Oscilloscope Traning Manual

8/9/2019 Oscilloscope Traning Manual

1/52

odel V 1050

OS I LLOS OPE

.

OPER TION rYl NU L


2/52

Contents

1.

Features .

2. composi t ion

.

3. Precaut ions .

4.

How

to

produce

the

b r i g h t

l i n e

.

5.

Method

for

Connect ing Signa ls

.

1)

When

us

ing

a

probe

.

2)

When a

di r ec t connect

.

3)

Caution for us ing the measured s igna l

as an

ex te rna l

t r i g g e r s igna l

.

6. Measuring Procedure .

1) DC

vol tage measurement .

2)

C vol tage measurement .

3)

Per iod measurement .

4) Measurement o f t ime d i f fe rence

, .

5)

Measurement

o f

r i s e

f a l l )

t ime .

6) Measurement

o f s ing le - sho t s igna l .

7) Tr igger o f

complexed

waveform

.

8)

Phase s h i f t between

two

s igna l s .

9) Measurement

by X-Y opera t ion .

10)

How to

use

TV exc lus ive synchroniza t ion .

11) Opera t ing procedure

o f

delayed sweep

. , .

12) How

to

use

TRIG VIEW .

7. Panel

Descr ipt ions .

1) Power Supply

and

CRT

.

2) Ver t ica l

def lec t ion

3)

Horizon ta l

def leq t ion

.

4)

A

t r igger ing

.

5)

B

t r igger ing

6) Miscellaneous

.

8. Spec i f ica t ions

.

9. Users

Adjustments

.

10.

Schematic

Diagram .

11. Panel

Controls

1

2

5

8

8

9

10

12

12

13

14

14

15

15

16

18

20

24

25

25

26

28

30

33

33

35

39

40

49


3/52

I

Features

Hitach i

Model V-1050 osc i l loscope i s a

p o r ta b le - ty p e , advanced-class osc i l loscope with

a bandwidth

of D

to 100

MHz

Designed by put t ing

sp ec i a l emphasis

on

o p erab i l i t y and

ruggedness,

t h i s

osc i l loscope

has

the

fol lowing

fea tures :

(1)

Wide bandwidth:

The instrument has a

bandwidth

from D

to

100 MHz

(2) High

sens i t i v i ty :

Sens i t iv i ty i s 500 ~ V / d i v

(3)

Large

6

screen:

Employment of a la rge square RT makes wave

forms

e a s i e r

to

observe.

(4)

In t e rn a l g ra t i cu l e :

Employment of i n t e rn a l g ra t i cu l e RT permits

waveforms observa t ion to be made

without

p ara l l ax e r ro r .

(5)

TV

synchroniza t ion :

Employment of

a new TV sync /separa tor

c i rcu i t

al lows

instrument to

observe

TV

s ignals

s t ab ly .

(6)

Delayed sweep.

A port ion of the s ig n a l can

be

magnif ied

before observa t ion .

(7)

Trigger view:

Displays the

se l ec t ed

in t e rn a l o r e x te rn a l

t r igge r

s ignal .

I f an e x te rn a l t r igge r

s ig n a l

i s selected ,

you

can co r re l a t e the

t ime

between the t r i g g e r

s ignal and

input

s ig n a l s .

(8)Auto focusing

Focusing

sh i f t i s

automat ica l ly

c o r re c te d .

2 omposition

Composition

of

Model V-1050 osc i l loscope i s

as fol lows.

(1) Model V-1050 osc i l loscope

uni t

(2)

Probe (AT-10AE

1 .5 2

(3)

Fuse

(2A

for 100V

and

l20V se t

or lA for 220 and

240V

se t

(4)

Dust

proof cover

(5)

Sc.rew dr iver

(6)

Power

supply cord

(7) Operat ion

ManuaL


4/52

3 recautions

Precaut ions to

be observed to

lengthen

the

serv ice

l i f e

o f t h i s in s t rumen t .

Avoide

i n s t a l l i ng ins trument in an

extremely hot

or

co ld p lace .

o Avoid plac ing t h i s ins trument in a place

exposed to sunl ight for a long per iod o f t ime,

in

a

c losed ca r in midsummer, o r

near a room

heat ing dev ice

such as a

s tove .

o The opera t ing

maximum

ambient temperature i s

50C.

Do

not use

ins trument tha t has

been

l e f t outdoors

on

a

cold winte r

day.

The

opera t ing

ambient tem

pera ture i s OC or more.

Avoid

moving

the

ins trument

r a p i d l y from

a hot

p lace to a co ld p lace o f vice

ve r sa , or

condensa

t i on may form

on

ins ide o f the

in s t rumen t .

Keep t he

ins trument away

from damp a i r ,

wate r ,

and

dus t .

Unexpected

t r oub l e

may

be c u ~ e d when

the ins trument

i s

p laced in a

damp or

dusty

place .

The opera t ing ambient humidi ty i s 35-85 . Since

an

acc identa l i n s t ru s ion

of wa te r may also cause

t roubles ,

.do not p lace

a wat e r - f i l l ed

conta ine r s

such

as a vase

on

the

osc i l loscope .

Do not p lace

the

ins trument

in a place where

vibra t ion

i s s t rong.

Avoid us ing

the

ins trument a t

a p lace v ib ra t i ng v io l en t ly . Since the o s c i l l o -

scope i s a

pr e c i s i on

in s t rumen t , excess ive ly

s t rong

v ib ra t i ons

may

cause

damage.

Do not place

the

ins trument near a magnet or

magnet ic

body.

n

osc i l loscope i s

an equipment

us ing elec t ron beam.

There fo re ,

do not br i ng a

magnet c lose

to

the

ins trument

o r do not use the

instrument near an equipment gene ra t ing

s t rong

magnet ic force .

Do

not

put a

heavy

objec ts

on

the osc i l loscope .

Do not

block

the

ven t i l l a t i on holes .

Do

not

apply a heavy shock

to

the osc i l loscope .

Do

not

i n s e r t

a

wire , p in ,

e t c .

through the

ven t i l l a t i on ho le .

Do not drag the

se t ,

l eav ing

the

probe a t t ached

to it

Do not

l eave

a

hot

solde r ing i ron

on

the cabine t

o r

the screen.

Do

not

t r y

to

turn

t he

ins trument

ups ide

down.

Otherwise,

knobs

may

be

broken.

Do not use the

ins trument

upr i gh t , l eav ing BNC

C

-'

..

C


5/52

cable connected to

EXT BLANKING,

G TE

OUT

PUT

t e rmina l s on the r ea r pane l .

Otherwise

the

cable

may

be

damaged.

Recheck

t he

ope ra t i ng procedure and

if

problem

pe r s i s t s

contac t

a

nea r ly

serv ice

s t a t i on

o r

agent .

Removal of s t a i n

from the

case .

o When the outs ide of the

case i s

s t a i ned

remove

t he s t a i n

by

f i r s t

wiping it l i gh t l y

with

a

c l o t h mois tened

with

neu t r a l washing

agent

and then wipe t he su r f ace with

a dry

c lo th .

o When

t he pane l su r f ace

i s s t a i ned

remove t he

s t a i n in s imi l a r way

with

a clean s o f t c lo th .

When heavy s t a i n s are present

f i r s t

remove

t he s t a i n s by wiping the su r f ace l i gh t l y with

a

c l o t h moistened with

d i lu t ed

neu t r a l washing

agent and then wipe tho rough ly with

a dry c lo th .

o When dust has accumulated

on

the in s i de

--,:-

remove it by us ing

a

dry

brush or by us ing t he

exhaust of

a

compressor

or a

vacuum

c leaner .

NOTE: When opening the case

disconnec t t he

power

supply plug beforehand

without

f a i l .

When cleaning the ins ide insure beforehand

t ha t

no e l e c t r i c i t y

remains

in the condensers

of the

power supply c i rcu i t .

Clean ing of CRT

Dir ty su r f ace

of CRT screen

t ends

to cause measur

ing er ro r s .

Remove

t he s t a i n s on

CRT

and f i l t e r by us ing

a

c lean and

so f t

c l o t h

paying a t t en t ion

not to

impair them.

When the s t a i n i s extremely heavy

wash

them with

neu t r a l washing agent and then l eave them s t and

u n t i l t he mois ture

i s remov-ed na tu ra l ly .

o

I f

the

screen

i s

i n s t a l l e d

while

it

i s

moistened

water r ings

may

be

formed and t he

waveform may

be

blur red to become hard to

observe .

Pay

a t t en t ion

not

to

l eave

f inger

pr i n t s on it

Check the

l i ne

vol tage .

The ope ra t i ng vo l t age

range

of

t h i s os c i l l o s cope

i s

as

shown below.

Check

the l i ne

vo l t age without

f a i l before turn ing on the power swi tch .

3


6/52

Rating

Line

Voltage 50/60Hz)

AC100V

AC

90V - llOV

AC120V AC108V -

l32V

AC220V AC198V -

242V

AC240V AC2l6V -

264V

Nominal

vo l t s

a t 400Hz.

In

the

case of normal shipment, the vol tage

s e l ec t o r wi l l be s e t convenient

for

user

up.

When t i s

in tended

to

use

the

osci l loscope on

vol t ages

othe r

ra t ing , vol tage se lec tor can be

turned. Rated

v o l t ~ g e s

are indica ted on the

r ea r panel of the osc i l l o scope . )

*

Use

only

spec i f i ed

fuses .

