Os Lab Manual-1

8/12/2019 Os Lab Manual-1

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CONTENTS

Exercise

NoTitle of Exercise

Page

No

CYCLE I

1 BASIC LINUX COMMANDS

2 SHELL PRORAMMIN

3 UNIX SYSTEM CALLS

4 UNIX I!O SYSTEM CALLS

5 SIMULATION O" UNIX COMMANDS#ls$ gre%&

6 CPU SCHEDULIN ALORITHMS '"C"S

7 CPU SCHEDULIN ALORITHMS (S)"

8 CPU SCHEDULIN ALORITHMS (Priorit* sc+e,-li.g.

CYCLE ' II

9CPU SCHEDULIN ALORITHMS ' Ro-., Ro/i.

sc+e,-li.g

10

INTER PROCESS COMMUNICATION USIN SHARED

MEMORY

11 INTER PROCESS COMMUNICATION USIN PIPES

12

PRODUCER' CONSUMER PROBLEM USIN

SEMAPHORES

13IMPLEMENTATION O" PAE REPLACEMENT

ALORITHMS'"I"O

14IMPLEMENTATION O" PAE REPLACEMENT

ALORITHMS'LRU

15 MEMORY MANAEMENT SCHEMES ' II

16 "ILE ALLOCATION TECHNI0UES

AUMENTED EXPERIMENTS

17 DEAD LOC1 ( BAN1ER2S ALORITHM

18 DININ PHILOSOPHERS PROBLEM

Ex3No45

CS 2257 OPERATING SYSTEMS LAB 1


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Date4

53 BASIC LINUX COMMANDS

O/6ecti7e

To stu! "##$%$&t t!'$s o# (NI)*LIN() +o,,-& s!&t- -& +/$+ t/$ out'uto# $-+/ +o,,-&.I.tro,-ctio. to UNIX O%erati.g S*ste8

A& O'$%-t"& S!st$, OS +-& $ $#"&$ -s - so#t-%$ '%o%-, $s"&$to +o&t%o t/$ /-%-%$ ,-&-$ t/$ s!st$, %$sou%+$s -& su'$%"s$s "&t$%-+t"o& $t$$&t/$ s!st$, -& "ts us$%s.T*%es of O%erati.g S*ste8

Si.gle User O%erati.g S*ste8s-%$ t/os$ /"+/ -%$ us$ "& PCs.

E.OS

M-lti User O%erati.g S*ste8s -%$ t/os$ /"+/ +-& /-&$

,ut"'$ us$%s -s $ -s '$%"'/$%-s s",ut-&$ous!. E.(NI)"-.ctio.s of a M-lti -ser O%erati.g s*ste8

Iso-t"& t/$ us$% #%o, t/$ /-%-%$.

P%o""& - t%-&s'-%$&t -!$% to +o,,u&"+-t$ "t/ /-%-%$.

S+/$u"& t-ss o# -%"ous us$%s. M-&-"& %$sou%+$s -& -o+-t"& t/$, to -%"ous us$%s.

R$so"& +o"+t"& %$:u$sts o# -%"ous us$%s.

Mo&"to%"& -& -u"t"& s!st$, o'$%-t"o&s

Str-ct-re of UNIX O%erati.g S*ste8

1er.el

;$%&$ #o%,s t/$ +o%$ o# t/$ (NI) o'$%-t"& s!st$,. T/"s "&t$%-+ts "t/ t/$/-%-%$. It "s o-$ "&to t/$ ,$,o%! /$& - s!st$, "s oot$. Its #u&+t"o&s -%$

M$,o%! M-&-$,$&t


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P%o+$ss S+/$u"& -& M-&-$,$&t

M-&-"& =-%-%$ $"+$s.

