht.'S',

ROYALIST ORDNANCE

TVI'.... .~I)GI'.I"LI. Nk:WlllIRY WI'.IGIIT OF LEN(;TIl Ot' Wt:IGIiT OF

I'II'.CI',. (Ill) I'lt;CE (fl) SHOT (Ib)I)cllIi·canIIOll'" • • 6,000 ,. .)Culvcrin" • • 01,000 " '5T we!Vc-l)()llm!crs • 10-11

,.Dcmi-C'"ul\'crins • 3,600 '0 9Six-poul\de~ 5 6:-'ak("~ , 2.500 91 51~1)'lIioll~ 2 (iron) 1,500 8 .,'I'hl CC-lxlllndcrs • 3Fawcons 6 )00 6 ·1Fawconetl ... 6 2>0 • ' 1!tabonells , '.0 3 •,H:lscs '2 (iron)

.0 .0

NOTE.SI. This was I-Ioplon's own troop,'2, Said 10 have been a son of Sir William Balfour,

l.ieutenant-Genel'al of the Horse in Essex's Army.3. Cavalry at speed could COVCl' such a distance in

half a minutc. Their 0PI)()ncnlS would hardly havclime for morc than onc volley,

4. FOUl' or six troops should have had betweensixteen and Iwel1ly-fow' commissioned otliecl's.

5. Doubtless the major of lhe KinK'S l.ife~ual'd ofFOOl, who became licutcnanl-coloncl and wasknil{hled in 16015: Sir WiIIi:lm l.(;i1.;llIon.

J I

C]/Je Plates

.'If King Clwrles I (1600-49) in 164-1From n painting by William Dobson (1610-46).This plate shows lhe King in his normal cam­paigning dress. or course, he did not always weartltis costume. At Edgchill he is described aswearing: it black velvet coat liued with ermine,and a steel cap covered wilh vclvet. In a print of

E"al11plea of Newark IIlege money. (Top) the fa""and obvulle of" .645 gd. pi"",,; (00110111) faceand obvulie of a 1646 IIhllJlng. Theile lo:r.enge·IIIhaped coins w",re an "",ergenc)' iSlIue,)U'obably aUlhod:r.ed by the King hil11lO.,lr. Themain realilon for their i"'I0'''~ .nay have b""" theGovernor'lI need to pay the tOwnsmen forbilleting l.h .. garrison.

Siege mon,,)' Willi "Iso Issued l\I Carlisle,Che!i1er and Ponlefracl Callde. The N.,warkcoins of 1645 and 16..6, ranging in value from6d. 10 :n. 6d., are among lhe be"l, They "eeon 10

have been made by 51leing lhe lo",enge_shapedblanks from rolled_out plaaell; of "ilver, andahen slruck by ..ou'e 601'1 of mechanicalhan,,"cr. This waS probably .. hor5e 01' w:o.ter­operated trip hammer. The word 08S: on lhereVel'Se of ahe coins is the Latin ObSetlllm -be..icged

32

16+1 by Wl'llceslas I-Iollar (16(17-nl he is shuwnin filII cuirassit'r's armour, (Jf tILt, SOl'! \\'01'11 hy SitRichard Willys (F3J. Hullar was a Ruyalislsoldier and sen'cd in the dclcnC(' of Hasing I-Iollse.'rhere call he lillk doubt, the!,('f()n:, that h.· IladaClually S(TIl the King- lhus armoured .

..12 :;iir I~df('(lrd JI'(/Ika (di/2-77)Walker, who hccanw CheSler Herald in 163fl,was with King Charles continuously from r6'12to 16"'5. He was at first Secretary al W;lr (J6:12)and later Secretary of the Pri\'y Council (t6",,).1-11.' was klli~htcd in r645' A Ilumber ofllis papers,dealing- with military affairs arc preserved ill tIll'Ikitisll ~'luseum, alld 11is ('xcellent accounts ol',lleJ64-1 and 16+:) camp.tigns arc published in IlislIiJIQri((/! IJ;Jrfllmr.1 (London, t705). Al theRestoration W;Jlker became Garter Kirlgo-of­Arms. III this platr, wlriell is t;rkclll'i'oll\ ~I paintillgby Dobson in the National Portrait (;:dkry,Walkef wears thl.' ordinary campaigning dn'SS of aCantli('r g('ntlem:tll, Ihou~1r withunt back- ;l1\dbreastplate.