4

In

order

to

protec t the c i rcu i t

aga ins t

over -

current , a A

make

use of ACIOOV or AC120V)

o r

lA make use

of AC220V o r AC240V)

i s used on

the

pr imary s ide of the power supply . When t h i s

fuse i s

below

out , check

thoroughly

the

cause ,

repa i r

any faul ty point

present ,

and

then

r eplace

with

a. spec i f i ed fuse . Do not

t r y

to

use

the

fuse other than

the

spec i f i ed ones. Otherwise,

fau l t may be

caused

or

danger may be i nv i t ed .

Par t i cu la r ly ,

do not use a fuse

di f fe rent

from

the spec i f i ed

one in cur rent capac i ty and in

l eng th . ) The s tandards i f the fuses are as

fo l lows.

Shape

JIS type

name

Diameter x

length)mm

A

6 . 3 5 ~ x

31.

8

MF61NM250V

A

AC

(

lA

6 . 3 5 ~

x

31.8

MF61NM250V

lA AC

*

Do not inc rease the br ightness too much.

Do

not inc rease the br ightness of the spo t and

t race

too

much.

Your

eyes may be

s t ra ined

and the

f luorescent sur face of

CRT may be

burnt .

* Do no apply an excess ive

vol t age .

The input withs tand

vol tage

of each in put con

nec tor and probe input

i s

as fo l lows . Never apply

a

voltav,e

h igher

than

speci f ied .

INPUT di rec t

250V DC

+ AC peak

a t

1 kHz)

When

probe i s

used 500V DC +

AC

peak a t 1 kHz)

EXT TRIG INPUT 250V DC +

AC

peak)

EXT BLANKING 20V DC + AC peak)

I Calibration

Interval

1

To

mainta in jns trument accuracy,

perform the

ca l i b r a t i on

of the

V-I050

a t

l e a s t

every

1000

hours of

ope ra t ion ,

or

every

s i x

months

i f

used

inf requent ly .


7/52

< )

4 ow to produce the bright lin

Unless handled er roneous ly , t h i s i ns t rument

wi l l

never become f au l t y by ord ina ry ope ra t i on .

Before

t u rn ing

ON the

POWER

switch,

i n su re

the power supply vol tage i s within

the

range

of

l08V

132V for

AC

120V s e t , 198V - 242V for

AC

220V se t , and 216V - 264V

for AC

240V s e t .

Refer to the i nd i ca t i on on the

r ea r

pane l of the

ins t rument

for o ther

vol tages .

Connect the

plug of t he

power

cord

on the

r ea r

panel

i n to

the power supply wal l

socket

and

s e t t he

knobs

as fo l lows .

POWER/INTENSITY

IOFFI

FOC TS

Midrange

AC-GND-DC

GND

HPOSITION

Midrange

V.MODE

CHI

BW LIMIT 20MHz

Ful l bandwidth

but ton out )

D1SPLAY

A

POSITION

Midrange

A

TRIG

MODE AUTO

A TRIG

COUPING AC

A TRIG

SOURCE

CHI

A

TIME/DIV

O.5ms/DIV

B TIME/DIV

Arb i t r a ry

VAR

HOLD

OFF

B TRIG MODE

MIN

f u l l

c . c .w. )

AUTO

Set

a l l

the

l evers of

the swi tches e i t he r to

the l e f t s ide or to

t he

upper s i de .

After ending a l l t he s e t t i ngs

mentioned above

tu rn

ON

the

POWER.

and

15

seconds

l a t e r ,

r o t a t e

the

INTENSITY

knob clockwise. Then the sweep

br i gh t l i ne w i l l

appear .

I f observat ion i s to be

s t a r t e d

immediate ly

se t t he FOC TS knob a.t a point where the br i gh t

l i ne

i s

sharpes t .

I f

the ins t rument

i s

not

used

wi th the

power

supply

turned

on

r o t a t e INTENSITY counter

clockwise

to

reduce

the

br ightness

and

a l so

b lu r

the FOCUS.

INOTEI

For

usual observa t ion , leave the

fo l lowing

non-ca l ibra t ing funct ion sec t ion se t to CAL

pos i t i on .

VARIABLE

Rota te in

the

d i r ec t i on of arrow.

In

t h i s case the

VOLTS/DIY

i s

ca l ib ra t ed to

i t s

i nd i ca t i ng

value .

PULL

SWP

VAR Push in

the

knob or r o t a t e in the

d i rec t ion

of arrow. In t h i s

case

t he TIME/DIV i s ca l ib ra t ed to

i t s

i nd i ca t i ng value .

5


8/52

Align the

br ight l i ne with

the hor izonta l

sca le l i ne a t the

cente r

of

the

screen by opera t

ing CHI POSITION. In some cases the br ight l ine

may

be

oblique

to the sca le s l i gh t l y

by

the

e f f ec t of ear th

magnetism.

In t h i s case,

br ing

the br ight

l i ne un t j l t

l i e s on

the hor izonta l

sca le l ine a t the

cente r

of the screen

by

prope r ly

adjus t ing

the semi- f ixed va r i ab l e

r es i s to r TRACE ROTATION on the

f ront

panel .

- General measurement -

1) In the

case of observing

a s ingle

waveform

6

Use CHI

or

CH when not observing

the phase

di f ference between two waveforms

or

when engag-

ing

in a

opera t ion o the r than

X-Y

opera t ion .

Make

the

fol lowing s e t t i ngs when using CHI.

MODE Switch

of

Vert ica l

Axis

CHI

MODE Switch

of TRIG AUTO

TRIG SOURCE CHI

AC-GND-DC AC or DC

Under

these s e t t i ngs almost a l l the r epe t i t i ve

s ignals

of

about 30

Hz

or

more

appl i ed to

CHI

can be

t r i gge red and observed by adjus t ing

A TRIG LEVEL.

When,

the

range

of

TIME/DIV

i s

between

2mS/DIV and 20ns/DIV) Sjnce the MODE

of

hor izonta l

axi s

i s a t AUTO pos i t i on

the br igh t

l i ne appears even when

no

s ignal i s present or

when

AC-GND-DC switch

j s

a t

GNP pos i t i on .

This

means tha t

the measurement

of DC

vol tage can be

measured. The fol lowing swi tch ing i s needed

when

observing

low f requency s igna l s of about

30

Hz

or

l ess .

A TRIG MODE

A TRIG COUPLING

NORM

DC

Trigger ing can be e f f ec t ed

by

opera t ing LEVEL

knob under

t h i s s e t t i ng . When using only CH2

use the

instrument

a f t e r making the

fol lowing

s e t t i ngs .

MODE Switch

of

Vert ica l Axis

A TRIG SOURCE

CH

CH


9/52

(2)

..

When observing two

waveforms

Observat ion of two waveforms can

be made eas i ly

by

s e t t i ng the MODE

switch

of ve r t i c a l

axis

to

ALT

or

CHOP. When observing

two waveforms

of

high r epe t i t i on f requencies se t the

MODE

switch

to

ALT and,

in

the

case

of

low

f requencies

se t

t to CHOP.

Normally, ALT and

CHOP are recom-

mended by

se l ec t ion

of

TIME/DIV.

ALT;

0.2ms/DIV

CHOP;

0.5ms/DIV

20ns/DIV

0.5s/DIV

When measur ing

the

phase d i f f e r ence

measure

a f t e r

ef fec t ing t r igger ing

with l eading

phase

s ignal .

(3)

When observing t h r ee or

four

waveforms.

This instrument can be observed

the t r i gger ing

s igna l s CH3

as

A TRIG, CH4

as

B TRIG)

a t

depressed pos i t ion of TRIG VIEW .

The t ab l e shows the r e la t ion between s e t t i ng

of

ve r t i c a l mode

and

t r a c e s on

CRT.

V

MODE

No.

of display

CHI CHl,

CH3

CH2 CH2,

CH3

ALT

CHI, CH2, CH3, CH4

CHOP CHI, CH2, CH3,

CH4

ADD CHI + CH2, CH3,

CH4

The

disp laying

pos i t ion of

CH3

A

TRIG)

i s

loca ted near the 100 's

sub-graduat ion and

poss ib le to adjus t by A TRIG LEVEL

knob.

CH4 i s

f ixed

a t O 's sub-graduat ion .

7


10/52

4) When observing waveform

with

X-Y

8

Set

the MODE switch of v er t i ca l axis to CH2

X-Y) and

DISPLAY switch to X-Y. Then

t he

ins trument works as an X-Y osc i l loscope .

Each input

i s

appl i ed to the

ins trument

as

fo l lows.

X-axis s igna l

hor izonta l ax is s igna l )

CHl INPUT

Y-axis s igna l

v er t i ca l

axi s s i gna l )

CH2 INPUT

In

t h i s case leave

t he

hor izonta l

axi s

magni

f i c a t io n switch PULL x 1 MAG

i nner shaf t knob)

a t

depressed

pos i t i on , and the

AC-GND-DC

of

X-axis

CH1)

to

AC,

a lso

TRIG

VIEW

and

W

LIMIT

20MHz are undepressed pos i t i on but ton out ) .

5 Method for onnecting Signals

The f i r s t s tep of

measurement

i s i n t roduce the

s igna l des i red to measure t o the osc i l loscope

proper ly .

Do

t

with utmost

care .

1) When using a probe

Use

t he a t t ached

probe,

AT-10AE

1.5,

when

measuring a high f requency wave with high

accuracy.

