Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug...

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Osmolarity & pH in Solution พว. วิมลวัลย์ วโรฬาร, RN, MSN คณะพยาบาลสาสตร์ ม. รังสิต ประธานชมรมเครือข่ายพยาบาลผู้ให้สารน้าแห่งประเทศไทย

Transcript of Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug...

Page 1: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Osmolarity & pH in Solution

พว. วมลวลย วโรฬาร, RN, MSN คณะพยาบาลสาสตร ม. รงสต

ประธานชมรมเครอขายพยาบาลผใหสารน าแหงประเทศไทย

Page 2: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Body Fluid

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Fluid in Body

Page 4: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone
Page 5: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Plasma (blood) pH Osmolarity

Page 6: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Human blood

• osmolarity 290 mOsm/L

• ( 285-310 mOsm/L) • pH 7.35-7.45

Page 7: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Osmolarity is defined as the number of milliosmoles per liter of solution

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osmolarity

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Osmolarity & Tonicity

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Tonicity Crystalloid solution มโมเลกลเลก ซมเขาออกcell ได isotonic solution hypotonic solution hypertonic solution Colloid solution มโมเลกลใหญซมเขาออกcell ไมได

albumin

Page 11: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone
Page 12: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone
Page 13: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

pH pH (positive potential of the hydrogen ion) In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity

of an aqueous solution ranges from 0 to 14

Page 14: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

คาสมดล pH ของเลอด: (blood gas)

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ตวอยาง คา pH

Page 16: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone
Page 17: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

solution (drugs,cytotoxic drugs, TPN, PPN) into blood circulation effect to blood vessel wall : phlebitis extravasation

Page 18: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Solution irritation blood vessel wall: Phlebitis

osmolarity & pH

Page 19: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Solutions in-through blood vessel via catheters

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ความแตกตาง ผนงเสนเลอดแดง และด า

Page 21: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Line of IV: peripheral, midline, central

Page 22: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Device Selection

PIV 1-3 days 2-3 cm

Midline 1-29 days 8-20 cm

Central line > 30 days 45 cm

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acidity

increases the phlebitis potential irritates venous endothelial cells over a longer

distance from the catheter tip

Page 24: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

What pH damages cells pH 2.3 and 11 have been shown to kill cell on contact pH moderates, the cell survive for a long time period Cell culture at pH 4 survives for 10 minutes same for pH 9 pH 5 to 8 safer

Page 25: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

INS Standard To prevent or reduce vascular complications,

INS standards recommend that Infusions with a pH outside the range of 5 to 9 an osmolarity greater than 600 be administered through an access device that

delivers the infusate into a blood vessel with a high rate of flow

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Why concern phlebitis

Patients pain risk to sepsis comfortable satisfaction

Nurses independent role prevent 100%

Hospital cost quality of care

Page 27: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Phlebitis in vivo Animal data isolates traumatic effect of pH and

osmolarity 6 hr infusions through peripheral vessels pH 4.5 = 100% severe phlebitis changes pH 5.9 = 50% mild to moderate phlebitis pH 6.3 = 20% mild damage pH 6.5 = No significant damage

Page 28: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Phlebitis in vivo Animal data isolates traumatic effect of pH

and osmolality Tolerance osmolarity of peripheral vessels in

animals 820 mOsm for 8 hr 690 mOsm for 12 hr 550 mOsm for 24 hr

Page 29: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Phlebitis in humans The most cited human study of osmolarity induced

phlebitis found: the lowest risk of phlebitis occurred with solution under

450 mOsm/L moderate risk at 450-600 mOsm/L highest risk over 600 mOsm/L

Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of peripheral vein tolerance

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Phlebitis in humans

The INS pH range of 5-9 for peripheral veins Others factors blood flow infusion rate patient variability

Page 31: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Phlebitis : was universal

Low risk less than 10% Dextrose less than 5% Protein Osmolarity <500 Medication pH 5-9 Not vesicant or caustic

Page 32: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Phlebitis

Osmolarity : Low risk =< 450 mOsm/L Moderate risk = 450-600 mOsm/L High risk = > 600 mOsm/L

Page 33: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

PH in living systems compartment PH gastric acid 1 human skin 5.5 urine 6 pure H2O at 37OC 6.5 CSF 7.5 blood 7.35-7.45 pancreas secretions 8.1

Page 34: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Drug know to have extreme pH pH

Amikacin 3.5 - 5.5 Ampicillin 8.0 – 10.0 Bactrim 10.0 Dopamine 2.5 – 4.5 Gentamycin 3.5 – 5.5 Morphine 2.5 – 6.0 Vancomycin 2.5 – 4.5

Page 35: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Drug know to have extreme pH pH

Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone 6.7 Clindamycin 5.5 – 7.0 Levofloxacin 3.8 – 5.8 Meropenem 7.3 – 5.8 Metronidazole 4.5 – 7.0

Page 36: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Osmolarity Calcium chloride

Calcium gluconate

Magnesium sulfate

Potassium chloride

Sodium bicarbonate

1 gm/10 ml = 2053 mOsm/L

1 gm/10 ml = 697 mOsm/L

0.5 gm/1 ml = 4057 mOsm/L

149 mg/1 ml = 4000 mOsm/L

1 meq/1 ml = 2000 mOsm/L

Page 37: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Osmolarity of various sugar

Type Sucrose Glucose Sorbital dextrin

mOsm 345 637 643 70

Page 38: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

pH & Osmolarity

Solution / L pH mOsm/L D5W 4.3 - 4.5 250 – 253 D10W 4.3 – 4.5 505 D20W 4.0 – 4.6 1010 D50W 4.0 – 4.2 2520-2526

Page 39: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

pH & Osmolarity Solution /L pH mOsm/L D5LR 4.7 – 5.0 525 – 530 LR 6.2 – 6.5 273 – 275 0.9NS 5.0 – 5.6 308 – 310 D5 .9NS 4.0 – 4.4 560 – 561 3%NaCl 5 1030 Sterile water 4.5 – 7.0 0

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pH & Osmolarity

Solution /L pH mOsm/L 10%manital 5.7 549 15%manital 5.7 823 20%manital 5.7 1098

Page 41: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

pH & Osmolarity Solution /L pH mOsm/L 5%D/N/2 3.2-6.5 406 5% D/N/3 3.2-6.5 355 5% D/N/5 3.2-6.5 314 0.45% NSS 4.5-7 157 5%D/NSS 3.2-6.5 560 10%D/NSS 3.2-6.5 813

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PPN Peripheral line maximum glucose < 12-12.5 % amino acids < 2% osmolarity < 900 mOsm/L

Page 43: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Safety for Solution Administration

No complications

Page 44: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

complications Local Complications

Bruising Hematoma Catheter Occlusion Cellulitis Thrombosis Infiltration extravasation Phlebitis Cellulitis

Systemic Complications Embolism

Air embolism

Fluid overload and pulmonary edema

Systemic infection

Page 45: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Local Complications

Page 46: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Bruising

Page 47: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Hematomas

เปนภาวะทมเลอดรวออกจากหลอดเลอดไปยงเนอเยอบรเวณรอบ ๆ

สาเหต ปลายเขมทใชมความยาวมาก ท าให

ระคายเคองหลอดเลอดเสยหาย

Page 48: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Hematomas A hematoma forms under the skin adjacent to the

puncture site - release the tourniquet immediately and withdraw the needle. Apply firm pressure.

Hematoma formation is a problem in older patients.

Page 49: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Catheter Occlusion

การเกด “ลมเลอด” หรอภาวะตกตะกอนจากการผสมกนของยาบางชนดทใหในเวลาเดยวกน ทปลายสายสวนหลอดเลอด

Page 50: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Catheter Occlusion

การแกไข ดงสายสวนใหสารน าทอดตนออก ในกรณทเปน Central line อาจตองใชยาละลายลมเลอด เพอใหใชไดอก

Page 51: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Catheter Occlusion

การปองกน ถามการใหสารน าแบบเปนระยะ ควรกระตนใหมการ flush สายสวนใหสารน า อยางมประสทธภาพ ดแลใหสารน าไหลอยางตอเนอง อาจใชอปกรณชวย เชน infusion pump มคมอในการบรหารใหสารน า/สารละลาย/ยา เกยวกบ (drug incompatibility)

Page 52: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot blocks one or more of

veins, typically in legs. Rarely, in arms or neck. The affected vein may be near the surface of

skin, or deep, causing deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Thrombophlebitis can be caused by trauma, surgery or prolonged inactivity. Superficial thrombophlebitis may occur in people with varicose veins.