...13 Prinei' C!ltlrll'S, 11111'1' II'ill.!!. L'/wrlr'J /I (di3f1-H.;)ill rG.f2

From tire portrait hy William Dohsun ill till'Scouislr National Portrait Gallery. The armOllrthe Prill!.:e is wearing is still in exiStl'llce in rilearmouril'S at the Tower of London. 111 thisIlol'tr;lit Prillce Clrnrks is dressed as he was at thebailie 01" Edgehill, 23 Octohcr' 16'1.3. 011 thatoccasion Ire was ill danger ofbeillg captured whenSir William Balfour's Horse hroke thr0uglr tileR.oyalisl centre. Indel.'d hl; W:IS SCCll winding uphis wheel-lock pistols and crying out, 'I k;Il' themnot', helare Iris I'scort or Gel1tlemCll PClISiollCTS

hurried him from the fidd,TILe PrillCC wears the normal eostnlne of a

c\\'alry ollieel' of the day, a sleeveless bull' coatwith back-and-IJrcasl. rn his hand hI' carr;('s abalun, as a gt·lll~r;l.1 did in those days. In J6'LIj,wlwl1 III' \\'as fiftt'ell he was l10minally in ('omm:11ldof the West Country.

n Sir Charier Luw.f (k. /6}8)

Lucas was a professional soldier who had serwdill the Dutch Army. At Edgl'hill he was liclltCllant-

Back, b ...,asl and IHH, Tit.,,,., I,i.,c.,,, of .....nou .. I' ...,"., ...."dat Broughton Car;tl", w",r", doublle"" worn by a soldi"'r...,rv;ng und.. r Lo..d Sa)'" and Sd", Th., h.,lon.,1 is ralh.,r

cololl('l in till' Earl ofCacrnar\,on's Regimellt. Hegreally distinguished himself' by rall)'ing 3uohorse of tilt" Royalist left wing alltl chargillg: illlnthe rcar of tilt" ){vlIlldlwad 1001. He was S001l

made cololwl and (':11'1)' in 1G44. through Rupert'slllllu(,Ill't', he bccame I.iculenant-General of tht'Hors(' ill NI'\\'ca~tk's Army. Unl'ortlillalcly, hewas laketl pri~fln('r at l\brstull M(lOr, I-k wasCXI"CUII·d afler tILl' skgc of Colchester ill IG4~L

Lueas wa~ an ('xpt:rt COllllllallc[(-r of !lorse, alldwrOtl' a trt'alist, on the art of war. It was in cipherand so nobody cOlild ull(\crstalld it; its whert:­abullts, 100, are IInw IIllkllown.

This pl.llt" is a l'l'conS\l'lIctioll based 011 a punrailby Dobson ill tilt' National Purl fail Galler)" SirCh;ll'lt,S is ~IIlJWII Willdillg" lip his wht:C'l-lock pis\lli.

(.' '/1"11111/11-"", (;1I/11l//I/ Sir Hid/{/rd .'lJIIQ"~ 'J /"I/O/I

oj JJOI'JI'

This ligur..: is takt:ll li'om Astley's mOnUlllent inPatsllllil Church, ill whicll lhe Captain, preccdedhy his lWU trumpeters is sccn riding at the head

curious for it Ii.,.,mll 10 b., SOI1,.,lhing b.,lw.,.,n a burgoneland a .norion

or his troop. This trumpeler is dressed vcry muchlike those one secs Dtirly fn::quemly in Dutchpaintings ur tlte period. His trumpet-hanner, likelhe standard ur the troop, and the Captain'sholstcr-caps ami saddk-c101h, bears tILe cinqucfoilof Astley.

Sir Richard Astley, Bart. (1625-88) \Vas lheeldest SOil of Walter Astley, a Roman Catholic.He garrison cd Pol tshu II 1-1 OUSt:, Ilca r Wol \'er­hampton, which was capturcd 011 14 February1645 by a Roundhead force rrom the garrison orStallord. Astley \Vas olle or the garrison or DudleyCas lie when it surrendered on 14 May 16.1,6, Hebelonged to the small arlllY ul\{kr Lord I.ough­borough, the Royalist Lieulenant-GelLeral ill theMidlands. There is somc ('\·idl'll(:c that be foughtin the lG51 campaign. Astley sUt:t:Cl'dnl to hisfather's estales ill 16::;,~ and was mack a baronetin 1662, :\ man 01' t:x<:l1lpbr)" piety, Ilc h:L<! oneuthn claim 10 l;tllle: all lILgTniuus iLl\'('lllioLl,wI10$(' details al'(: 1101 expl:lllH"d, l'or mau:hirlg"

game-cocks,

33

John. ro.... Baron Byron of Rochdal~. K.B. (d. 1652) wasU~~I.l~nanlof the To....er from December 16'4' 10 February164'" When he jolnnS Ih~ KinC al York his reCime..1 ofhor_ ...... th~ fir" in th~ field. Byro.. wall a.n unluckysoldi~r and a poor laClidan. bUI he """s bra"e anddOCA:w. He playHt a creal pari in Ihe "iclory alRoundway Do and di..ll"C"i.hed hi ....sdf al FirslNe_bu'"}" H~ Ii. ho...·.."~r. ",,~rely d ..f..al", al Nanl __ id> .nd Monlcon... '"}' Caslle. I .......slarc.. ly Ihank.IO hillfa.,hy dilipolih.ionli lhal R"perl's riChl _Inc _all routcdal Manila" Moor. AI the ..nd of the war By..on, ....ho hadbe..n ....ad.. a ba..on in OClober l~), dunC On fi .... , 10Ch..liler and Ihen 10 Caeman-on with Ihe Ulmnst..eSolulion,