I t

should

be

noted,

however, t h a t s ince the

input s igna l

i s

a t tenua ted by

t h i s

probe

to

1/10 before t

i s

input

to

the osc i l loscope the

use

of the

probe

i s

disadvantageous

for

low

s igna ls ,

and

tha t a t

t he

same t ime the measur

ing

range i s extended by t h a t

amount

for

high

s igna ls .


11/52

Connection

of

ear th

l ead

wire

A

good

example

A bad example

For

b e t t e r

measurement

i t i s required to

use

an

ear th

at tachment

in s tandard

accessory of AT

10AE

1.5 probe.

o

Multiply the reading of

VOLTS/DIY

by 10.

For

example, i f

the VOLTS/DIY

i s

50

mY/DIY,

then

read the waveform as

50mV/DIV x 10

500mV/DIV

o To avoid

measurement

e r ro r , put the

probe

in the

fol lowing

c o r re c t io n s t a t e

and check

t before

measurement without f a i l . Connect

the

t i p of the

probe to

the

output

te rmina l

C L 0.5V

of

1 kHz

ca l ib ra t i o n square

wave vol tage

and

an

ear th

at tachment

to

the GND te rmina l . The

disp lay

should

have

f l a t tops . Any dis to r t ion in the

presen ta t ion

in

caused by

incorrect

probe

com-

pensa t ion .

I f overshoot or undershoot i s presen t ,

tu rn the screwdr iver adjustment in the probe for

a

f l a t - top presen tat ion .

Ca) Correct

b)

Overshoot

c)

Undershoot

2) When a di rec t connect ion

When connect ing a s ig n a l di rec t ly

to

the o sc i l

loscope not us ing the a t tached

probe

AT IOAE

1.5

10:1) ,

pay a t t en t io n

to the

fol lowing

p o in t s in order

to minimize

the

measurement

e r ro r .

o When performing observa t ion using a bare lead

wire, no t ro u b le occurs of the c i rcu i t to be mea

sured i s of low impedance

and

high

l evel .

However, note tha t , in most cases ,

measurement

er ro r may

be

caused by s t a t i c s t r ay

coupling

with

other c i rcu i t and power l ine .

This measurement e r ro r cannot be

i gnored

even

9


12/52

in low frequency

region.

In genera l , t i s

safe

to

avoid measuring with

non-shielded

connect ing

wire . When using a

sh ie ld ing

wire connect

one end

of

t he

sh ie ld

to

t he ear th t e rminal of t he osc i l loscope and

t he

other

end

to the

grounding

of

the

c i r cu i t

to

be

measured. I t i s des i rab le to

use a

coaxia l

cable with NC

type

connector .

o The

fo l lowing

caut ions must be observed when

performing a

wide hand

measurement.

I t i s

neces

sary to t e rminate with

t he

ch arac t e r i s t i c

imped

ance

of

t he cable when

measuring

a rap id r i s in g

waveform or a

high frequency wave.

Especia l ly when

using a long

cable , t he

absence

of a

t e rminat ing

r e s i s t o r wi l l necessar i ly lead

to a measurement e r ro r derived

from

r inging

phenomenon.

Some

measur ing c i r c u i t s requi re

a

t e rminat ing

r es i s to r equal

t o the

ch arac t e r i s t i c

impedance of

t he

cable a lso on t he measurement

t e rminal s ide .

NC

type t e rminat ing

r e s i s t o r 50

i s conveni

ent ly used for t h i s purpose.

o

In

order to

perform

measurement

with

t he

measur

ing

c i r cu i t

put in

proper

opera t ing s ta te t i s

sometimes necessary to

t e rminate the

cable with

10

an

impedance which

corresponds

to t he

c i r cu i t

to

be

measured.

o

The

s t ra y

capaci ty

of t he sh ie ld

wire

must be

taken

i n to account when

performing measurement

with a long

sh i e l d

wire .

Since

t he

sh ie ld

wire

normal ly

in

use has

a

capaci ty

of

about

100 pF

per

meter ,

i t s e f fe c t

on

the

c i r cu i t

to

be

measured

cannot be ignored.

Use a probe to minimize t he e f fe c t ion t he c i rcu i t .

o When t he l ength

of

t he

sh ie ld wire used

or when

the length

of

the

non-terminated cable reaches

1/4

wave l ength or i t s mul t ip les within the band

of V-l050

type

1/4 wave l ength

i s

about 0.5 meter

when using a coaxia l cable

a t 100 MHz),

o s c i l l a

t ion may be caused near 5 mY/DIY range.

This i s

caused

by

t he reasonance between the ex t e r na l l y

connected high-Q

inductance

and t he

input

capaci ty and can be avoided

by reducing

the

Q

Connect t he

cable or sh ie ld

wire

to the input

connector by

way of a s e r i a l l y connected 100

to 1 re s i s to r , or

perform

measurement a t other

VOLTS/DIY

range.

3)

Caution

for

using

t he

measured

s igna l

as

an

externa l t r ig g e r s igna l

When using t he measured s igna l connected to the


13/52

INPUT and EXT TRIG connectors as

an e x te rn a l

t r igge r s ig n a l , use a d iv id e r so t h a t the

both

connectors

are

not connected di rec t ly . Other

wise, the measuring waveform may be dis to r ted

or osc i l l a ted .

6

easuring Procedure

The

f i r s t th ings to do are as fol lows.

o Adjusts the br igh tness and FOCUS in condi t ion

for easy

read

out .

o Display the waveform as la rge as poss ib le to

minimize the

read

er ro r .

o

Check

the capac i ty correc t ion when

using

a probe.

(Refer to

Paragraph

(1) When using a probe of

Sect ion 5. Method for connect ing s ig n a l

fo r

the

method

for

correct ing capaci ty . )

(1)

DC

vol tage

measurement

Set

AC-GND-DC swi tch to GND and

decide the

zero

l ev e l

proper ly .

Set

VOLTS/DIY appropr ia te ly and se t AC-GND-DC

to

DC

Since

the

b r ig h t l i n e sh i f t s here by

t h e amount

of DC vol tage ,

the DC

vol tage

of

the

s ig n a l can be

obta ined

by mult ip ly ing the sh i f t

width by the ind ica ted value of VOLTS/DIY.

When VOLTS/DIY i s 50 mY/DIY, then 50 mY/DIY x

4.2 = 2l0mV

(However, i f the

probe AT-lO AE

1.5

(10:1)

i s in use , the

t ru e value of

the

s ignal becomes

10 t imes

t h e value, i t wil l be

50

mY/DIY

x

4.2

x

10

=

2 . lV. )

11


14/52

1 0 ~ ~ - + - r Y - + - ~ h c l - + - L

O ~ ~ - + - r ~ + - r - ~ ~

DC voltage

Zero level

(reference

l ine)

2) AC

vol tage measurement

12

The same

as

paragraph 6 1) ,

DC

vo l tage mea

surement , but

here those

i s

no

need

o f

match

ing the

ze ro l eve l

with the sca le l i ne . Move

the zero l eve l a t wi l l to a posi t ion easy to

observe.

In the drawing as

fo l lows,

VOLTSjDIV

i s

IVjDIV,

IVjDIV x 5 = 5 Vp-p [50 Vp-p a t using the probe

AT-IO'AE 1. 5 10: 1)

1.

When magnify ing and

observ

ing a

small-ampli tude

s igna l

superinposing

as

inc reases ,

se t AC-GND-DC swi tch

to

AC. The DC

vol tage i s cut of f and AC vo l tage can be

observed by

inc reas ing

sens i t i v i ty .

100

90

ft\

f - ----

-

-

- -

-

i f

- 'Lt

IJ

\- -

- -

- - - r

U

>

0

- -

--\

1

0

0

- -- - -

-

-

- - - -

-

(3) Period measurement

This wi l l

be

exp la ined

tak ing the drawing a t

fol lows

as

an example

100

90

- - - -

- - -

- - - -

- -

111

i l l

/ \

11\

J

ilL

I \ I

\

-

- -

/ \

I \

J

I

\

\

\

j

10

0

-- - - - - -

-

Time A Time B

- - - -

-

One per iod cover s the

t ime

A and

t ime B,

which

are

sepa ra ted

from each

othe r

by 2.0

DIV

on the

CRT.

When

the

sweep

t ime

i s ImsjDIV,

the pe r iod

i s

given

by

1 msjDIV x 2.0

2.0

ms

2.0 x

10-3

s


15/52

\

(4)

Accordingly,

the

f requency

i s

1 / 2 .0

x

10-

3

)

=

500

Hz

(However, when the

knob

MAG x 10 i s a t pul led

out

posi t ion ,

TIME/DIV must be converted

to

1/10 s ince the sweep i s magnif ied . )

Measurement of t ime di f fe rence

Trigger ing s i gna l

source

"SOURCE" i s s e l ec t ed

as

of fe r ing re fe rence s igna l when measuring the

t ime di f fe rence between

two

s igna l s . Assume

tha t pulse

t r a i n s

as shown in a) . Then

(b)

shows

the

case

when

CHI i s taken

as

the t r i g -

ger ing s i gna l

source and c) the

case

where

CH

i s t aken.

:

CHI

I I

1Pu u u L

I

, ,

caz,

-

I l a)

'

CH

I ,

CHI

, - + - - - - - -

,

,

I

,

I

I

--

"

Time

difference

CHZ

b)

CHZ

(c)

This

means t ha t

CHI

i s

used as

the t r i gger ing

signal

when i nves t iga t ing the l ength of

t ime

by which the s igna l of CH i s

delayed

from the

s i gna l of CHI. CH i s used in the reversed

case.

