OSI network reference model€¦ · OSI TCP/IP OSI Application Transport. 461 ... OSI reference...
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443 Networks © 2021 Uwe R. Zimmer, The Australian National University page 443 of 489 (chapter 8: “Networks” up to page 466) Network protocols & standards 3: Network Layer • Service: Transfer of packets inside the network • Functions: Routing, addressing, switching, congestion control • Examples: IP, X.25 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical Network Data link Physical User data User data OSI Network Layers 440 Networks © 2021 Uwe R. Zimmer, The Australian National University page 440 of 489 (chapter 8: “Networks” up to page 466) Network protocols & standards Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical Network Data link Physical User data User data OSI Network Layers 437 8 Networks Uwe R. Zimmer - The Australian National University Computer Organisation & Program Execution 2021 444 Networks © 2021 Uwe R. Zimmer, The Australian National University page 444 of 489 (chapter 8: “Networks” up to page 466) Network protocols & standards 4: Transport Layer • Service: Transfer of data between hosts • Functions: Connection establishment, management, termination, flow-control, multiplexing, error detection • Examples: TCP, UDP, ISO TP0-TP4 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical Network Data link Physical User data User data OSI Network Layers 441 Networks © 2021 Uwe R. Zimmer, The Australian National University page 441 of 489 (chapter 8: “Networks” up to page 466) Network protocols & standards 1: Physical Layer • Service: Transmission of a raw bit stream over a communication channel • Functions: Conversion of bits into electrical or optical signals • Examples: X.21, Ethernet (cable, detectors & amplifiers) Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical Network Data link Physical User data User data OSI Network Layers 438 Networks © 2021 Uwe R. Zimmer, The Australian National University page 438 of 489 (chapter 8: “Networks” up to page 466) References for this chapter [Patterson17] David A. Patterson & John L. Hennessy Computer Organization and Design – The Hardware/Software Interface Chapter 4 “The Processor”, Chapter 6 “Parallel Processors from Client to Cloud” ARM edition, Morgan Kaufmann 2017 445 Networks © 2021 Uwe R. Zimmer, The Australian National University page 445 of 489 (chapter 8: “Networks” up to page 466) Network protocols & standards 5: Session Layer • Service: Coordination of the dialogue between application programs • Functions: Session establishment, management, termination • Examples: RPC Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical Network Data link Physical User data User data OSI Network Layers 442 Networks © 2021 Uwe R. Zimmer, The Australian National University page 442 of 489 (chapter 8: “Networks” up to page 466) Network protocols & standards 2: Data Link Layer • Service: Reliable transfer of frames over a link • Functions: Synchronization, error correction, flow control • Examples: HDLC (high level data link control protocol), LAP-B (link access procedure, balanced), LAP-D (link access procedure, D-channel), LLC (link level control), … Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical Network Data link Physical User data User data OSI Network Layers 439 Networks © 2021 Uwe R. Zimmer, The Australian National University page 439 of 489 (chapter 8: “Networks” up to page 466) Network protocols & standards OSI network reference model Standardized as the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model by the International Standardization Organization (ISO) in 1977 • 7 layer architecture • Connection oriented Hardy implemented anywhere in full … …but its concepts and terminology are widely used, when describing existing and designing new protocols …
Transcript of OSI network reference model€¦ · OSI TCP/IP OSI Application Transport. 461 ... OSI reference...