Thi" port .... il by Willian, Dob_n n.ay _ ..II ha"e beenpaintHt al O""ford ;n January 164), for Ihe scar on 8y..on·scounlenanc.. ill probably the halbe.......ound he ..ecei,,~din a fi,;hl 81 Burford On the niChl of I January. as th~

RO)""IiSl ....eekly n"....sl...pt' .. 1I1"r~lIrirll Aldinll reC'tJ ..ds

D 0f/iul' 4 I/"n,' III' J)mp,flfIIl{Thi"~ d:lslJil1g' ,'II:U":ll'ler mighl hclurl,L:" III dlhersidt'o lit, i~,lll ull:I~llalllt'd t'('ClJll~lruction lJasnl Oil allgllrt' 011 lht' litll·.pags 01" Crllsu's IlIstrl/cfio/ls jorllir (,'o/'{/lI'ri, (16:~2) and a cUnlCIllJX'rary paillting'by :l Duu'h anisl. 'I'll(' hdllH'1 i~ or III(" Dutchor G('rn1;l1l 1)'JlI'" It was pl'()hahl)' Iht' ("sCl'ptiollr;\lllI'r Iha/l Iht, rule ror :1 dragoon II) \\'C'ar hack­and-hn'.lsi. li'l" I!le-}" \\('1"1' rrall)' l1l(ltllllnl inralltry.and usually li)ll~hl Ull loo!. It is IrUl" Ihal CoIOlldJulm Okq's Rq~inl('nl. hdollgin~ til Ilw IH'W~lodd. llMdl,: a mounled l'h:lr~C' illlt) Ihe- RnyalislliXJI .11 lilt· 1'lId or tll(' h,tHlt' or :\"asd)y: and 0111'

34

also finds inSlanCt's or m('n firing carbincs 01'rowling-p;"n's from lilt saddle in a IIIt;lt~t: SirJaml's CoII)()n\l'-~'s l'xploit OIl B;I1»loII lIill is acase ill point,

It was by no m("ans unknown ror mOllllll"dtroops to lx' armed with a braCt.· IIr !lislUls inaddilion 10 a carbinc. Rich,lrd S)'lllotl(l~ ur the­King's I.ifeguard rccurds a skirllli~h 1)('lwl'('nStilton '\IId lIunlingdon on 24 August 1643" TheRoulldheads. ,100 strong. r'liscd in Sullolk andEsS('s, wcn' 'under l.ieuICllanl·CoIOIl(,1 I.e-Iiullt.'TIl('Y a lillk displllt:d Huntingdon, hilt WIT

entcred, notwithslandillg a larg\' dildl ("11­

compass("d iI, , , , Thci$C rebclls rail .l\\,ay 10 Cam­bridge;" all or Iltelll hack alld hl'l':lSt, hcadpdce,bracl' of pis loll, olli('l'rs mort'. Ewry IfOOPl'

cotlsislrd of' 100.'

While :ldmiuing thill our pl:tl{, is a f'('COllslnw­11011, il secms l:lir 10 assert that riders so equippcdwere to hl'SI't'lI in many an an'air of' lhe EIIJ.:lishCivil Wal's,

I:', Patmall, l.ord nrfH)~"s Ri'g;mt1l/Robel'! Grc"ille, second Baron Brooke (1608-43)dOlhed his rcgimellt or foot in purple. III Ihis heseems 10 ha, c becn unique - jusl as well perhaps_The regiment was raised in London. II had purplecolours wilh Ihe usual cross or SI GC'orge in allexccpl Ihc colond's colour, and with the c;lJ}lain'scnsigns dinercncro by a varyillg numbl'r or Sial'S,TIle regimcllt. about 1.000 slrollS ill Sept('mber.losl 1U';l\'il)' at Edgeltill, and \\',tS dO\\!1 In +80 bymid-Novcmber, It sllllcrcd again ,II Bn:llIrord(12 :'Jo,"cmbcr) and, it is lhought. did lIot long~III'vi\"e tlte dealh of its CtlIOll<:l, sllipccl by 'Dumh'DYOll a\ 1111' siege of Lichficld Oil'.! Mar"h 164.3.0)'011 fired from lhe towel' ofSI Chad's Call1l'dralupon thai sailll's day, Royalists werc not slowto pOill\ DUIllae miraculous nalurc of this t'VCIlI,

E:J RO/l1ulhtad Command"This figlll't' is based on a portrait reproduced illblack and while in R..~. Oore's llsdil1 work Tllr(.';61 II'arJ in ell,sh;,,_ Thc olliccr is thoughl 10 heColonel John Boolh. The inSlrumellt slung roundhis lleck is a spannCI' such as was u§t:d in those

days to wind up wheel·lock firearms. His beautifulcarbine is probably an expensivc fowling-piece.It was doubtless with such a wcapon that SirJames Colborne was armed at Babylon Hill.