In other

words, the

s igna l l eading in

phase i s

se l ec t ed

as

the t r i gger ing

s i gna l

source.

I f

t h i s

process i s

reversed ,

the por t ion to be

measured may sometimes

not

appear

on

the screen .

Thereaf te r , equa l i ze

the

ampl i tudes

of

the

two

s igna l s

appear ing

on the screen or superimpose

one

another .

Read the t ime di f fe rence

by

the i n t e rva l

between 50% ampl i tude poin t s of the

two

s ignals .

Sometimes

the

super imposing

method i s

more

con

venient

from the

point of view of procedure.

rn.eft

difference Equalize

amplitudes

J.:::: V y VAR

Equal

amplitude

measuring method Superposition measuring method

13


16/52

{ C au t i ons

)

Since

the

pulsed

wave conta ins many

h igh

f requency wave

components higher

harmonics)

depending on i t s width or

per iod ,

pay

t he

same

a t t e n t io n as given to high f requency s igna ls

when

handling

it.

Accordingly, use

a

probe

or coaxia l

cable and shor t en

the ea r t h

l ead wire as much as

poss ib le .

(5) Measurement of r i s e fa l l ) t ime

14

To measure

t he

r i s e t ime

pay

a t ten t ion not only

to t he above mentioned i tems but a lso

to

mea

surement

e r ro r .

The fo l lowing re l a t io n s h ip

ex i s t s

between

the

r i s e

t ime Trx of

t he waveform to be measured,

t he

r i s e t ime Trs of osc i l loscope ,

and t he

r i s e t ime Tro di sp layed on the screen.

When

t he

r i s e t ime

of

the

pulse

going to

be

measured i s

su f f i c i en t ly longer

than t he

r i s e

t ime of

the

osc i l loscope 3.5ns in our case) ,

t he

ef fec t

of the r i s e t ime of the osc i l loscope

on

the

measurement can

be

neglec ted .

However,

i f both are

c lose to

each other , measurement

e r ro r may

be

caused.

The

t r ue r i s e t ime i s

given by

Trx = Tro2 -

Trs2

Moreover,

in

genera l ,

in a c i r cu i t

f ree

from /

waveform d i s to r t io n such overshoot and sag, (

the

fo l lowing

re l a t io n s h ip

i s

es t ab l i shed

between frequency band

and

r i s e

t ime.

fc

x

tr

=

0.35

where,

fc

Frequency

band

(Hz)

t r

Rise t ime s )

The r i s e t ime

and f a l l

t ime

are

determined by

t he

t ime elapsed between t he 10 to 90 values

of pul se

width .

(6)

Measurement

of

s ing le -shot s igna l

Single sweep i s convenient ly used in the measure

ment

and

photography of

s ing le -shot

s igna l ,

wave

form of remarkably non-uniform

re p e t i t io n

(such

as impulse waves, sound

waves,

switch

noise

waves).

Fi r s t se t A TRIG MO E on

t he

f ron t

panel

to

NORM

and t he

e f fe c t synchroniza t ion by

using a

s igna l o r

r ep e t i t i v e

waveform

of

about

the same

leve l

and

by ro ta t in g LEVEL.

('

Next, se t A TRIG MO E

to

SINGLE

and

depress

RESET but ton

to

i nsure

tha t sweep

i s

made on and


17/52

')

~ ; - ; .

only one t ime. Then remove the ve r t i c a l axis

input s i gna l (by, for example, s e t t i ng AC-GND

DC swi tch

to

GND depress SINGLE RESET and

insure

t ha t

READY LAMP goes

on.

When

apply

t he

input s i gna l ,

sweep

i s made for

one t ime and

READY LAMP

goes out. Since

sweep

i s a l so made a t

no s i gna l

time depending

on

the

level , do

not

r o t a t e

LEVEL once SINGLE

RESET

i s completed .

(7)

Trigger ing

of complexed

waveform

In t he

case

shown in the Fig. (a ) below where

waveforms gr ea t l y

d i f fe ren t

in ampl i tude a l t e r -

nate ,

the waveform

i s doubled

i f the t r igger

l eve l i s

not

s e t

proper ly .

In the

case where

the

t r igger

l eve l

i s

s e l ec t ed

as Y

l i ne two

waveforms, one

s t a r t i ng

with A and advancing to

B, C D E, F and t he o the r

s t a r t i ng wi th

E and advancing to F, G H I .....

w i l l

appear

a l t e r n a t e l y on

the screen . They

w i l l

be

doubled

as

shown in

Fig.

(b) , for which no

t r i gger ing

can be t aken.

In

such

a case , r o t a t e LEVEL clockwise un t i l

the

t r i g g e r

l eve l

comes

to

Y l i ne . Then

the

waveform

on

t he screen

becomes

the one

i s

shown in

Fig.

(c)

fol low

which s t a r t

wi th B

B \ H N f \

Y

Trigger

level

A 7 C i c ; d } i ~

Y se t t ing

l ine

Ca

Signal waveform

(b)

When

the t r igger

set t ing level is Y

(c)

When

the

t r igger

se t t ing level

is y

Trigger ing of complexed waveform

and

advances

to C E, F and

which

a l lows

synchroniza t ion .

(8)

Phase sh i f t between

two s i gna l s

To

measure

a

phase sh i f t between two s i gna l s of

the same

f requency,

the dual

t r ace

d i sp l ay

system can be

u t i l i z e d up

to the upper

l im i t

frequency of the ampl i f i e r .

F i r s t ,

pos i t ion

both s i gna l s on t he cent

er l i ne

of the s ca l e , e .g . j u s t 4 div , as

shown

in the

fo l lowing

f igure

by means

of the

VARIABLE

and

hor izonta l pos i t ioning

knobs.

Next,

s e t the

dis tance

where the center of the

waveform of the base channel in te r sec t s wi th

t ha t

of

the sca le to

8 div

hor i zon t a l l y .

15


18/52

16

CHI

Bas

e)

CH2

~

~

1.

\

\.

V

I

/

\1 \

l

/

- - - - - >

Phase di ffe

~ n c e

0.7 div

8dlv (360 )

------ )

As shown in the

above

f igure , se t 1

cycle ,

360

to

8 div .

360

Then, 8div = 45 /d iv .

Accordingly, t he

phase

di f fe rence

in

the above

example

can be ca l cu l a t ed as fo l lows:

Horizontal

dis tance on

the

screen:0 .7 div

Phase

di f fe rence = 45/DIV x

0.7

div = 31.5

I f

t he por t ion of the

phase di f fe rence i s much

smal l er , use t he MAGNIFIER a t the xlO pos i t ion

in t he above

se t t i n g . At

t h i s

t ime, 360

i s

di sp layed

in 8 div

xlO.

360

Then, 8 divxlO = 4.5/DIV (0 .2 div=0.9)

9) Measurement

by X-Y

opera t ion

The phase s h i f t between two

s igna ls

of the same

f requency can al so be measured

using a

Lissa jou s

f igure

by X-Y

opera t ion .

A s ine wave input

i s

appl i ed

to the

audio

c i r cu i t being te s ted . The

same

s ine

wave input

i s appl i ed to t he

v er t i ca l input of

t he

o sc i l

loscope,

and the

output of

the

t e s t e d c i r cu i t

i s

appl i ed

to

the hor izonta l i nput of

the

o s c i l

loscope. The

amount

of phase

di f fe rence between

the

two

s i gna l s

can be

ca lcu la ted

from

the

re s u l t in g wave form.

1. Using

an

audio s i gna l genera tor

with a

pure

s inusoida l s igna l , apply a s ine wave t e s t

s igna l a t t he des i red t e s t f requency to

t he

audio network being te s ted .

2. Set

t he s igna l genera tor

output

for the

normal

opera t ing

l eve l of the

c i r cu i t

being te s ted .

I f des i red , t he c i r c u i t s output

may

be observed

on

t he

osc i l loscope . I f

t he t e s t

c i r cu i t

i s

over-dr iven , t he

s ine wave disp lay on

t he

o s c i l

loscope

i s cl ipped and t he s igna l

leve l

must be

reduced.

~ :

3.

Connect t he

Channel 2

probe

to the output of

the

t e s t c i r cu i t .


19/52

4.

Set

the

DISPLAY to X Y

posi t ion .

5. Connect the Channel

1 INPUT

probe to the input

of the t e s t c i r c u i t . The inpu t and output t e s t

connect ions to the

ve r t i c a l

and hor izonta l

osc i l loscope

inputs

may be reversed .)

6. Adjust

the

Channel 1 and 2 gain cont ro l s

for

a

su i tab le viewing

s i ze .

7.

Some

t yp ica l

r e s u l t s are

shown

in

Fig . b ) . I f

the

two

s igna l s

are in phase,

the osc i l loscope

t r ace

i s a s t r a i gh t diagonal l ine. I f the ve r -

t i c a l

and

hor izonta l gains a re proper ly

adjus ted ,

t h i s

l ine i s

a t a

45

angle.

A

9 phase

sh i f t produces a

c i r cu la r

o s c i l l o -

scope pa t t e rn . Phase

sh i f t

of l e s s or more)

than 9 produces an e l l i p t i c a l osc i l loscope

pa t t e rn .

The amount of phase sh i f t

can be

ca lcu la t ed

from

the osc i l loscope t r ace

as

shown

in

Fig . a ) .