443
Net
wo
rks
© 2
021
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
443
of 4
89 (c
hapt
er 8
: “N
etw
orks
” up
to p
age
466)
Net
wor
k pr
otoc
ols
& s
tand
ards
3: N
etw
ork
Lay
er
• Se
rvic
e: T
ran
sfer
of p
acke
ts in
sid
e th
e n
etw
ork
• Fu
nct
ion
s: R
ou
tin
g, a
dd
ress
ing,
sw
itch
ing,
co
nge
stio
n c
on
tro
l
• Ex
amp
les:
IP, X
.25
App
licat
ion
Pres
enta
tion
Sess
ion
Tran
spor
t
Net
wor
k
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
App
licat
ion
Pres
enta
tion
Sess
ion
Tran
spor
t
Net
wor
k
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
Net
wor
k
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
Use
r da
taU
ser
data
OSI
Net
wor
k La
yers
440
Net
wo
rks
© 2
021
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
440
of 4
89 (c
hapt
er 8
: “N
etw
orks
” up
to p
age
466)
Net
wor
k pr
otoc
ols
& s
tand
ards
Ap
plic
atio
n
Pres
enta
tio
n
Sess
ion
Tran
spo
rt
Net
wo
rk
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
Ap
plic
atio
n
Pres
enta
tio
n
Sess
ion
Tran
spo
rt
Net
wo
rk
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
Net
wo
rk
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
Use
r d
ata
Use
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ata
OSI
Net
wo
rk L
ayer
s
437
8N
etw
orks
Uw
e R
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mer
- T
he A
ustr
alia
n N
atio
nal U
nive
rsity
Co
mp
ute
r Org
anis
atio
n &
Pro
gram
Exe
cuti
on
202
1
444
Net
wo
rks
© 2
021
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
444
of 4
89 (c
hapt
er 8
: “N
etw
orks
” up
to p
age
466)
Net
wor
k pr
otoc
ols
& s
tand
ards
4: T
rans
po
rt L
ayer
• Se
rvic
e: T
ran
sfer
of d
ata
bet
wee
n h
ost
s
• Fu
nct
ion
s: C
on
nec
tio
n e
stab
lish
men
t, m
anag
emen
t, te
rmin
atio
n, fl
ow
-co
ntr
ol,
mu
ltip
lexi
ng,
err
or
det
ecti
on
• Ex
amp
les:
TC
P, U
DP,
ISO
TP0
-TP4
App
licat
ion
Pres
enta
tion
Sess
ion
Tran
spor
t
Net
wor
k
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
App
licat
ion
Pres
enta
tion
Sess
ion
Tran
spor
t
Net
wor
k
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
Net
wor
k
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
Use
r da
taU
ser
data
OSI
Net
wor
k La
yers
441
Net
wo
rks
© 2
021
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
441
of 4
89 (c
hapt
er 8
: “N
etw
orks
” up
to p
age
466)
Net
wor
k pr
otoc
ols
& s
tand
ards
1: P
hysi
cal L
ayer
• Se
rvic
e: T
ran
smis
sio
n o
f a r
aw b
it s
trea
m
ove
r a
com
mu
nic
atio
n c
han
nel
• Fu
nct
ion
s: C
on
vers
ion
of b
its
into
ele
ctri
cal o
r o
pti
cal s
ign
als
• Ex
amp
les:
X.2
1, E
ther
net
(cab
le, d
etec
tors
& a
mp
lifi e
rs)
App
licat
ion
Pres
enta
tion
Sess
ion
Tran
spor
t
Net
wor
k
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
App
licat
ion
Pres
enta
tion
Sess
ion
Tran
spor
t
Net
wor
k
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
Net
wor
k
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
Use
r da
taU
ser
data
OSI
Net
wor
k La
yers
438
Net
wo
rks
© 2
021
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
438
of 4
89 (c
hapt
er 8
: “N
etw
orks
” up
to p
age
466)
Ref
eren
ces
for
this
cha
pter
[Pat
ters
on1
7]D
avid
A. P
atte
rso
n &
Joh
n L
. Hen
nes
syC
om
pu
ter O
rgan
izat
ion
an
d D
esig
n –
Th
e H
ard
war
e/So
ftw
are
Inte
rfac
eC
hap
ter 4
“Th
e Pr
oce
sso
r”,
Ch
apte
r 6 “
Para
llel P
roce
sso
rs fr
om
Clie
nt t
o C
lou
d”
AR
M e
dit
ion
, Mo
rgan
Kau
fman
n 2
017
445
Net
wo
rks
© 2
021
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
445
of 4
89 (c
hapt
er 8
: “N
etw
orks
” up
to p
age
466)
Net
wor
k pr
otoc
ols
& s
tand
ards
5: S
essi
on
Laye
r
• Se
rvic
e: C
oo
rdin
atio
n o
f th
e d
ialo
gue
bet