Aj M uskrteerThis soldier is armed with a matchlock musket.He has made-up cartridges, 'The Twelve Apostles',hanging from his bandolier, a leather bag con­taining spare bullets, and a powder-flask. In hisright hand he carries a rest to help him aim hisheavy firearm. Rests do not seem 10 be mentionedever in the Royalist ordnance papers that sun'ive

John Lambul (1619""83). Lambut took up armS forParliament in t64:o1, and by 16.fJ was commanding aregiment oC horlle In Yorkshire, He Cought at MarstonMoor, and In July 1647 superseded Poyntz in commandoC the Northern Forcell.ln 1648-49 he be&leged PomdractCaslle, and in 1650 went to Scotland with Cromwell asmajor_general. He wall wounded and captured at MUli&el_burgh (30 July) bUI Immediately rescued. He Cought alDunbar, and routed Sir John Brown at In"'erkelthing,FiCellhire (:010 July 1651). In Ibe Worcutu campaign hecaplured the imporlant bridge al Uplon-on_Se",ern, andat Worce..ter had hi" horse ..hot under hi ..... He wa" tbeleader of the officerll who offered the PO&t oC Protector toCromwell, and was one oC hill council of 8lale, but hebroke wilh him o"'er Ihe quenlon oC a royal Iltle. In 1660h .. rellined Monck in vain and h .. ended hill day" in prillonIn Gu..rn..ey

Henry Ireton (16n-51). Educated at Trinity Coli....,Ox-ford, and Ihe M.iddle Ten'ple, Ir..ton look up arn", in164:01 and foughl at Edgehlll. Allhough h", h",ld high appolnl_m",nlS he was no great ,"oldier. lie led the cavalry of theRoundh",ad I",fl al Naseby, but was wounded and capturedIn Ihe fighting. Rupert, Ihough outnumbered, drove hilln'en fro", th.. field. He married Cromwell'lI daughl ..r,Brldgel, and was hill chief supporter during the t.rlal ofCharles I. He waS on", of the regicides who signed thedealh_warranl. Iruon wenl 10 Ireland a. Cromwell'.d ..puty and carried oul hi" bloodlhirlity polley wilhdiligence and honesty. He died of a fever

in the Public Record Ollice. It Illay be that il wassimpl)' assullled Ihal every musket had its restjust as it had its ramrod. On the olher hand, itmay be thai this was a Irallsition period and thatthe rest was goin~ out. Of the foul' muskeleersdepicted in lite FarndOll Church window onlytwo have rests.

FI Lieu/cl/aul qf a lJIurcoaU rtgill/w/The Royalist regimcll! ofColonc1 Charles Gerard,fought al Edgchill and First Newbury beforcgoing to Soutll Wales \\'hen Geral'd was Pllt incommand Ihere early in 16'14. There were blue­coats Oil either side and, exc('pt for the dill'l:rc1Jccin the colour ofsashes, it would have becn easy tomistake a Roundhead officer of Ihe Earl ofStamford's Regimelll for (lIU' ofGcl'al'd's. ColonelsSir Henry Cholm1t:y and Sir William Constablc

35

also commanded blueco:u regimcnts in the Earl orEssex's Army during thc Edgehill Campaign or1642 .

On at least IWO occasions Royalist officers werecaptured through mistakillg an enemy regiment rorone or their own. This happened to Rupert'srriend, Will Lq;g<', at Southam (August 1642),whell he mistook Hampden's men ror the Earl orNorthamptoll's, and to Lieutenant-Colonel FrankHutler at Nantwich (January 1644).

This onlcer carries a I>artisan, which was Ihe

Colonel Richard G .... .:'" (16::u ?~IJ. A Roman Catholic lionof Robert Grace, Baron of Courlown, he di.ting"ilihedhimlieJf in Ihe Flrsl Civil War in Prince Rupert'. R"'gl_...",nl of Horti"'_ and foughl at Martlon Moor. All a c»plainhe wali taken prh'oner lloon afler al Wdlihpool when Ihereelmt'nl wali bealen up in JIll quarlerll at nleht (:r.:r. June1644). He wali with Ihe (Il:arrlllOn of Oxford In Mar.::h 16.45and look pari In Colonel Will Leese'. raid On Headinglonin June. He eommanded Ormonde'll R"'Iln",nt in theRo",Ulit Army al the bailie of Duokirk Dunn in 1658,and n.anaged 10 ret real in Soocl order. In 1691 he _IIGovernor of Athlone where he died fiShtinS (or KinSJamell II

36

A delaa (ro.... a conlen'porary ensravinS of the battle o(Ounbar, 3 Sepumber 1650. Thill plan, whlch J. prellervedin Ihe Bodleian Library, _II made by Payne FI.her, who.....Ii educaled al Harl Hall, Oxford, and ~1agdalene

Con"'Se, Cambrldle. He IIerved In the Netherland.,asainllt the ScOtli, in Ireland, and (oulhl for Ihe KinS alMarston J\.100r. He then abandoned the Ro,..Ust eau..e andin .652 wenl 10 Scotland ali an officla! historian.