SINE

WHERE

B

A

PH SE

NGLE

Fig . a)

Phase sh i f t ca l cu l a t i on

/

O MPLITUDE

DISTORTION

MPLITUDE

DISTORTION

NO

PH SE

SHIFT

NO PH SE SHIFT

180

0

OUT OF PH SE

NO

MPLITUDE DISTORTION

PH SE SHIFT

0

MPLITUDE

DISTORTION

90

OUT O PH SE

PH SE

SHIFT

Flg. b) Typical phase measurement

osc i l loscope d i sp lays .

17


20/52

10) How to use TV exc lus ive synchron iza t ion

Cl)

On

the

image waveform

of TV

si

ynchronizing

signal

pulse

SYNC

pulse

~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - l V v e r t i c a l )

18

In the work

concerned

with TV, complexed s igna l s

con ta in ing

video

s igna l ,

blanking pedes ta l

s igna l ,

and synchronizing s ignal

a re of t en

measured.

However,

s ince

the

waveform

i s com-

plexed , a spec i a l

c i rcu i t i s

needed to e f f ec t a

s t ab l e t r i gge r ing with ve r t i c a l

waveform.

Dif fe rence in

the

c i r c u i t s

Exclus ive circuit for

conventional

osc i l lograph

l

X CIU

.

i V ~ circuit

for

this.

lDstrument

f-----.------ ----------. ~ r i n c i p l e drawing t. :

General

circl l l t i- iffiPl s y n c ~ r 0 1 1 1 z 1 n g

TV exclus ive synchronizing

Clrcult separator

c i rcu i t

- - - - - - - 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Video

s lgnal

.

To

t r i gger

c i r cu i t

I

To t r i gge r c i r cu i t

~ ~

I

Hard

to synchronize

because video s ignal

is

applied

direc t ly

as tr igger

s ignal .

I

SLOPE

SYNC

Peak

Detec tor

I

Synchroniza t ion is more

I

Sta b l e t r i g g e r i n g ~

I

easi ly

effected

than

in obta ined, after d e ; ~ t e d

the

c i rcu i t shown

at the

peak

of

SYN

pulse

i l e f t because the

s igna l

then

the tr igger

l evel

in

I

integrated to

remove

feed back roap of opera-

I hlgh frequency com- t i ona l

ampli f ier

should

L-. . .L

I pOTIents be f ixed i t s SYN t ip.

(


21/52

,)

Operat ion

To observe

ver t ical

signal

I

I

I I

I

A TRIG MODE:

TV

COUPLING:

TV V

LEVEL: PULL

TV -)

TIME:

O.lms/DIV -

O.2S/DIV

To observe

horizontal

signal

-

jm

mill

I

Will

IIlllll

---,

I

I

U

A TRIG MODE:

TV

COUPLING: TV H

LEVEL:

PULL

TV -)

TIME: 5 0 ~ s D I V -

20ns/DIV

Generaly , v ideo s i gna l o f TV has negat ive

synchroniz ing

s ignal . Use a t pu l l

out

pos i t ion which i s A TRIG LEVEL knob.

I f

the video s i gna l i s inver ted then A TRIG

LEVEL i s

depressed.

sign l

4 synchronizing

s ign l

Example

of

Example

of

-) synchroniging signal

+)

synchronizing signal

I f the

sync

and blanking pulses a re

pos i t ive se t

the swi tch

to

TV +).

19


22/52

1 1 Operat ing procedure

of

delayed

sweep

Used to

magnify

and

observe

any

por t ion

of a

complexed

waveform in hor izonta l

d i r ec t i on .

There a re

two

kinds

o f

t ime delay

sweep;

one i s

AUTO

t ime delay

sweep continuous t ime

delay

sweep) and

the

other

TRIG

t ime delay

sweep t r i g -

ger ing t ime delay sweep).

These

are se lec ted by

MODE

switch of B

TRIG.

TRIG t ime

delay

sweep i s

fu r the r

c lass i f i ed in to

two, the INT

CHI,

CH2

in te rna l

t r i gge r ing

t ime

delay sweep) and EXT ex te rna l t r i gge r ing

t ime

delay

sweep). Usual ly,

t he instrument i s used

in

AUTO

mode.

Although

the .

AUTO t ime

delay

sweep

i s

easy to

opera te the

maximum

magnif ica t ion f ac to r

i s

l imi ted by delayed jitt r r o l l i ng ) t o a few

hundred t imes) . On the o the r hand, s ince

no

jitt r

i s

generated in TRIG t ime

delay sweep,

t h i s sweep

has

the fea ture

of

being enabled

to

inc rease

the magnif ica t ion fac tor . However, the

magnif ica t ion f ac to r

i s

l imi ted by

the br ightness

of CRT

to

a few thousand t imes) .

i)

At t ime of AUTO continuous t ime

delay sweep)

Effec t

t r i gge r ing

by

A

sweep and

se t

the

knobs

as fol lows.

20

B TRIG

MODE

DISPLAY

A TIME/DIV

B TIME/DIV

AUTO

INTEN

Choose

A TIME/DIV prope r ly

Set B TIME/DIV a t

a

more rapid

sweep t ime than the one s e t by

A

TIME/DIV

Then the high br ightness por t ion of

A sweep wil l

appear wi thout

f a i l

i f

not , adjus t

INTENSITY).

Rotate

DLY TIME

POSITION

knob the

cent e r

FINE

i s for f ine ad jus tmen t ) . The high br ightness

por t ion

wi l l move cont inuously. Bring t h i s high

br ightness por t ion

to the pos i t ion

des i red to

be

magnif ied, switch

DISPLAY

to

B. Then the

high

br ightness

por t ion

i s

magnif ied

to

occupy

the fu l l

a rea

of

the screen. The sweep t ime

i s

the indica ted

value

o f B TIME/DIV.


23/52

)

,

:

/

i-----:::==========t-Bright

port on

A INTEN ALT B ~

~ )

A INTEN

ALT Blx-vl

~

D

At

t ime

of

TRIG TRIGGERING

t ime delay

sweep)

Effec t TRIGGERING

with

A

sweep

and set the knobs

as fo l lows.

B TRIG MODE

DISPLAY

A TIME/DIV

B TIME/DIV

TRIG (INT or EXT)

INTEN

Chose

A TIME/DIV proper ly .

Set

B TIME/DIV a t a more rap id

sweep

t ime than

the

one se t

by

A

TIME/DIV.

SLOPE Set SLOPE e i t he r to + or to -

Thereaf te r ,

ro ta te LEVEL. The high

br igh t -

ness

por t ion

o f

A sweep w i l l

appear wi thout

f a i l .

(This

s t a t e i s ca l l ed t he B- t r i gge r ed

s t a t e . Rotate DLY TIME POSITION knob.

The high br ightness

por t ion

w i l l move

con

t inuous ly .

Fur ther

ro t a t ion

w i l l br ing t h i s

por t ion

to the next

peak .

Therefore, br ing

t h i s

high

br i gh t port ion to

a

pos i t ion

des i red to be

magnif ied

and

then

se t DISPLAY

a t B. The high br ightness

por t ion

i s

magnif ied to occupy the fu l l area of the

screen . The sweep t ime for t h i s case

i s the

value

ind ica ted

by B

TIME/DIV.

The

gen

lock ing

i s

f ixed a t AC

A INTEN B X - Y

c _ - - - - ' ~

A INTEN B X - Y

- - - - - = ~ = - - - - ~ )

* The case in which SLOPE

is +

is

shown

21


24/52

ALT

sweep

22

This ALT

sweep

i s displayed

A sweep

and

B

(delayed) sweep a l t e r na t i ve l y .

Belowing

f igures

are showing

when

CHI to

be

put t r i ang l e waveform

and CH

to

be

put

r ec tangula r waveform.

a)

Normal

observat ion

A INTEN ALT B X-Y

1)lI

(b) Prepared to magnify

A INTEN

LT

B X-Y

(lI J )

c)

(b) and in tens ive

display in a l te r -

na t ive ly sweep

A INTEN

ALT

B X-Y

1)i lJ)

CHI A sweep

CH

sweep

I 7 I - A A A . q , . . . . , . ~ < J 7 M CHI A sw p

H-t-+-+-+-+-++--t--I

CH sweep

CH

B sweep

(d) Only displayed

a t

in tens ive par t

A IETEN ALT B X-Y

lI J

)

When DISPLAY swi tch

i s

se t

the

ALT,

displaying

s ignal of B sweep

can

be

cont rol

the pos i t i on

The

range

of

lower three

Then depress

come

to

sc reen

in

t o t a l l y 8 t r aces

to observe.

These new 4

t r aces are

A

and

B sweep

of

CH3

and

CH4.

to ea s i l y

observe

by

TRACE

SEP.

posi t ion

be

s h i f t to

upper

and

divis ions

compere the

A

sweep.

the TRIG VIEW

switch,

4 t r aces

Note.

In case of ALT sweep, t r aces display a l t e r na t e l y

when low t ime-sweep opera t ion .

Use

the

range of O.2ms/DIV to highe r of TIME/DIV

switch.

f


25/52

,

8

Magnif icat ion of TV

s igna l

Model

V-I050 has the fol lowing

th ree

methods

to

s e l e c t

and disp lay

the

magnif ied

image of

any

l i ne of TV

s ignal .