wee
n a
pp
licat
ion
pro
gram
s
• Fu
nct
ion
s: S
essi
on
est
ablis
hm
ent,
man
agem
ent,
term
inat
ion
• Ex
amp
les:
RPC
App
licat
ion
Pres
enta
tion
Sess
ion
Tran
spor
t
Net
wor
k
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
App
licat
ion
Pres
enta
tion
Sess
ion
Tran
spor
t
Net
wor
k
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
Net
wor
k
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
Use
r da
taU
ser
data
OSI
Net
wor
k La
yers
442
Net
wo
rks
© 2
021
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
442
of 4
89 (c
hapt
er 8
: “N
etw
orks
” up
to p
age
466)
Net
wor
k pr
otoc
ols
& s
tand
ards
2: D
ata
Link
Lay
er
• Se
rvic
e: R
elia
ble
tran
sfer
of f
ram
es o
ver
a lin
k
• Fu
nct
ion
s: S
ynch
ron
izat
ion
, err
or
corr
ecti
on
, flo
w c
on
tro
l
• Ex
amp
les:
HD
LC (h
igh
leve
l dat
a lin
k co
ntr
ol p
roto
col)
, LA
P-B
(lin
k ac
cess
pro
ced
ure
, bal
ance
d),
LAP-
D (l
ink
acce
ss p
roce
du
re, D
-ch
ann
el),
LLC
(lin
k le
vel c
on
tro
l), …
App
licat
ion
Pres
enta
tion
Sess
ion
Tran
spor
t
Net
wor
k
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
App
licat
ion
Pres
enta
tion
Sess
ion
Tran
spor
t
Net
wor
k
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
Net
wor
k
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
Use
r da
taU
ser
data
OSI
Net
wor
k La
yers
439
Net
wo
rks
© 2
021
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
439
of 4
89 (c
hapt
er 8
: “N
etw
orks
” up
to p
age
466)
Net
wor
k pr
otoc
ols
& s
tand
ards
OSI
net
wo
rk r
efer
ence
mo
del
Stan
dar
diz
ed a
s th
eO
pen
Syst
ems
Inte
rcon
nect
ion
(OSI
) ref
eren
ce m
od
el b
y th
e In
tern
atio
nal
Sta
nd
ard
izat
ion
Org
aniz
atio
n (I
SO) i
n 1
977
• 7
laye
r ar
chit
ectu
re
• C
on
nec
tio
n o
rien
ted
Har
dy
imp
lem
ente
d a
nyw
her
e in
full
…
…b
ut i
ts c
once
pts
and
term
inol
ogy
are
wid
ely
use
d,
wh
en d
escr
ibin
g ex
isti
ng
and
des
ign
ing
new
pro
toco
ls …
452
Net
wo
rks
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021
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
452
of 4
89 (c
hapt
er 8
: “N
etw
orks
” up
to p
age
466)
Net
wor
k pr
otoc
ols
& s
tand
ards
Seri
al P
erip
hera
l Int
erfa
ce (S
PI)
Full
Du
ple
x, 4
-wir
e, fl
exib
le c
lock
rat
e
Rec
eive
shi
ft re
gist
er
Tran
smit
shift
reg
iste
r
Clo
ck g
ener
ator
Rec
eive
shi
ft re
gist
er
Tran
smit
shift
reg
iste
rM
ISO
MIS
O
MO
SIM
OSI
SCK
SCK
NSS
CS
Slav
e se
lect
or
Master
Slave
449
Net
wo
rks
© 2
021
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
449
of 4
89 (c
hapt
er 8
: “N
etw
orks
” up
to p
age
466)
Net
wor
k pr
otoc
ols
& s
tand
ards
Ap
plic
atio
n
Pres
enta
tio
n
Sess
ion
Tran
spo
rt
Net
wo
rk
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
Ap
ple
Talk
Fili
ng
Pro
toco
l (A
FP)
Ro
uti
ng
Tab
le
Mai
nte
nan
ce P
rot.
IP
Net
wo
rk
Phys
ical
OSI
Tran
spo
rt
Ap
plic
atio
n
TCP/
IPA
pp
leTa
lk
AT
Up
dat
e B
ased
R
ou
tin
g Pr
oto
col
AT
Tran
sact
ion
Pr
oto
col
Nam
e B
ind
ing
Pro
t.A
T Ec
ho
Pr
oto
col
AT
Dat
a St
ream
Pr
oto
col
AT
Sess
ion
Pr
oto
col
Zo
ne
Info
Pr
oto
col
Prin
ter
Acc
ess
Pro
toco
l
Dat
agra
m D
eliv
ery
Pro
toco
l (D
DP)
Ap
ple
Talk
Add
ress
Res
olu
tio
n Pr
oto
col (
AA
RP)
Eth
erTa
lk L
ink
Acc
ess
Pro
toco
lLo
calT
alk
Lin
k A
cces
s Pr
oto
col
Toke
nTa
lk L
ink
Acc
ess
Pro
toco
lFD
DIT
alk
Lin
k A
cces
s Pr
oto
col
IEEE
802
.3Lo
calT
alk
Toke
n R
ing
IEEE
802
.5FD
DI
446
Net
wo
rks
© 2
021
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
446
of 4
89 (c
hapt
er 8
: “N
etw
orks
” up
to p
age
466)
Net
wor
k pr
otoc
ols
& s
tand
ards
6: P
rese
ntat
ion
Laye
r
• Se
rvic
e: P
rovi
sio
n o
f pla
tfo
rm in
dep
end
ent c
od
ing
and
en
cryp
tio
n
• Fu
nct
ion