Sir Charleli Finh, who discovered lhill plan, Identifiedthe buJldins lIurrounded by Iren In the ba<,klround asMeikle Pinkerton farmhoulle. The bodies of fOOl ransedin front of lion Ihe hllliide, below It Mre 5<:011. A few ScOIS<'avalryn.en may be lieen breakins Mway and Ileeins upDoon Hili al Ihe Cromw.,m"n <,ava.lry alla<,k develops inIhe lefl for",sround. The SCOIII under David Lelill.. OUI­numbered Ihe EnSllsh by IWO 10 on." but Ihey nUide atacdcal error by leavlnl'; Ihe hilI. Sround, and Cromwellwas able 10 ICOr., On.. of hili mOil brilliant Iiuc<,eliles

\'Icapon, ami indeed the badge, or captains and,licutenants, though tllc former wcre cntitled tohan: them wilh gilded hcads. In practice, oneimagines, the blades were probably or plain sleel.

/<"2 Cololltl Nal/lQnitl Fitnllts (/608?-6g)

From a painting by Mirevclt belonging to LordSaye and Scle at Bl'Oughton Castle, Oxrordshire.In 1642 Ficnnes, who was M.P. ror Banbury, was

captain or a troop or horse in Essex's Army.Routed at Powick Bridge (23 September (642), atEdgehill his men did bettel' ror they were withSir \<\Iilliarn Iblrour whose charges broke lhcbrigades or Colonel Richard Feilding and SirNicholas Byron, Promoted colonel be was unjustlydisgraced aner the raIl or Bristol (26 July 1643),and had it not been for the intervention of aheEarl or Essex might have been condemned todeath. Though excluded from the House ofCommons by Pride's Purge (1648), he sat inCromwell"s HOllse of Lords (1658)_ NathanielFienncs was the second son of the first ViscoulltSaye and Sele.

Points to nOle in this plale arc lhe steel gaunlletwhich protects his bridle-arm, and the fact Ihalhis armour has been painted black to prevent rust.His helmet looks like a continental one, though hehad never served abroad. Although he was acavalryman, his breastplate with its short tasselslooks rather like Ihal of an officer of pike men. Hisscnrfis typical ol"those worn by tIle Roundheads;orange-tawny bein~ tlw colours of lhe Earl ofEsscx.

"'3 CO/Ollel Sir Richard lVi/(ys (/6/4--90)This plalc is taken from a half-length portrail byDobsun, which bdongs to Newark Corporation,aud - as to the kgs - from the mOlHllllenl l(l

Edward SI .10111I, 'The GoldclI Cav<llier', in lhechurch at Lydianl Tregoze, Wiltshire. Willys isfuJly equipped as a cuirassier. The whole of SirAnhur I-Iesilrige's RegimnJl of Horse Otl theParliament side W(Tt' armoured ill lhis EISltiOIl,and so in 1642 were Essex's Lifeguard. On tht'Royalisl sidc individuals fitled themsel\'cs out inlhis style, The Earl of Northampton, K.lL(t601-43) was wearing filII armour whcn he waskilled at Hopton Heath (19 March 16'~3)' Sc\'cralsuits belonging 10 the Popham liunily (Parlia­mentari,lIl) arc still to be scen :It Lill1eeotc Hous('[lcar Hungerford, a place which is well \,/orth avisit.

One pities lite horse thaI had to carry mendressed in this fashion; it was also nOI pal'\icularlyconvcnient lor the man himself. Etlrnllnd Ludlow(Essex's Lifeguard) was dismoul1ted at Edgeltill

and writcs, 'I could not withollt great difficultyrecover all horse-hack again [remountJ, beingloaded with Cttirassier's arms, as the rest of lheguard also wert·,' During the night after the b;lIdehe was saarving, 'nclther could 1 find my s('r\,antwho had my cloak, so that having tlothing to keepme warm but a suite ofil'OtI, I was obliged to walkabout all night, which pl'O\'('d \"Cry cold by reasonofa sltarp frost'.

Sir Richard Willys of Fen Dillon, C;tmbridge­shire, distinguished himself as alt cnsign of fOOlin the Dutch Army OIl the sicg\~ 01" Bn'da (t6:p).J11 1640 he was major to Goring's Regiment ofFoot in the Scots \Val". During the nexl two yearshe served in Killg Charles's gu;trd at Whitehalland at Hampton Court. Willys was knighled on

Colond Si.. John Gell's bufr coal, r ..om II phologral,hlaken in 1965. The cOal ha" con,e down in the family 10Colonel Chandoll_Pole, and mUlil be one of very few whoseoriginal owner can be pO!lhlvely ldenlilied. Si .. John GeU,Ba.. l. (1583-1671), wa5 the Pa..liamenla1"ian I"ade.. inDe..byshlre. He and hi. men we..e nOlo1"iou,; fo .. l.hel .. loveof plunde... Afle .. Nllseby he WIllj ljuljpecled of connivingal the ellcape of Royal;'" pr;",onerll, and in 1650 he wa'!ionprilloned lind lined ro.. ploning asainst the Common­wealth. He ,"upported the Re..loration

37

A Royallsc officer fron, the lItained glass window in theBarnliton Chapel in farndon Church, Cheshire. Thill isCaptain Willillnt BarnliCon of Churton (d. 1664) wholIUVed in Colonel Sir .'rlmdll Gantul'li Reglntent duringthe defence ofChrller. It ntllY have been the City TrainedBand Regintent. The Captain_Lieutenant of the n:-gimentwall Richard Barnllton, po:rhapll a younger brother, ofWilliam; he wall alive at the Relitoration for he ill in

