Osmosis Diffusion Active Transport 2

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    Section Objectives

    Explain how the processes ofdiffusion, passive transport, andactive transport occur and why they

    are important to cells.

    Predict the effect of a hypotonic,hypertonic, or isotonic solution on a

    cell.

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    Osmosis: Diffusion of Water

    Simple Diffusion is the movement ofparticles from an area of higher

    concentration to an area of lowerconcentration.

    In a cell, water always moves to reach anequal concentration on both sides of the

    membrane.

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    Osmosis: Diffusion of Water

    The diffusion of water molecules across aselectively permeable membrane from an

    area of higher water concentration to anarea of lower water concentration is calledosmosis.

    Regulating the water flow through the

    plasma membrane is an important factor inmaintaining homeostasis within a cell.

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    What controls osmosis?

    nequaldistribution ofparticles, calleda concentrationgradient, is onefactor thatcontrolsosmosis.

    Before

    Osmosis

    After

    Osmosis

    Selectively

    permeable

    membrane

    Water molecule

     Sugar molecule

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    Osmosis: Diffusion of Water

    !ost cells whether in multicellular orunicellular organisms, are sub"ect to

    osmosis because they are surrounded bywater solutions.

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    Cells in an isotonic solution

    isotonic solution#

    $% concentrations &

    the concentration ofdissolved substancesin the solution is thesame as theconcentration ofdissolved substancesinside the cell.

    H2OH2O

    Water Molecule

    Dissolved Molecule

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    Cells in an isotonic solution

    water molecules moveinto and out of the cellat the same rate, andcells retain theirnormal shape.

    H2OH2O

    WaterMolecule

    DissolvedMolecule

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    Cells in an isotonic solution

    ' plant cell has itsnormal shape andpressure in an isotonicsolution.

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    Cells in a hypotonic solution

    hypotonic solution(dilute solution thus low 

    solute concentrationIn a hypotonicsolution, water entersa cell by osmosis,causing the cell to

    swell.

    H2O

    H2O

    WaterMolecule

    DissolvedMolecule

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    Cells in a hypotonic solution

    Plant cells swellbeyond their normalsi)e as pressureincreases. $plantsprefer this  – it ma*esthe leaves firm &

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    Cells in a hypertonic solution

    hypertonic solution:

      concentrated solution,

    thus a high soluteconcentration

    In a hypertonic solution,water leaves a cell by

    osmosis, causing thecell to shrin*

    H2O

    H2O

    WaterMolecule

    DissolvedMolecule

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    Cells in a hypertonic solution

    Plant cells losepressure as the plasmamembrane shrin*saway from the cellwall. P+'!-+I

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    Passive Transport

    /hen a cell uses no energy to move particlesacross a membrane passive transport occurs

    Particles go 0-/1 their concentration gradient.0iffusion 2 osmosis are passive transport.

    Concentration gradientPlasmamembrane

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    Passive Transport by proteins

    Passive transport of materials across themembrane using transport proteins is calledfacilitated diffusion.

    Channel

    proteins

    Concentration gradient

    Plasma

    membrane

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    Passive Transport by proteins

    ome transport proteins, called channel proteins,form channels that allow specific molecules to flowthrough.

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    Active Transport

    active transport (!ovement of materials througha membrane against a concentration gradient and requires energy from the cell.

    Concentrationgradient

    Plasmamembrane

    Carrier

    proteins

    Cellular energy

    Cellularenergy

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    How active transport occurs

    a transport protein called a carrier protein firstbinds with a particle of the substance to betransported.

    Each type of carrier protein has a shape that fits aspecific molecule or ion.

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    Transport of Large Particles

    Endocytosis is a process by which a cell surrounds and takes in material from its environment.

     The material is engulfed and enclosed by a portion of the cell’splasma membrane.

    resulting vacuole with its contents moves to the inside of the cell

    Exocytosis is the expulsion or secretion of materials from a cell.

    Exocytose

    Endocytosis


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