_____________ Me

t

hod

e t t i n g ~

A

TIME/DIV

Using externa l

t r igger

Cl

5

ms/DIY

2

ms/DIY)

A TRIG INPUT CH

Apply

V

synchronizing

s igna l

CH3)

A

TRIG

SOURCE

A TRIG

MODE

A TRIG

COUPLING

A TRIG

HOLD

OFF

A TRIG LEVEL

SLOPE)

B

TIME/DIV

B TRIG MODE

B

TRIG IN CH4)

B TRIG LEVEL

SLOPE)

DISPLAY

DLY

TIME MULT

EXT

AUTO

or

NORM

DC

Adjust

u n t i l the doubled

image

of f ie lds

1 and 2

disappear

Adjust corresponding

to V

syn

chroniz ing

s i gna l

lOIlS/DIV

EXT

TRIG NOTE 1

H synchronizing s igna l

Adjust u n t i l the

magnif ied

por

t ion in disp lay

After s e t t i ng with

INTEN the

pos i t ion to be magnif ied, se t

DISPLAY

to

B

Set

the des i red magnif ica t ion

pos i t ion

Using

externa l

t r i gge r 2)

Same

as

l e f t

Apply complexed video s igna l or

complexed synchronizing

s igna l

negat ive)

EXT

TV

TV-V

Same as l e f t

No

opera t ion

i s needed

Same

as

l e f t

INT NOTES

and 2)

Not

needed

No opera t ion i s

needed

Same

as

l e f t

Same

as

l e f t

NOTE

1)

AUTO i s a l so poss ib le . Although B TRIG needs no

in t h i s case, jitt r w i l l appear .

NOTE

2) The

separa ted H

synchroniz ing s igna l i s appl ied to

B synchroniz ing c i rcu i t .

Using

i n t e rna l

t r igger

Same

as

l e f t

Not

needed

CHI

or

CH

Same

as

l e f t

Same

as

l e f t

Same

as l e f t

No

opera t ion

i s needed

Same

as

l e f t

INT NOTES

and

2)

Not

needed

No

opera t ion

i s needed

Same

as l e f t

Same as l e f t

23


26/52

(12)

24

With a conventional t ime delay sweep osc i l lo

scope

only the

method

of Using externa l t r i gge r

(1) can be appl i cable . ( In many cases t h i s

cannot

be app l i cab l e . )

In

Model

V-I050

the

methods

Using externa l

t r i gge r

(2)

and

Using

in te rna l

t r i gge r

can

be

prac t ized

besides the one

mentioned

above.

This

make Model

V-I050

very easy to

opera te .

How

to

use TRIG VIEW

Vert ica l MODE

ALT o r

CHOP

TRIG VIEW

PUSH

~ - j )

A TRIG

SOURCE EXT

A TRIG MODE

AUTO

B

TRIG

MODE EXT

(CH4

input )

Adjust A TRIG LEVEL. Then four synchronized

waves

can

be observed.

100

90

10

0

L

l l l L

L

l l l

L

\

1\

\

/1\

1\

\

\i \

\

\

r-- I- -

;

r-

f -

f

~ C H 3

Input

Signal

~ C H l

Input

Signal

~ C H

Input

Signa l

~ C H 4

Input

Signal

Rotate A TRIG LEVEL clockwise . The

CH3

input

s igna l on the sc reen

moves

downward t).

Rotate A TRIG LEVEL counterc lockwise .

Then

the

input s ignal moves

upward t). In

t h i s case,

the TRIGGERING point

i s

near the indica ted 100

sca le

of

the screen,

A TRIG LEVEL

must

be

adjus ted to br i ng

CH3 input s ignal near

100%'s

l i ne of the screen in orde r to ef fec t

t r i gge r ing .

I f it s h i f t s from the neighborhood i t s no t r i g

ger ing

wil l

be ef fec ted .

(NOTE)

In

some cases the

waveform

of t r i gge r s ignal

moves s l igh t ly

when opera t ing

POSITION knob of

CHI and CH2.

This

movement wi l l a l so be made

when

swi tch ing TRIG COUPLING from

AC

to DC

or

vice

versa .

f

.


27/52

7

Panel escriptions

1)

Power Supply and CRT

Operat ing vol tage

and

fuse

This model can be opera ted from e i t he r

a

100

:

vo l t

a

120-vo l t

a

220-volt or

a

240-vol t

nominal l ine

vol tage source.

The

Line Voltage

Selec tor

assembly

on

the

r ea r

panel

conver ts the instrument from one

opera t ing

range

to

the other . In addi t ion

t h i s assembly changes the

primary

connect ions

of the

power t ransformer to

al low

se l ec t ion of

one of four regula t ing ranges.

a l so inc ludes the l i ne fuse .

The assembly

Use the

fol lowing

procedure to convert t h i s instrument between

nominal l i ne vol tages

or

regula t ing ranges.

1. Disconnect

the

instrument from the power source.

2.

To convert

from

lOO-volts nominal to 220-vol t s

nominal l i ne vol tage or v ice

ve r sa

pu l l

out

the

Voltage Selec tor switch turn it, and plug

it back in to

the remaining holes . Change the

l i ne - co r d power plug

to match

the power-source

receptac le .

,, ) 3. Before apply power to the ins t rument

check

t ha t

the i nd i ca t i ng t abs

on

the

r ea r

panel .

C )

POWER/INTENSITY

Turns the

power on or

off and

cont ro l s

the

br ightness

of the

CRT disp lay . Clockwise ad jus t

ment increases br ightness .

@

Pi lo t lamp

Lights when the instrument power i s on.

FOCUS

Provides adjustment for

optimum disp lay d e f i n i

t ion .

TR CE ROT TION

Correc ts

s l igh t

t i l t i n g

of

t r ace

caused

by

ex t e r na l magnet ic f ie lds .

25


28/52

SCALE ILLUM

Controls g ra t i c u le i l lumina t ion . Useful to

i l lumina te

t he

g ra t i c u le

when

viewing

in

a dark

area , photographing.

TRACE FINDER

Compress

di sp lay wi th in

g ra t i c u le

area ,

indepen

dent ly of

d i sp lay por t ion

or appl i ed

s igna ls .

2) Ver t ica l def lec t ion

j)

CHI

OR

[ ] INPUT

This

i s

an input

plug

for use with the CHI

v er t i ca l

ampl i f ie r and X-axis hor izonta l ax is )

ampl i f ie r during X-Y opera t ion .

CH OR [Y INPUT

This i s

an input p lug

for use

with

t he

CH

v er t i ca l ampl i f ie r

and

Y-axis v er t i ca l axis )

ampl i f ie r

during

X-Y

opera t ion .

AC-GND-DC

26

Alterna t ing Current-Ground Switch-Direct

Current)

Switches t he

coupling

of the s igna l fed to the

v er t i ca l

axi s input .

DC coupling i s obta ined on

t he

DC pos i t ion . On

AC

pos i t ion , the d i re c t

cur ren t

component i s

blocked

by

a

capac i tor .

The

GND pos i t ion

grounds t he

input of the ampli

f i e r s and opens the input terminal

VOLTS/DIY

CHI or 0

sen s i t i v i t y switch)

This

i s

a knob for switching the sen s i t i v i t y of

the

input

s igna l

fed

to CHI. Switching

ac t ion

i s

accomplished in

ten s teps

from

5mV/DIV to

5V/

DIV. On X-Y opera t ion ,

t he

kaob funct ions to

change

t h e . sen s i t i v i t y of the X-axis .

CH2 or [Y sen s i t i v i t y

switch)

This

i s

a knob

for

swi tching

the

sen s i t i v i t y

of

the input

s i gna l

fed to CH2. Switching

act ion

i s

accomplished

in ten s teps from 5mV/DIV to 5V/

DIV. On X-Y

opera t ion ,

t he

knob

funct ions to

change

t he sen s i t i v i t y of t he Y-axis . To mea

sure by t he use

of

the ind ica ted vol t age s e n s i -

t i v i t y ,

be sure

to s e t each of the

VARIABLE

to

CAL pos i t ion by

t u rn ing

fu l ly clockwise . I f t he

s igna l

i s appl i ed to t he input t e rminal

by

t he

use of a

1/10

low

capaci t ance probe, t he va lues

are

ten t imes

t he

ind ica ted vol t age .

VARIABLE

This

i s

a v er t i ca l axis sen s i t i v i t y f ine adjus t -

ment

which

i s capable of a t tenua t ing to le ss

than

1/2 .5

by

ind ica t ion

of

each range

of VOLTS/

DIV. To measure a

vol t age

by

t he use of vol t age

sen s i t i v i t y ind ica ted

by

VOLTS/DIY,

t u rn the

c


29/52

VARIABLE clockwise fu l ly to CAL.

@

POSITION, PULL

xlO

MAG

CHI # Ver t ica l pos i t ion

adjus tment )

With the knob turned

c lockwise ,

the waveforms

of CH-l move upward. When t he

knob

i s turned

counte rc lockwise , the waveforms move downward.

CH2 i t Ver t i c a l

pos i t ion

adjus tment )

Clockwise ro t a t ion wi l l move

pa t t e r n up, and

counterc lockwise

ro t a t ion wi l l move pa t t e r n

down

When the knob

i s

pul led ,

the

ve r t i c a l ax i s

s e ns i t i v i t y

a t each range

of

VOLTS/DIY i s

increased

by 10

t imes .

INote

I

1.

When

measuring

a t 5 mY/DIY 5

V/DIY range,

use

t he x l

(PULL xlO

MAG swi tch

i s

depressed

posi ion) . Otherwise

the

S /N

and frequency

bandwidth of

i ns t rument

wi l l

be decreased .

2.

In

case

of the observat ion of s i gna l s

in

the

h igh -sens i t i v i ty range of 5 ~ V

to

2mV/DIV and

in

the

CHOP MODE

t

i s sometimes d i f f i c u l t to

get

s t ab le

synchroniza t ion

due

to

noises

caused

by

the high ampl i f i ca t i on o f ve r t i c a l

ampl i f i e r .