s: C
od
e co
nve
rsio
n, e
ncr
ypti
on
, vir
tual
dev
ices
• Ex
amp
les:
ISO
co
de
con
vers
ion
, PG
P en
cryp
tio
n
App
licat
ion
Pres
enta
tion
Sess
ion
Tran
spor
t
Net
wor
k
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
App
licat
ion
Pres
enta
tion
Sess
ion
Tran
spor
t
Net
wor
k
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
Net
wor
k
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
Use
r da
taU
ser
data
OSI
Net
wor
k La
yers
453
Net
wo
rks
© 2
021
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
453
of 4
89 (c
hapt
er 8
: “N
etw
orks
” up
to p
age
466)
Net
wor
k pr
otoc
ols
& s
tand
ards
Seri
al P
erip
hera
l Int
erfa
ce (S
PI)
MISO
MOSI
SCK
CS
time
SetSa
mp
le Set
Set
Set
Set
Set
Set
Set
Sam
ple
Sam
ple
Sam
ple
Sam
ple
Sam
ple
Sam
ple
Sam
ple
Rec
eive
shi
ft re
gist
er
Tran
smit
shift
reg
iste
r
Clo
ck g
ener
ator
Rec
eive
shi
ft re
gist
er
Tran
smit
shift
reg
iste
rM
ISO
MIS
O
MO
SIM
OSI
SCK
SCK
NSS
CS
Slav
e se
lect
or
Master
Slave
Clo
ck p
has
e an
d
po
lari
ty n
eed
to
be
agre
ed u
po
n
450
Net
wo
rks
© 2
021
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
450
of 4
89 (c
hapt
er 8
: “N
etw
orks
” up
to p
age
466)
Net
wor
k pr
otoc
ols
& s
tand
ards
Ap
plic
atio
n
Pres
enta
tio
n
Sess
ion
Tran
spo
rt
Net
wo
rk
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
IP
Net
wo
rk
Phys
ical
OSI
Ap
ple
Talk
ove
r IP
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erTa
lk L
ink
Acc
ess
Pro
toco
lLo
calT
alk
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k A
cces
s Pr
oto
col
Toke
nTa
lk L
ink
Acc
ess
Pro
toco
lFD
DIT
alk
Lin
k A
cces
s Pr
oto
col
IEEE
802
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calT
alk
Toke
n R
ing
IEEE
802
.5FD
DI
Ap
ple
Talk
Fili
ng
Pro
toco
l (A
FP)
Ro
uti
ng
Tab
le
Mai
nte
nan
ce P
rot.
AT
Up
dat
e B
ased
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uti
ng
Pro
toco
lA
T Tr
ansa
ctio
n
Pro
toco
lN
ame
Bin
din
g Pr
oto
col
AT
Ech
o
Pro
toco
l
AT
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a St
ream
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toco
lA
T Se
ssio
n P
roto
col
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ne
Info
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toco
lPr
inte
r A
cces
s Pr
oto
col
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agra
m D
eliv
ery
Pro
toco
l (D
DP)
Ap
ple
Talk
Add
ress
Res
olu
tio
n Pr
oto
col (
AA
RP)
447
Net
wo
rks
© 2
021
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
447
of 4
89 (c
hapt
er 8
: “N
etw
orks
” up
to p
age
466)
Net
wor
k pr
otoc
ols
& s
tand
ards
7: A
pp
licat
ion
Laye
r
• Se
rvic
e: N
etw
ork
acc
ess
for
app
licat
ion
pro
gram
s
• Fu
nct
ion
s: A
pp
licat
ion
/OS
spec
ific
• Ex
amp
les:
API
s fo
r m
ail,
ftp
, ssh
, scp
, dis
cove
ry p
roto
cols
…
App
licat
ion
Pres
enta
tion
Sess
ion
Tran
spor
t
Net
wor
k
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
App
licat
ion
Pres
enta
tion
Sess
ion
Tran
spor
t
Net
wor
k
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
Net
wor
k
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
Use
r da
taU
ser
data
OSI
Net
wor
k La
yers
454
Net
wo
rks
© 2
021
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
454
of 4
89 (c
hapt
er 8
: “N
etw
orks
” up
to p
age
466)
Net
wor
k pr
otoc
ols
& s
tand
ards
(SP
I)
Seri
al P
erip
hera
l Int
erfa
ce (S
PI)
Rec
eive
shi
ft re
gist
er
Tran
smit
shift
reg
iste
r
Clo
ck g
ener
ator
Rec
eive
shi
ft re
gist
er
Tran
smit
shift
reg
iste
rM
ISO
MIS
O
MO
SIM
OSI
SCK
SCK
NSS
CS
Slav
e se
lect
or
Master
Slave
fro
m S
TM32
L4x6
ad
van
ced
AR
M®-
bas
ed 3
2-b
it M
CU
s re
fere
nce
man
ual
: Fig
ure
420
on
pag
e 12
91
1 sh
ift r
egis
ter?