I OClobcr 164:2 and served as mnjor of LordGrandison's Regiment of Horse al Edgehill.Taken prisoner at Winchester in December heescaped and was commissioned as colonel ofhol'scon 8 Fehrual'Y 16'13. In April he was Sergeant­M:~or-Gelleral of Horse in Lord Capel's Armyopel'ating in the Shrewsbury and CheSler area.He was captured again at Ellesmere, Shropshire,011 II January 1644, hut was exchanged, and byII October W;\S back at Oxford. I-Ie was !JtrSOl/(j

gmla with Prince RllPCI'\ and was promotedColonel-General of Ih" forces in Nottinghamshirc,

38

A Urn of (Indigent) Officers, 1663.Captain Barnliton carriell a partisan in hill hand, an

indication of his rank. He also wears a gorget which..howli that he is on duty. The UMornt of thi .. regintentseems to have been of a saffron ..hade of yellow, with theofficers wearing buff COatli. Other windows frOIn FarndonChurch are shown above and on the facine page

Lincolnshire and Rutland. He had his head­quaners at Newark and was Govcrnor there untilreplaced by Bclasyse in OClobel' 1645, because hehad supported Prince Rupert in Ihe qual'rels thatfollowed his surrender of Bristol.

In 1653 Willys became a member of the 'ScaledKnot', the committce which tl'ied to co-ordinatcRoyalist opposilion to the Commonwealth. It isIhought Ihal he kept Cromwell's secretary, JohnThllrloe, informed of its activities. Though llotemployed after Ihe Resloration he docs notappear to have been punished.

(,', j·.:nsigl/, Lamp/llgh's Rtgimtl/( of FootColonel John Lamplugh of Lamplugh waswounded and captured at Marston Moor. Hecomm;lIlcied one of the regiments of the NorthcrnRo)'alisl Army, which were almost all dressed inwhite or grey, and were known as 'Newcastle'sWhitecoats'. This panicular rcgimel1l was raisedin Cumberland and in Yorkshire. The colourshown, thai of the first captain's company, wasalllong those taken at Marston Moor, and shows ablack cross 1N/IOllU on a yellow ficld, as well asthe cross of St George in the upper canton. Thelatter emblem was commonly used in practicallyall inr:,ntry colollrs in English armies, bOlhRoundhead and Royalist, at this period. It is Ihesingle cross Ihal shows that the cololll· belonged10 Iht" firsl captain's company, Yellow (gold)in a colour, according 10 Gervase i\'1arkham(TIlt SO/lldirrs !laidl'llcr, 1625), indicated honour,or height of spirit.

G2 Drulllm., IIf n udcool rtJ!imtfllAt least as t'ady as 1588 we find drummers' coalSadorned with ;l quantity of gold or silver lace.Some Norwich accounts of that period describethem as lX'ing embellished with c!e\Tll yards oflacC" and six yards of pointing, In the cighteemhcenlur)' drummers of the Ikitish Army usuallyWOrt' coats of the colour of the regimental facings,Thus tlH" drummers of Ihe 16th I;'oot had yellowcoats and those of the 50th had black. In Ihe Civil\Vars Wi' sometimes find coats lined with adillt'n'nl colour, hilt 'I:tcings' had 1101 yet oeeninven\l'd. So whcn W(' learn that in October 1643tilt· Earl or i\!allcht"SICI' Ol'del't'd coats of 'greenc101h lim·d wilh red' (or his regimellt in til('Eastl'l'tl Association, we lIlust llot assume thaI hisdl'lIInnl('I'S wore red coats, It is much morc likelythaI they wore gr('('n, t'mbcllished with gold orsilver lan', We haw no reliable contemporarypicture of a dnJOlIllel' of the Civil Wars since theexample in the church window al Farndon,Clu:shire, i~ copied from a picture belonging tothe Ganks FI'all~aiscs, The drum in 0111' plate isrt--constructed from the one shown serving as ;l

table in Dobson's painting (1644) oCKing Charlesdiel;lting to Sir Edwal'd Walker. I t may safcly beassumed that it belonged to the Lifeguard of Foot.

G3 RO)'Qlist Srrgtnllf of0 grrtflCotll rtJ~i1/lt"1

TIl(' Royalist regiments of Colonel Henry TillieI'and Roben Broughton were raised during theSecond Scots War, probably in 1640, and wert'sent to Ireland in 1642, III t6'~3 there was aeessalion of hostilities in Ireland and II\Cse tworegimellts uf gl'eellcoats wert' amollg ahout adozen which were sent to Chester or to Bristolto reiuforce the Royalist armies, Tillicr's andI3rougluon's landed, 2,000 strollg, ill Cheshire01' 7 February 16«. The)' were well-onicered andcxpcrienecd units, but there was a good deal ofdesertion from among the privalc soldicl"S, Thesetwo units werc the backbone of the inr:"t.lllry ofPrince RUI>crt'S Army at the relief of ~ewark

(21 l\lareh 1644). They sullcn-d heavily atMarston Moor, where Majol'·Gcllcral Tillier, a