In

t he se

cases :

a

. .

Put a

high l eve l of s i gna l s inchronized with

the

observ ing

s igna l i n to the A

EXT

TRIG

t e rminal or CH2 t e rminal (when

us ing

CHI) as

t r i gge r

s igna l

source .

b. In

case of obse rving low

frequency

s i gna l s

under

4kHz, s e l e c t

HF

REJ

of

A TRIG COUPLING.

c .

In

case of

obse rving

s i gna l s

over

4kHz,

s e l e c t ALT of ve r t i c a l MODE.

MODE

o CHI

Only

the input s i gna l

app l i ed t o

CHI i s

displayed.

o CH2, I

X-YI

Only the input s i gna l app l i ed t o CH2 i s

displayed.

o

ALT

CHI and

CH2 s i gna l s are d isp layed

a l t e r n a t e l y

on

consecut ive

sweeps.

o CHOP

CHI and CH2

s igna l s

are d isp layed

s imul taneous ly

by

swi tching

between

channel s

a t

about

250

kHz

r a t e .

27


30/52


31/52

TR CE

SEP

B sweep

o f

the posi t ion

adjus tment knob

when

LT sweep

mode.

I N o t ~ e instrument has a sp ec i a l c o n t ro l system to

easy observe

a t

high

speed sweep range

when

DISPLAY

i s

se t

to

LT

o r B.

Therefore,

the

t r aces i s st ll

remained

when

decrease the

INTENSITY to minimum.

A

TIME/DIV Sweep speed se l ec t i o n )

The oute r

knob

c o n t ro l s the

A

Main)

sweep ra te ,

which has from

20 ns/DIV

to

0.5 s/DIV

se lec t s

23 f ixed sweep

speeds .

@ l B

TIME/DIV

The

inner

knob

contro l

the B

Delayed)-Sweep

ra te .

PULL

SWP

V R

Provides cont inuous adjus tment of

A sweep TIME/

DIV between ca l ib ra t ed p o s i t i o n s ,

when

the

inner shaf t

i s a t p u l l . Counterc lockwise ro ta

t ion to

the f u l l de lays the sweep by

2.5

t imes

or more.

Normally,

the

inner shaf t i s l e f t

depressed.

V R HOLD OFF

Increases

th e

t ime

between sweeps and

a ids t r i g

ger ing

on

complex

disp lays such as h ig h - f r e

quency s ig n a l , i r r e ~ u l r

s ig n a l and dig i t a l

words.

Rotate the

V R HOLD OFF s l i g h t l y to

obta in a

s t a b i l i z e d

t r igger ing .

Normally,

leave

t h i s knob ro t a t ed

to MIN

FINE

@

PULL xlO

M G

POSITION

This knob i s used to ad jus t pos i t ion

o f

the

disp lay hor izon tal ly . I t

i s

indespensable in

th e measurement of the t ime

o f

waveform.

Display i s

moved toward r igh t

when the knob i s

ro t a t ed

clockwise

and toward

l e f t with counter

clockwise ro ta t ion .

The

o u te r

shaf t

i s

for

course

adjus tment and inner shaf t for f ine

adjus tment .

A

and

B

sweep

are magnif ied 10

t imes by

pul l ing

out

FINE

knob i n n e r sh af t ) of

POSITION.

In

t h i s

case

the

sweep

t ime

i s

1/10

of the value

ind icated

by

TIME/DIV. Bring t h e

port ion

o f

the waveform des i red to be magnif ied

observed to the ou te r of the sca le

by

opera t ing

POSITION

of t h e h o r iz o n ta l

ax is .

Next

switch

xlO M G

switch

to PULL pul led

ou t

s t a t e ) . Then the waveform

p laced

a t the

cent

e r

i s magnif ied in

r igh t

and l e f t d i rec t i o n s .

The sweep

t ime

in

t h i s

case

i s

10

t imes

the

sweep speed obta ined by TIME/DIV,

in

o th e r words,

the

reading i s 1/10 o f

the sweep

t ime ind ica ted .

29


32/52

100

90

100

90

/

I

..

-

/

\

1/

c

\

\

I

@DLY TIME MULT

30

This

cont rol i s used

to s e t

the delay

t ime of

B sweep s t a r t ing point with

r e spec t

to A sweep

s t a r t i n g

point . When the above mentioned

DISPLAY

i s

s e t

in

INTEN

or

B.

4) A

Trigger ing

@ SOURCE

This

switch

i s

used

to

s e l ec t the t r i gge r ing

s ignal

source

A

Sweep.

o CHI Used

when

t r igger ing

i s made by

observing

s ignal

for

CHI

o

CH2

Used when t r igger ing i s made by observing

s ignal for

CH2.

o LINE

Used when

observing a s ignal t r iggered with

the f requency of mains AC POWER).

o

EXT Used

when

t r igger ing

i s made

by

a s ignal

appl i ed to

EXT input connector , indepen-

dent ly from observat ion s ignal .

o EXTdO

Attenua tes

externa l

TRIG INPUT

s ignal

by

a

f ac to r of

10.

@TRIG

INPUT

CH3)

Input

te rminal for

use

for

externa l

t r i gge r ing

s ignal of A sweep.

@COUPLING

This switch

i s used

to s e l ec t

the

coupling mode

of A sweep t r i gge r ing s igna l .

o

AC

At

t h i s se t t i ng

both

the

DC

component and

C

the very

low

f requency

of t r igger ing

s ignal

are

cut of f .


33/52

oHF REJ

Among the

C

components

o f

t r i gger ing s igna l ,

the

high frequency components of

about

4

kHz

or

more are

a t tenua ted .

A s t a b i l i z e d t r i gge r

ing

unaf fec ted

by noises of

about

4

kHz

or

more

can be obta ined.

oLF

REJ

Among the C components o f the

t r i gger ing

s igna l

the

low

frequency

components o f

l e s s

than

about

4

kHz are a t tenua ted .

A s t a b i l i z e d

t r i gger ing f ree from

noises

o f l e s s

than

about

4kHz can

be obta ined.

oDC Trigger ing

s ignal

i s ampl i f ied unchanged.

oTV-H

oTV-V

This

s e t t i ng

i s used when t r i gger ing

with a

very

low

f requency

s igna l or when

ef fec t ing

DC

l ike

t r i gger ing .

This s e t t i ng

i s used when

obse rv ing the ent i r e

hor izonta l picture

of v ideo

s ignal .

This

s e t t i ng

i s used when observing

the e n t i r e

ve r t i c a l

p ic tu re

o f

video s ignal .

INote

I

Both

s e t t i ng

wi l l be

combinated with

TV

pos i t ion on A TRIG MODE

switch.

@ A TRIG LEVEL

This

knob

i s

used to

dec ide

a t which por t ion

of

the waveform shou ld the

sweep

the

s t a r t e d

by

s e t t i ng t r i gge r

level .

This

knob

i s a l so

enabled

to

switch

SLOPE

Depressed

pos i t ion

normal

s t a t e )

i s

for

SLOPE and

PULL

pos i t ion s t a t e

in

which the

knob i s

prot rud-

ing) i s for

SLOPE

*Exp lana t ion o f t r igger po la r i ty SLOPE

Push

a t t ime of

8

SLOPE

Pul l

a t t ime

o f

8 SLOPE

31


34/52

* Explanat ion of t r i gge r l eve l LEVEL.

/ -+ \At the

t ime

of

o

\ GSLOPE

. - . 1

32

A TRIG MODE

o UTO

o NORM

The

ins trument

i s brought in to automat ica l -

ly t r i gge r ing

sweep in

which

sweep

i s

always conducted.

In the presence

of

t r i g .

gered s ignal , normal t r i gge red

sweep

i s

ob ta ined

and

the

waveform

s tands

still

In the case

of

no

s igna l o r out of t r i g -

ger ing,

sweep

l i ne wi l l appear au tomat i -

ca l ly .

This

s e t t i ng i s convenient

in

usua l cases .

Triggered

sweep

i s ob ta ined and

sweep

i s

conducted only when t r i gge r ing

i s

ef fec ted .

No sweep l i ne wi l l appear in

the case

of

no

s igna l or out of synchron iza t ion . Use

t h i s MODE when e f f ec t i ng synchron iza t ion

to a very low

f requency

s ignal 30 Hz or

l ess ) .

o SINGLE

Conducts

sweep for

one

t ime

by

t r i gge r

s ignal .

o RE DY

At

t ime of SINGLE t h i s

lamp

i s

lit to

show

the

ins trument i s ready

for

s ing l e

sweep. The lamp goes out when the sweep

i s

s t a r t ed .

o RESET At t ime of

SINGLE the RE DY

lamp goes

on by depress ing t h i s switch.


35/52

o TV

Used

when watching t he TV video) s i gna l .

in t h i s case , must be s e l e c t the

TV-V

or

TV-H.

5)

B

Trigger ing

0 B TRIG

CH4)

INPUT

Input t e rminal

for

ex t e r na l

t r i gger ing

s i gna l

for

B

sweep.

Use

it

a f t e r

s e t t i ng

B TRIG MODE to EXT.