FIFO
s?
Dat
a co
nn
ecte
d to
an
inte
rnal
bu
s?
CR
C?
DM
A?
Spee
d?
451
Net
wo
rks
© 2
021
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
451
of 4
89 (c
hapt
er 8
: “N
etw
orks
” up
to p
age
466)
Net
wor
k pr
otoc
ols
& s
tand
ards
Seri
al P
erip
hera
l Int
erfa
ce (S
PI)
Use
d b
y ga
zilli
on
s o
f dev
ices
… a
nd
it
’s n
ot e
ven
a fo
rmal
sta
nd
ard
!
Sp
eed
on
ly li
mit
ed b
y w
hat
b
oth
sid
es c
an s
urv
ive.
Usu
ally
pu
sh-p
ull
dri
vers
, i.e
. fas
t an
d r
elia
ble
, yet
no
t fri
end
ly to
wro
ng
wir
ing/
pro
gram
min
g.
1.8”
CO
LOR
TFT
LC
D d
isp
lay
fro
m A
daf
ruit
San
Dis
k m
arke
tin
g p
ho
to
448
Net
wo
rks
© 2
021
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
448
of 4
89 (c
hapt
er 8
: “N
etw
orks
” up
to p
age
466)
Net
wor
k pr
otoc
ols
& s
tand
ards
Ap
plic
atio
n
Pres
enta
tio
n
Sess
ion
Tran
spo
rt
Net
wo
rk
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
Ap
plic
atio
n
Pres
enta
tio
n
Sess
ion
Tran
spo
rt
Net
wo
rk
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
IP
Net
wo
rk
Phys
ical
Use
r d
ata
Use
r d
ata
OSI
Tran
spo
rt
Ap
plic
atio
n
TCP/
IPO
SI
461
Net
wo
rks
© 2
021
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
461
of 4
89 (c
hapt
er 8
: “N
etw
orks
” up
to p
age
466)
Net
wor
k pr
otoc
ols
& s
tand
ards
Ethe
rnet
/ IE
EE 8
02.1
1
Wir
eles
s lo
cal a
rea
net
wo
rk (W
LAN
) dev
elo
ped
in th
e 90
’s
• Fi
rst s
tan
dar
d a
s IE
EE 8
02.1
1 in
199
7 (1
-2 M
bp
s o
ver
2.4
GH
z).
• Ty
pic
al u
sage
at 5
4 M
bp
s o
ver
2.4
GH
z ca
rrie
r at
20
MH
z b
and
wid
th.
• C
urr
ent s
tan
dar
ds
up
to 7
80 M
bp
s (8
02.1
1ac)
ove
r 5
GH
z ca
rrie
r at
160
MH
z b
and
wid
th.
• Fu
ture
sta
nd
ard
s ar
e d
esig
ned
for
up
to 1
00 G
bp
s o
ver
60 G
Hz
carr
ier.
• D
irec
t rel
atio
n to
IEEE
802
.3 a
nd
sim
ilar
OSI
laye
r as
soci
atio
n.
Car
rier
Sen
se M
ulti
ple
Acc
ess
wit
h C
ollis
ion
Avo
idan
ce (C
SMA
/CA
)
Dir
ect-
Sequ
ence
Spr
ead
Spec
trum
(D
SSS)
458
Net
wo
rks
© 2
021
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
458
of 4
89 (c
hapt
er 8
: “N
etw
orks
” up
to p
age
466)
Net
wor
k pr
otoc
ols
& s
tand
ards
Ethe
rnet
/ IE
EE 8
02.3
Loca
l are
a n
etw
ork
(LA
N) d
evel
op
ed b
y X
ero
x in
the
70’s
• 10
Mb
ps
spec
ifica
tio
n 1
.0 b
y D
EC, I
nte
l, &
Xer
ox
in 1
980.
• Fi
rst s
tan
dar
d a
s IE
EE 8
02.3
in 1
983
(10
Mb
ps
ove
r th
ick
co-a
x ca
ble
s).