39

Pennyman's Regiment,The King's Lifeguard,Charles Gerard's Regiment;noled by Symonds in April1644,

Sir Lewis Dyve's Regimenl;noted by Richard Symonds inApril 1644,Sir Edward StI'adling's Regi­ment; taken at Edgehil1.Richard BoUe's later GeorgeLisle's Regiment; noted bySymonds in April 164+

Lieulellani-Colonel

Fourth captain

2nd rowMajorCa/JtaillFirst captain

N CoLoursAll except the trumpet.ballllCI' arc Royalist.1st rowS,com/ caplain

dressed better than the common soldiers. 111September 164.2 the Roundhead NehemiahWharton had 'my mistress' searl' and Mr ;vlol·loyne's hatband ... and had this day made me asoldier's sute for winter, edged \\lith gold andsil\'cr lace..",

In tbe S<,Otll War Colond Sir Bernard Astley (k. 1645) was.....jor In hi .. faLber'lI regln.enc of fool, and in 1643 he wa..Ueulenanl-Colond of the Marqull. of Hertford'lI Regi­...enl in Ihe Wesi. Hoplon would have ...ade hi... Serll:eant­Major-GenerAl kad he nOI fallen ill in che aUIURln of 1643.tie <,oRlRlanded a brigade in Ihe 16« <,a...paign and walikilled during the siege of BrllilOI on 4 Seluen,ber t645

vcry stoUI and able soldier, \\las captured, butsurvived to fight at !\'lomgomcry Castle, andNaseby, by which tilll(' only a handful survived.Th" sergeant's halbcrL is his l>adgc of rank. It \\lasprohably aboUl d,l.\hl reel ill length. Sergeants

3rd rowCa/Jlain.\'fajor's guidol/

TTllmpet-hollller

Firsl ca/Jtail/

The King's Lifeguard,Dragoon Regiment; taken atMarston Moor.'Parliamentarian; taken al

Cropl'edy Bridge.Larnplllgh's Regiment,

40

C""lmu~d ftom bock <o~t

160 N~p'~Gu~rd '"l~n\ry(2!44 Nap'sGermaoAlI1es(l)4) NapsGermanAilles(2)90 Naps German NI,es (3)

106 NaPlGermanAII>es(4)122 Nap'\GermanAlIj(>I(~)

199 Nap', Spec""'Sl Troops211 Nap'so,.~.sArmy

217 Ndp"sSeaSoldLer,88 Na,,"ltahan Troops

176 Auw.an Arm~ ((llnf."lry18 t AUStr,an Army (2). Ca~.''''''123 AuSt/'lOln c;pe.:....,.u TroD!>'152 P",sl<an l,,,., tnla"try149 PruSl<a" light InfinIty192 Pru5$li11l Re$(!~ & Irregulars161 Pn",..anCl~a'ryj192-1801H2 Pru,,,,an Cavalry 1807·IS185 RUlwn Army(1 ~ "'Iantr)'189 R...,,,,,,, Afmy(2): Ca....lry84 Wel!'ngton·sGen<e....ls

114 Well,ngto<1slnf.",ry(l)119 W.-!I,"gt""', Inf;lnlry(2}IS} Welhngton", H'8hl.~,\116 Wel',ngton", L'ghtc..""lry110 Well'ngton', Ho.avyCavairy204 WelhngtO<l' $pe(o;>i'll T'OOP'167 BrumwK;k Troops 1~-1S98 Outch~lg,.n Troops

1G6 HarlOVena" Army 1792·1816216 The Amentan W¥ 1812·14

96 Art,,~ EQU.ptTleflu17 Flag.of the N.lp Wan (l)18 Flags 0/ the Nap Waf'! (2)

115 Fl.>gioftheN.Jl)Waf'!(J)

19TH CENTURYIn Bolivar and Soan Marttn181 USn.agootlsI8J3·3~

In Alamo& Tex.ln War 183S-656 Me>:lC.Jn·Amenao War 18%-8

112 Tl\eMe>:lQnA(lve!ltuOl' 1861·6763 Amerou.rt.I<>d;"n W,,~ 186(}.90

170 AmenCAn C,v.IWar Arm,es.(I rConfederate

177 (lrUnoon'" 13) Staff. SpeoaIiSli, Man~me, .. 'I_Stale Troops107 (S Vojunteer Md'l,a

17 Arm~ of Northern V''lt",.a)8 Army olIN: Potomac:

252 F"'gsoft.heAmencanC.volWar( I); Confederate

258 (l),UnlOfl265 (3~Sla!e&VoIunl""r16) Amencan Pla,ns 1<>dl.1n~

rheApachesusCavalry 18SO-90r .... Ta,pong RebeIlIOfl I8S 1-66Rusl.>iln Armyoflhe Cnmeln Warg,-,mh Armyon Co1mp;l,gn(I): 1816-18S3(2); TheCnm"" 18S~·S6