B TRIG

MODE

o AUTO B

sweep

i s automat ica l ly

s t a r t e d a f t e r

e laps ing

the delay t ime determined

by

A

sweep and

DLY TIME

POSITION. Usual ly ,

the ins t rument

i s

used a t t h i s

se t t i ng .

o TRIG CH1, CH2

CHl or

CH2 t r i g g e r s i gna l can be s e l ec t ed

independent of

A TRIG SOURCE. Moreover,

In

case observe the video

s igna l , B

sweep should be t r i gge r ed on

TV-H

syn

chroniz ing s i gna l

i ndependent ly of

CHl

or CH2 pos i t i on

as fol lowing

condi t ions .

A TRIG

MODE TV

A TRIG COUPLING: TV-V

B TRIG MODE

CHl o r CH2

o

TRIG EXT For externa l

t r igger ing .

Synchro

niza t ion i e f f ec t ed by apply ing

the input s i gna l i t s e l f or

other

s i gna l

which i s in teger

t imes of

input s i gna l in t ime.

Trigger ing

coupl ing

i s AC f ixed .

This

s e t t i ng

i s

used

when

performing delay t ime

sweep

magnif ica t ion by removing

j i t t e r s .

B TRIG LEVEL

6) Miscel laneous

This knob

i s

used

to

de te rmina l

the por t ion

of

the t r i gge r s i gna l

of

B

sweep

where the

sweep

i s to

be s t a r t ed . This knob

has

no

r e l a t ionsh ip when B TRIG MODE

i s

s e t

a t AUTO Switching

of

s lope

is made

s imul taneous ly by

t h i s

knob. Depressed pos i t i on i s for

8

SLOPE

and

PULL

pos i t ion for

G SLOPE.

~ X T BLANKING

This

i s a

t e rminal for applying

BNC Connector) a

blanking s i gna l from an ex t e r na l

source . The

t r ace

displayed

on

the

sc reen

may

be

i n t ens i ty -

modulated where pulse s igna l or

33


36/52

t ime-scale

marks are required.

V AC s ignal applied

at

the

connector

on the rear of the osci l loscope wil l

provide al ternate

brightness

and blank

ing of

the

t race . Posi t ive voltage

input

decreases

brightness.

t tGATE

OUT A Provides a rectangular output of

TTL

level coincident

with

the

A gate.

B Provides a

rectangular

output

of TTL

l eve l coincident with the B gate .

.

CAL

O.5V

Output

terminal

of ca l ibra t ion

square

wave of

about

1kHz

and

O.5V. I t

has

a

t ip t e r ~ i n a l

I t

i s

used to ca l i -

brate the probe combination .

GND

Earth terminal of

the osci l loscope.

34

Handle

The handle

of the V-I050 can be

posit ioned for

carrying

or

as a t i l t s tand for the

instrument.

To pos i t ion

the

handle press in at both pivot

points and turn

the

handle to the

desired

posi t ion. Posi t ions are

provided for

convenient carrying

or

viewing.

/

\ ;


37/52

8 Specifications

o

CRT

Type

Hitach 150BNB31 rec tangular

mesh type tube

with

20

kV acce l e r a t i on po ten t i a l and

metal

backed

phosphor .

Screen type

P31

phosphor

s tandard

Useful screen area

8 x

10 div l d i v =

10mm)

Grat icu le

In t e rna l

g r a t i c u l e with cent imeter div i s ions

and mm subd iv i s ions a long the

cen t ra l axis

10 and 90 l ines

are

ind ica ted .

I l l umina t ion

cont inuous ly

var iab le .

Focussing

Poss ib le

with

automatic

focus

cor rec t ion

c i r c u i t )

Trace ro t a t ion

Scale i l lumina t ion

Brightness adjustment

Z-AXIS

Present

Var iable

Poss ib le

DC-coupled,

pos i t ive-going s i gna l

decreases

in tens i ty : 5Vp-p

Signal

causes not iceable

modulat ion

a t

normal

i n t ens i ty : DC to 3.5MHz.

Input

impedance

Maximum

input vol tage

Coupling

Approximately

15

kQ

20

V (DC +

AC peak)

DC

o VERTICAL DEFLECTION 2 Iden t i ca l Channels)

Bandwidth and

Rise t ime

DC to a t l eas t

100MHz

and r i s e t ime 3.5ns or

l e s s .

DC

to

a t l eas t

5MHz

and

r i s e

t ime

70ns

or

l e s s a t magnif ie r ex tends .

Lower

-3dB poin t ,

AC

coupl ing 10Hz or l e s s .

Deflec t ion Factor

5mV/div to

5V/div

in 10

ca l ib ra t ed s t eps ,

1-2-5

sequence. Uncal ibra ted continuous cont ro l

extends

def lect ion factor

to a t l eas t 12.5 Volts

per

div i s ion

in

the

5

Vol t s /d iv

posi t ion .

xlO

magnif ie r

increases

s e ns i t i v i t y of

each def l ec

t ion factor

s e t t i ng

to 5 0 0 ~ V / d i v .

Accuracy

x l

+lOC to

+35C)

xlO

+lOC to +35C)

OC

to

+50C)

OC to +50C)

Addi t ional

er ro r

for magni f ie r

Display modes

CHI,

CH normal

or

inver t ) ,

Alterna te ,

Chopped

250kHz ra t e ) ,

Added

Input Impedance

IM

ohm

~ 1 . 5 in

pa r a l l e l

with

28pF

+3PF.

35


38/52


39/52

A Trigger

Source

In ternal ChI, Ch2),

Line,

Externa l ,

Externa l

10

A Trigger Slope

+ or -

TV

Sync

Po la r i t y

TV +)

or

TV -)

Trigger ing leve l

var iab le

range

For

both

A and B. In ternal ;

+4div

or more

Externa l ; approximately +lV

E x t e r n a l ~ l O ; approximately

+lOV

Trigger ing se n s i t i - For

both

A and

B.

However,

v i ty

and

f requency

)

i s

only

for

B

Frequency In t e rn a l

Externa l E x t e r n a l ~ l O

DC 30Hz)

-

10MHz

0.3

div 50

mV 500

mV

10

MHz

-

100MHz 1.5 div

150 mV

1.5 V

TV-V

s e n s i t i v i t y :

SYNC

sec t ion l e s s than 0.7div

or 200mV

AUTO

low band

A Trigger

Coupling

Approximately

30Hz

When Time

Base

A

i s

20ns/DIV

to 2ms/DIV)

AC : 30Hz to

f u l l

bandwidth

HF

REJ: at tenuates s ignals

below

approx 4kHz

LF REJ: at tenuates s ignals

above

approx 4kHz

DC : 0 to fu l l bandwidth

A Externa l Tr igger

Input

Impedance

IM ohm ~ 2 0 in

p a r a l l e l

with 28PF ~ 6 P F However,

s e t t i n g

HF

REJ and LF REJ

are

not inc luded .)

Maximum

Input Vol tage

250V DC + AC peak a t 1kHz o r l e s s )

500Vp-p AC a t 1kHz

or

l e s s

B Trigger Modes

and Source

Automatic,

Normal

ChI,

Ch2,

Externa l)

B

Trigger

Slope

or

-

Trigger Coupling

AC

only;

30Hz

to

fu l l

bandwidth

o X-Y OPERATION CHI; Horiz. CH2;

Vert . )

Def lec t ion Fac tor

Same as

v e r t i c a l

def lect ion

Accuracy

Y: +2 +lOC to +35C), OC to +50C)

X: +lOC to +35C), OC

to +50C)

X-Bandwidth

DC

to

a t l eas t

2MHz

Phase Error

3 or l e s s from DC to 2MHz

37


40/52

o CALIBRATOR

0 . 5 V ~ 1

Frequency

l k H z ~ l square wave

Rise t ime 5ps or l e s s

o

OUTPUT

SIGNALS

A GATE

OUT

TTL OUTPUT (74LSOO

with

OUTPUT s e r i e s

r e s i s t ance 100D

B

GATE OUT

TTL

OUTPUT

7400

with OUTPUT s e r i e s

r e s i s t ance 100D

o POWER SUPPLY

VOLTAGE 50/60Hz)

FUSE

100 V ( 90 - l lO V) 2A

120 V 108 -

132

V)

2A

220

V

199

-

242

V)

lA

240 V

(

216

- 264 V) lA

Nominal

vol tage

+

5

a t 400Hz

o Power supply

Power

supply

frequency

Power consumption

50, 60, 400Hz

Approximately

60W

o ENVIRONMENT

38

Limit of

opera t ion

temperature

Limit of opera t ion humidi ty

OC - 50C

35 - 85

Rated range of use temperature

Rated range

of use

humidi ty

Storage temperature

o DIMENSION AND WEIGHT

310w x 180h x 410d mm

12.2w

x

7.1h

x

16.1d

in

10.2kg 22.5 Ibs

10C - 35C

45 - 85

-20C

-

+70C


41/52

9

Users

djustments

1) TRACE

ROTATION

Adjust the TRACE ROTATION on the f ron t

panel

when

s l i g h t

t i l t i n g

of

the t r ace i s caused by

t h e e f fec t of

ex ternal

magnet ic

f i e lds .

Make cer t a in tha t t i l t i n g of the t races i s not

caused by the e f fec t of unusually s t rong

ex ternal

magnet ic f i e lds

due to the posi t ion

of

the

osc i l loscope .

2)

ASTIG ADJUSTMENT

Set t h e

knob

DISPLAY switch

to

X-Y and MODE

switch to CH X-Y

obse rv ing

t h e spot

on

the

c e n te r of t h e screen .

RVI038

ast igmat ism adjus tment

provides

optimum

spot

POWER/INTENSITY roundness when used in con

junc t ion with

Oscilloscope Traning Manual

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