• cu
rren
tly
1 G
bp
s (8
02.3
ab) c
op
per
cab
le p
ort
s u
sed
in m
ost
des
kto
ps
and
lap
top
s.
• cu
rren
tly
stan
dar
ds
up
to 1
00 G
bp
s (I
EEE
802.
3ba
2010
).
• m
ore
than
85
% o
f cu
rren
t LA
N li
nes
wo
rld
wid
e (a
cco
rdin
g to
the
Inte
rnat
ion
al D
ata
Co
rpo
rati
on
(ID
C))
.
Car
rier
Sen
se M
ulti
ple
Acc
ess
wit
h C
ollis
ion
Det
ecti
on (C
SMA
/CD
)
455
Net
wo
rks
© 2
021
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
455
of 4
89 (c
hapt
er 8
: “N
etw
orks
” up
to p
age
466)
Net
wor
k pr
otoc
ols
& s
tand
ards
(SP
I)R
ecei
ve s
hift
regi
ster
Tran
smit
shift
reg
iste
r
Clo
ck g
ener
ator
Rec
eive
shi
ft re
gist
er
Tran
smit
shift
reg
iste
rM
ISO
MIS
O
MO
SIM
OSI
SCK
SCK
NSS
CS
Slav
e se
lect
or
Master
Slave
Rec
eive
shi
ft re
gist
er
Tran
smit
shift
reg
iste
r
Clo
ck g
ener
ator
Rec
eive
shi
ft re
gist
er
Tran
smit
shift
reg
iste
rM
ISO
MIS
O
MO
SIM
OSI
SCK
SCK
S1C
SSl
ave
sele
ctor
Mas
ter
Slav
e 1
Rec
eive
shi
ft re
gist
er
Tran
smit
shift
reg
iste
r
Slav
e 2
Rec
eive
shi
ft re
gist
er
Tran
smit
shift
reg
iste
r
Slav
e 3
MIS
O
MO
SI
SCK CS
MIS
O
MO
SI
SCK CS
S2 S3
Full
du
ple
x w
ith
1
ou
t of x
sla
ves
462
Net
wo
rks
© 2
021
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
462
of 4
89 (c
hapt
er 8
: “N
etw
orks
” up
to p
age
466)
Net
wor
k pr
otoc
ols
& s
tand
ards
Blu
eto
oth
Wir
eles
s lo
cal a
rea
net
wo
rk (W
LAN
) dev
elo
ped
in th
e 90
’s w
ith
dif
fere
nt f
eatu
res
than
802
.11:
• Lo
wer
po
wer
co
nsu
mp
tio
n.
• Sh
ort
er r
ange
s.
• Lo
wer
dat
a ra
tes
(typ
ical
ly <
1 M
bp
s).
• A
d-h
oc
net
wo
rkin
g (n
o in
fras
tru
ctu
re r
equ
ired
).
Co
mb
inat
ion
s o
f 802
.11
and
Blu
eto
oth
OSI
laye
rsar
e p
oss
ible
to a
chie
ve th
e re
qu
ired
feat
ure
s se
t.
459
Net
wo
rks
© 2
021
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
459
of 4
89 (c
hapt
er 8
: “N
etw
orks
” up
to p
age
466)
Net
wor
k pr
otoc
ols
& s
tand
ards
Ethe
rnet
/ IE
EE 8
02.3
O
SI r
elat
ion
: PH
Y, M
AC
, MA
C-c
lien
t
App
licat
ion
Pres
enta
tion
Sess
ion
Tran
spor
t
Net
wor
k
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
App
licat
ion
Pres
enta
tion
Sess
ion
Tran
spor
t
Net
wor
k
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
Net
wor
k
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
Use
r da
taU
ser
data
OSI
Net
wor
k La
yers
OS
Ire
fere
nce
mo
de
l
Ap
plic
atio
n
Pre
se
nta
tio
n
Se
ssio
n
Tra
nsp
ort
Ne
two
rk
Da
ta lin
k
Physic
al
IEE
E 8
02
.3re
fere
nce
mo
de
l
MA
C-c
lien
t
Me
dia
Acce
ss (
MA
C)
Physic
al (P
HY
)
Up
pe
r-la
ye
rp
roto
co
ls
IEE
E 8
02
-sp
ecific
IEE
E 8
02
.3-s
pe
cific
Me
dia
-sp
ecific
456
Net
wo
rks
© 2
021
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
456
of 4
89 (c
hapt
er 8
: “N
etw
orks
” up
to p
age
466)
Net
wor
k pr
otoc
ols
& s
tand
ards
(SP
I)R
ecei
ve s
hift
regi
ster
Tran
smit
shift
reg
iste
r
Clo
ck g
ener
ator
Rec
eive
shi
ft re
gist
er
Tran
smit
shift
reg
iste
rM
ISO
MIS
O
MO
SIM
OSI
SCK
SCK
NSS
CS
Slav
e se
lect