Ao+-t"& t",$ #o% "##$%$&t us$%s -& '%o+$ss$s

S+ell

T/$ S/$ "& o&$ -!$% -o$ t/$ $%&$. It -+ts -s - +o,,-& "&t$%'%$t$% #o% t/$+o,,-& "&'ut ! t/$ us$%. T/$ S/$ t-$s t/$ us$% +o,,-& -s "&'ut "&t$%-+ts "t/ t/$$%&$ us"& s!st$, +-s -& t/$ $%&$ "& tu%& "&t$%-+ts "t/ t/$ /-%-%$.A"t"o&-! s/$ +o&t-"&s - '%o%-,,"& -&u-$ /"+/ $&-$s us$%s to %"t$ s/$

s+%"'ts o& t/$"% o&.T/$ (&" S/$ '$%#o%,s t/$ #oo"& #u&+t"o&s>

It -+ts -s +o,,-& "&t$%'%$t$%

It $'-&s t/$ -%"ous ,$t- +/-%-+t$%s us$ "& #"$ o'$%-t"o&s "$ ?@ $t+

It "s %$s'o&s"$ #o% %$"%$+t"& t/$ out'ut o# o&$ +o,,-& -s t/$ "&'ut o# -&ot/$%

+o,,-& "& - %$"%$+t"o& o% #"t$%"& o'$%-t"o& "&"t"-t$ #%o, t/$ +o,,-&'%o,'t.

It "s %$s'o&s"$ #o% $$+ut"& t/$ s/$ s+%"'ts /"+/ us$ t/$ '%o%-,,"&

-&u-$ o# t/$ s/$

It "s %$s'o&s"$ #o% s$tt"& u' t/$ $&"%o&,$&t #o% t/$ us$%.

T/$ ,ost ",'o%t-&t s/$s -%$ t/$ Bou%&$ S/$ C s/$ ;o%& s/$ $t+.

"eat-res of UNIX OS

9 M-ltitas:i.g

Mut"t-s"& "s t/$ +-'-""t! o# t/$ o'$%-t"& s!st$, to '$%#o%, -%"ous t-ss."$.A s"&$ us$% +-& '$%#o%, -%"ous t-ss.

9M-lti'-ser ca%a/ilit*

T/"s -oss$$%- us$%s to us$ t/$ s-,$ +o,'ut$% to '$%#o%, t/$"% t-ss.9Sec-rit*

E$%! us$% /-s - o"& &-,$ -& - '-sso%. So -++$ss"& -&ot/$% us$%s -t- "s",'oss"$ "t/out '$%,"ss"o&

9Porta/ilit*

(NI) "s 'o%t-$ $+-us$ "t "s %"tt$& "& - /"/ $$ -&u-$ . So ()I) +-&$ %u& o& "##$%$&t +o,'ut$%s.

9Co88-.icatio.4

(NI) su''o%ts t/$ #oo"& +o,,u&"+-t"o&s." B$t$$& t/$ "##$%$&t t$%,"&-s +o&&$+t$ to t/$ (NI) s$%$%."" B$t$$& t/$ us$%s o# o&$ +o,'ut$% to t/$ us$%s o# -&ot/$%

Progra88i.g facilit*4

(NI) "s /"/! '%o%-,,-$ t/$ (NI) s/$ '%o%-,,"& -&u-$ /-s - t/$&$+$ss-%! "&%$"$&ts "$ +o&"t"o&- -& +o&t%o st%u+tu%$s Loo's -& -%"-$s.

Str-ct-res of a UNIX file s*ste8

$ " $t+ /o,$ "& t,'

*" "%-%! #"$s



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*$ Co&t-"&s #"$ t/-t "& /-%-%$ $"+$s*t,' t$,'o%-%! sto%-$ o# #"$s*/o,$ us$% /o,$ "%$+to%"$s

etti.g starte, ;it+ UNIX

S"t+/"& t/$ s!st$, ON " '%o"$ t/$ us$% "t/ logi.'%o,'t. =$%$ $ $&t$%t/$ o"& &-,$. T/$& "t '%o,'ts #o% t/$ '-sso%. T/$ '-sso% "s &ot $+/o$ o& t/$s+%$$& to '%ot$+t t/$ '%"-+! o# t/$ -%. I# ot/ -%$ +o%%$+t t/$& $ " $t t/$ S'%o,'t.

UNIX Co88a.,s

Basic Co88a.,s

I file a., Director* Relate, co88a.,s

5& %;,

T/"s +o,,-& '%"&ts t/$ +u%%$&t o%"& "%$+to%!.