(3~ 1851·81(~) 1882·1902"'1(I",oa-s Enem'el(I) SOUt ......nAlnc.I"I_ Northem Afr""(3 'Indiai4jAw=art""han Campa,gn~ 1860-70The Ind,an Mut'nyB<1lJsh Troop$ ,n lheInchan Mutmy 18S7·S'1Ber1gal Ca"alry R"lI'mentSInd,an Infantry ReR,mentsFrend1Army 1870-71 (I)FrencllArmy 1870-71 (2)

277 The Ru-.w-Turl<.Yl War 18n57 The Zulu War

5' Sudane.unl",gn, 1881 98230 US Army 1890-1 '120

95 TheberRebell,on

THE WORLD WARS80 The German Army 1914_1881 The8rnlihAtmy 191418

145 8rot,sIl Ternl""al Un." 1914 18269 rheOttomanArmyI91~-18

208 uwrence and Ihe Arab R.e~t\

181 Br~,sh Battle In!><gn,i\.(I) 191418

187 (2) 1939-~S

H TheSpiln'''' C'v,1 War117 ThePohsh Army 1939-4~

112 Bnt,~h ll.anle<lre" 1937-61110 AlIIe<lCommandersofWW1125 TIleRoyil Air for~e

70 USArmyl9'lI-45216 TheRedArmy 19'114~

146 TheRom.Ifl'anArmy220 TheSA 1921~5

1~ ThePan~erl)",~ons

266 TIleAllgem",neS514 The Waffen SS

119 luftwaffe F"'kll)v,\.OOfl~

124 GermanComm.lnder\ofWW221) German MP UnilS119 German Aut',,..,,,, T.OQPl.UI Ge'many's E. Fronl A11ft1,10) Ge,many\ Span,sh VoI~nl~"147 Wehrmachl fore'gn VoI~ntee'~

IS4 Well,mil<"hl Au)<"I'ary ForresH8 AlI.<"<l fore,gn VoIunleoef'lI'll Part....nWarta'" 19~1-~~

169 ReSIstance W......a'e 194().~5

282 Al<,sFOIU'S",Yu~lavra1941 ~5

170 FI;ii~of lhe Th"d ReK.II( I) Weh'ma.:ht

'" 12) W,flen_SS178 J) Party& PoI"e UMS

MODERN WARFARE131 Malayanumpa,gn 194860174 The Korean War 1'50-53116 The ~,.JJAit ServICe156 The Royal Mannes 1956 8413) Bailie f", lhe Fal1<land5

(I): Land Force'!IH (2l Naval Forces115 m,AlrForcesISO Argenl,ne Forces,n the Falklands127 Israeh Army 1948·7)128 Ar;illArm,es[I): 19~8_73

194 A'3bArm,es(2) 1'173-88165 Arm.", In Leb.lnoo 1982-8'111)'1 Vtetnam War Arm"" 1%2-7514l V'e1Nm War Armies (2)109 Wa"nCamtxxh.l1970-7S117 Wa.r'nl~I<J60.7S

183 ModemAfncanW.lrs(l):Rh0de\4a I%S.oo

101 (2); Angola & MozambIQue:141 (1): SoUtn-We\1 Afnu159 GJ'l!nadOi. 198J178 R"ss,"-\ War.n Argllln,\tan221 Central Amer>Ufl Wm

GENERAL65 The Royal Na")"

107 B<1t,sh Infantry, EQu,pts (I )108 BnlJSh Infanlry_ EQUlpts(2)t J8 8nl'\hC.lv.llry Equ,pl\

71 The Northwest FrOt1I""214 USlnfanlryEqu'PI\lOS USArmyComwtEQU'pts2H Germ.ln Cornb.ll Equ,pts157 FIa~jac~eu

IH AUSlral..mArmy 1899 1975164 Co1nad,an A,my al War161 Spiln,m Fore<gn leg"",197 Royal Cal\ild'.ln Moonted PoI"e

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.............notatktns.n fnncah our I••planche. ... eouleur.Mit ...ufuk:tlnunren auf OevtK'" IIber den...........

279 The BorderReven

11TH CENTURY261 IBtI1 Com!u')' HllhW1doerl160 Peter the Great's Army (I): lnb,nny1604 Peter tl1e Greitl's!vmy (2), CiVil')'III JKob!te~lItQn~n6 Freo:lefld<theGrUlg!140 Fredend<lheGre.it 2148F~ the GrNt171 A~rn.nArmy 1740-80(1)116 AunmnArmy 174().8()(21180 AustNnArmy 1740-80(3

48 WoIle'~ Army128~ Woodl.lnd Ind'oUl~

39 6ntJ1h Army ,n N. Amenu.144 French ,n~Wv Ind.113 GenenlWalh,nKton'sArmy(ljln5-lne

NAPOLEONIC PERIOD157 NapoIeon'~Campa'inl"'twy

n Napoleon'~ElYptlanCa.mpiJln

87 Napoleon'~~rWl~

6<4 Nap'SCu,rmierI&Car;lbln~

SS Nap'sDragoon~&Unceri

68 Nap'SL)IIeChal~un

76 Nap's Hussar!8J Nap·~GuardCJ.vilI')'

141 Nap'iU..... lnfarnry146 Nap'iL'IMlnfan\l')'153 NalliGuardlnfant')'(I)

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