or
Master
Slave
Rec
eive
shi
ft re
gist
er
Tran
smit
shift
reg
iste
r
Clo
ck g
ener
ator
Rec
eive
shi
ft re
gist
er
Tran
smit
shift
reg
iste
rM
OSI
MO
SI
SCK
SCK
S1C
SSl
ave
sele
ctor
Mas
ter
Slav
e 1
Rec
eive
shi
ft re
gist
er
Tran
smit
shift
reg
iste
r
Slav
e 2
Rec
eive
shi
ft re
gist
er
Tran
smit
shift
reg
iste
r
Slav
e 3
MO
SI
SCK CS
MO
SI
SCK CS
S2 S3
Co
ncu
rren
t sim
ple
x w
ith
y o
ut o
f x s
lave
s
463
Net
wo
rks
© 2
021
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
463
of 4
89 (c
hapt
er 8
: “N
etw
orks
” up
to p
age
466)
Net
wor
k pr
otoc
ols
& s
tand
ards
Toke
n R
ing
/ IE
EE 8
02.5
/
Fib
re D
istr
ibut
ed D
ata
Inte
rfac
e (F
DD
I)
• “T
oke
n R
ing
“ d
evel
op
ed b
y IB
M in
the
70’s
• IE
EE 8
02.5
sta
nd
ard
is m
od
elle
d a
fter
the
IBM
To
ken
Rin
g ar
chit
ectu
re(s
pec
ifi ca
tio
ns
are
slig
htl
y d
iffe
ren
t, b
ut b
asic
ally
co
mp
atib
le)
• IB
M T
oke
n R
ing
req
ues
ts a
re s
tar
top
olo
gy a
s w
ell a
s tw
iste
d p
air
cab
les,
wh
ile IE
EE 8
02.5
is u
nsp
ecifi
ed in
top
olo
gy a
nd
med
ium
• Fi
bre
Dis
trib
ute
d D
ata
Inte
rfac
e co
mb
ines
a to
ken
rin
g ar
chit
ectu
re
wit
h a
du
al-r
ing,
fi b
re-o
pti
cal,
ph
ysic
al n
etw
ork
.
Un
like
CSM
A/C
D, T
oken
rin
g is
det
erm
inis
tic
(wit
h r
esp
ect t
o it
s ti
min
g b
ehav
iou
r)
FD
DI i
s de
term
inis
tic
and
failu
re r
esis
tant
No
ne
of t
he
abo
ve is
cu
rren
tly
use
d in
per
form
ance
ori
ente
d a
pp
licat
ion
s.
460
Net
wo
rks
© 2
021
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
460
of 4
89 (c
hapt
er 8
: “N
etw
orks
” up
to p
age
466)
Net
wor
k pr
otoc
ols
& s
tand
ards
Ethe
rnet
/ IE
EE 8
02.3
O
SI r
elat
ion
: PH
Y, M
AC
, MA
C-c
lien
t
App
licat
ion
Pres
enta
tion
Sess
ion
Tran
spor
t
Net
wor
k
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
App
licat
ion
Pres
enta
tion
Sess
ion
Tran
spor
t
Net
wor
k
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
Net
wor
k
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
Use
r da
taU
ser
data
OSI
Net
wor
k La
yers
80
2.3
MA
C
Physic
al m
ed
ium
-in
de
pe
nd
en
t la
ye
r
MA
C C
lie
nt
MII
Physic
al m
ed
ium
-d
ep
en
de
nt
laye
rs
MD
I
80
2.3
MA
C
Physic
al m
ed
ium
-in
de
pe
nd
en
t la
ye
r
MA
C C
lie
nt
MII
Physic
al m
ed
ium
-d
ep
en
de
nt
laye
rs
MD
I
PH
Y
Lin
k m
ed
ia,
sig
na
l e
nco
din
g,
an
dtr
an
sm
issio
n r
ate
Tra
nsm
issio
n r
ate
MII
= M
ed
ium
-in
de
pe
nd
en
t in
terf
ace
MD
I =
Me
diu
m-d
ep
en
de
nt
inte
rfa
ce
- t
he
lin
k c
on
ne
cto
r
Lin
k
457
Net
wo
rks
© 2
021
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
457
of 4
89 (c
hapt
er 8
: “N
etw
orks
” up
to p
age
466)
Net
wor
k pr
otoc
ols
& s
tand
ards
(SP
I)R
ecei
ve s
hift
regi
ster
Tran
smit
shift
reg
iste
r
Clo
ck g
ener
ator
Rec
eive
shi
ft re
gist
er
Tran
smit
shift
reg
iste
rM
ISO
MIS
O
MO
SIM
OSI
SCK
SCK
NSS
CS
Slav
e se
lect
or
Master
Slave
Rec
eive
shi
ft re
gist
er
Tran
smit
shift
reg
iste
r
Clo
ck g
ener
ator
Rec
eive
shi
ft re
gist
er
Tran
smit
shift
reg