Page 53: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Thrombosis

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Treatment Low molecular weight heparin(LMWH)

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Cellulitis: Aseptic Technique

เปนการอกเสบของผวหนงและเนอเยอชน subcutaneous tissue เฉพาะท ณ ต าแหนงทใหสารละลาย

Page 56: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Infiltration

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Extravasation

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Infiltration & Extravasation อาการ สารน าไหลชาลง หรอหยด โดยไมมการหกพบ งอ หรอกดทบ บรเวณทแทงเขมจะมอาการบวม และปวด ถาสารนามตวทระคายเคองตอเนอเยอ จะท าใหเนอเยอตายได

การแกไข หยดใหสารน าทนท เปลยนต าแหนงแทงใหม ถาสารน าไมมตวยาทระคายเคอง ประคบรอนเพอใหสารน าซมเขาสระบบ

ไหลเวยนเรวขน และยบบวม ถาสารน ามตวยาทระคายเคอง รายงานแพทย เพอพจารณาให anti-dose

Page 59: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Infiltration & Extravasation การปองกน เลอกขนาดของเขม/ชดการใหสารน าทเหมาะกบขนาดของหลอดเลอดและชนด

ของสารน า หลกเลยงการแทงเขมบรเวณทมการหก พบ งอ หรอมการเคลอนไหวมาก มการยดตรงจดใหสารน าอยางเหมาะสม มความรเกยวกบสารนาหรอยาทใหอยางถกตอง ทงในสวนการผสม การบรหาร

ยา ระยะเวลา ผลขางเคยง มความระมดระวงในการประเมนสภาพผปวย (รางกาย/ผวหนง)

Page 61: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Phlebitis การอกเสบของหลอดเลอดด า

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Phlebitis: Dopamine

Page 63: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Phlebitis scale

Page 64: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Why concern phlebitis? Clinical indicator Patients

pain risk to sepsis comfortable satisfaction

Nurses independent role prevent 100%

Hospital cost quality of care

Page 65: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

Systemic Complications

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Embolism

Air embolism Pulmonary embolism

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air embolism

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Pulmonary embolism

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Pulmonary edema

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Systemic infection: CABSI=catheter associate blood steam infection

Clinical indicator Cause of death

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Page 72: Osmolarity & pH in Solution · In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity ... Drug know to have extreme pH pH Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone

peripheral line preparation: scrub

dressing; sterile , transparent, (CDC: Category 1A)

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Central line; CHG: Chlorhexidine Gluconate IV Securement Dressing

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CDC; Needleless Intravascular Catheter Systems

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Needleless Intravascular Catheter Hubs; scrub the hub 15 sec (add on devices; Systems)

needle-less system (needle-Free Connector)

needle system

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Scrub the hub before injection : 15 sec alcohol swab, site-scrub

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Scrub the Hub! Catheter Needle-less Port Decontamination

applied commercially available fluoresceine-impregnated powder (Brevis Corporation, Salt Lake City, UT)

to CVC hubs and subsequently scrubbed the hubs with 70% isopropyl alcohol pads for

0 (control), 5, 10, and 15 s. Using ultraviolet light, we exposed residual fluorescent powder on the CVC hub.

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Risk

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Risk

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Risk for infection

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Risk

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WHO & CDC

Hand hygiene: the chief culprit (ผทาความผด, ผกอเหต) ◦ No factor is more important in prevent HAI than hand hygiene

- Do you wash your hands follow guideline? - Why?

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WHO; how to hand-wash, hand-rub 2009

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World Health Organization (WHO)

hand washing: 5 Moments for Hand Hygiene

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CDC

Global Hand-washing Day, October 15th, 2013 (since 2008)

Global Hand washing Day was originally created for children and schools, but can be celebrated by anyone promoting hand washing with soap. Each year, over 200 million people are involved in celebrations in over 100 countries around the world.

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Incidence; Severity ความรนแรง ระดบตน A เหตการณซงมโอกาสทจะกอใหเกดความคลาดเคลอน B เกดความคลาดเคลอนขน แตยงไมถงผปวย C เกดความคลาดเคลอนกบผปวย แตไมท าใหผปวยไดรบอนตราย ระดบกลาง D เกดความคลาดเคลอนกบผปวย สงผลใหตองมการเฝาระวงเพอให มนใจวาไมเกดอนตรายตอผปวย E เกดความคลาดเคลอนกบผปวย สงผลใหเกดอนตรายชวคราวและตองมการ บ าบดรกษา F เกดความคลาดเคลอนกบผปวย สงผลใหเกดอนตรายชวคราว และตองนอน โรงพยาบาลหรออยโรงพยาบาลนานขน

Near miss

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Severity

ระดบรนแรง G เกดความคลาดเคลอนกบผปวย สงผลใหเกดอนตรายถาวรแกผปวย H เกดความคลาดเคลอนกบผปวย สงผลใหตองท าการชวยชวต I เกดความคลาดเคลอนกบผปวยซงอาจเปนสาเหตของการเสยชวต

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สรป

เสนเลอดเปรยบเสมอนเสนชวตของผปวย เสนเลอดตดตอกระจายทวรางกาย เปดเสนเลอดเปรยบดงเปดประตเชอโรคสรางกาย

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Patients on IV

Outcomes: no complications

- pH, osmolarity

- compatibility

- type of drugs

- IV Nurses

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Thanks You