iste
rM
ISO
MIS
O
MO
SIM
OSI
SCK
SCK
NSS
CS
Slav
e se
lect
or
Mas
ter
Slav
e 1
Rec
eive
shi
ft re
gist
er
Tran
smit
shift
reg
iste
r
Slav
e 2
Rec
eive
shi
ft re
gist
er
Tran
smit
shift
reg
iste
r
Slav
e 3
MIS
O
MO
SI
SCK CS
MIS
O
MO
SI
SCK CS
Co
ncu
rren
t d
aisy
ch
ain
ing
wit
h a
ll sl
aves
464
Net
wo
rks
© 2
021
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
464
of 4
89 (c
hapt
er 8
: “N
etw
orks
” up
to p
age
466)
Net
wor
k pr
otoc
ols
& s
tand
ards
Fib
re C
hann
el
• D
evel
op
ed in
the
late
80’
s.
• A
NSI
sta
nd
ard
sin
ce 1
994.
• C
urr
ent s
tan
dar
ds
allo
w fo
r 16
Gb
ps
per
lin
k.
• A
llow
s fo
r th
ree
dif
fere
nt t
op
olo
gies
:
Poi
nt-t
o-po
int:
2 ad
dre
sses
Arb
itra
ted
loop
(sim
ilar
to to
ken
rin
g): 1
27 a
dd
ress
es
det
erm
inis
tic,
rea
l-ti
me
cap
able
Sw
itch
ed fa
bric
: 224
ad
dre
sses
, man
y to
po
logi
es a
nd
co
ncu
rren
t dat
a lin
ks p
oss
ible
• D
efi n
es O
SI e
qu
ival
ent l
ayer
s u
p to
the
sess
ion
leve
l.
Mo
stly
use
d in
sto
rage
arr
ays,
b
ut a
pp
licab
le to
su
per
-co
mp
ute
rs a
nd
hig
h in
tegr
ity
syst
ems
as w
ell.
465
Net
wo
rks
© 2
021
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
465
of 4
89 (c
hapt
er 8
: “N
etw
orks
” up
to p
age
466)
Net
wor
k pr
otoc
ols
& s
tand
ards
Fib
re C
hann
elM
app
ing
of F
ibre
Ch
ann
el to
OSI
laye
rs:
Ap
plic
atio
n
Pres
enta
tio
n
Sess
ion
Tran
spo
rt
Net
wo
rk
Dat
a lin
k
Phys
ical
Ap
plic
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n
Pres
enta
tio
n
Sess
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Tran
spo
rt
Net
wo
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Dat
a lin
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Phys
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IP
Phys
ical
Use
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ata
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ata
OSI
TCP/
IPO
SI
IP
Phys
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Ap
plic
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FC/I
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FC-0
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Fib
reC
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FC-4
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plic
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ysic
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Dat
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466
Net
wo
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© 2
021
Uw
e R
. Zim
mer
, The
Aus
tral
ian
Nat
iona
l Uni
vers
ity
page
466
of 4
89 (c
hapt
er 8
: “N
etw
orks
” up
to p
age
466)
Net
wo
rks
• N
etw
ork
laye
r m
odel
s
• O
pen
Sys
tem
s In
terc
on
nec
tio
n (O
SI) r
efer
ence
mo
del
• Pr
acti
cal n
etw
ork
stan
dard
s
• Se
rial
Per
iph
eral
Inte
rfac
e (S
PI)
• Et
her
net
/ IE
EE 8
02.3
(CSM
A/C
D)
• To
ken
rin
g / I
EEE
802.
5 / F
DD
I
• W
irel
ess
net
wo
rks
/ IEE
E 80
2.11
(CSM
A/C
A, D
SSS)
• Fi
bre
Ch
ann
el
Sum
mar
y