S!&t-> D ' It "s'-!s #"$s /os$ $"&s "t/ F s'$+"#"$s &u,$% o#+/-%-+t$%s.

Ds %?>T/"s "s'-!s #"$s /"+/ -%$ /-"& % #%o, s$+o& +/-%-+t$%"%%$s'$+t"$ o# 1st+/-%-+t$%.

= s@-,F4It "sts #"$s /os$ &-,$s $"& "t/ -'/-$ts #%o, - to ,

D s @H- F>L"st - #"$s &ot $"& "t/ +/-%-+t$% - to .Ds L"sts t/$ #"$s "& t/$ o& #o%,-t. It "s t/$ -! o# +o&t%o"&

-++$ss"""t! o# #"$ $-+/ o# %ou's -& ot/$%.Ds t "sts "& t/$ o%$% o# -st ,o"#"+-t"o& t",$Ds L"sts "%$+to%! "&st$- o# +o&t$&tsDs u L"sts "& o%$% o# -st -++$ss t",$

>& c,

T/"s +o,,-& "s us$ to +/-&$ #%o, t/$ o%"& "%$+to%! to -&! ot/$% "%$+to%!

s'$+"#"$.

D+ "%$+to%!&-,$?& c, 33

T/"s +o,,-& "s us$ to +o,$ out o# t/$ +u%%$&t o%"& "%$+to%!.

D+ ..

@& 8:,ir

T/"s +o,,-& /$'s us to ,-$ - "%$+to%!.



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D,"% "%$+to%!&-,$

& r8,ir

T/"s +o,,-& "s us$ to %$,o$ - "%$+to%! s'$+"#"$ "& t/$ +o,,-& "&$. It

%$:u"%$s t/$ s'$+"#"$ "%$+to%! to $ $,'t! $#o%$ %$,o"& "t.

D%,"% "%$+to%!&-,$

& cat

T/"s +o,,-& /$'s us to "st t/$ +o&t$&ts o# - #"$ $ s'$+"#!.

D+-t @o't"o&@#"$

D+-t #"$&-,$(s$ to "s'-! t/$ +o&t$&t o# t/$ #"$

D+-t J #"$&-,$ T/"s "s us$ to +%$-t$ - &$ #"$.

D+-t JJ#"$&-,$ T/"s "s us$ to -''$& t/$ +o&t$&ts o# t/$ #"$

& c%

T/"s +o,,-& /$'s us to +%$-t$ u'"+-t$ +o'"$s o# o%"&-%! #"$s.

D+' sou%+$#"$&-,$ $st"&-t"o"$&-,$& 87

T/"s +o,,-& "s us$ to ,o$ #"$s #%o, o&$ '-+$ to -&ot/$% '-+$ R$&-,"&.

D, sou%+$#"$&-,$ $st"&-t"o"$&-,$

5& l.

T/"s +o,,-& "s to $st-"s/ -& -"t"o&- #"$&-,$ #o% t/$ s-,$ o%"&-%! #"$.

D& #"%st&-,$ s$+o&&-,$

55& r8

T/"s +o,,-& "s us$ to $$t$ o&$ o% ,o%$ #"$s #%o, t/$ "%$+to%!.

D%, @o't"o& #"$&-,$D%, " -ss t/$ us$% "# /$ -&ts to $$t$ t/$ #"$ ,$&t"o&$.D%, % R$+u%s"$! $$t$ t/$ $&t"%$ +o&t$&ts o# t/$ "%$+to%! -s $ -st/$ "%$+to%! "ts$#.

5


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II& Process a., stat-s i.for8atio. co88a.,s

5& ;+o

T/"s +o,,-& "$s t/$ $t-"s o# /o - /-$ o$ "& to t/$ (NI) s!st$,

+u%%$&t!.

D /o

MM>SS K! L-st to ""ts o# t/$ !$-%

?& ec+o

T/"s +o,,-& " "s'-! t/$ t$t t!'$ #%o, t/$ $!o-%.

D$+/o

E> D$+/o =-$ - &"+$ -!

Out'ut> =-$ - &"+$ -!

@& Exec-ti.g 8ore co88a., at a ti8e4

T/$ s$,"+oo& o'$%-to% o$%+o,$s t/$ ","t-t"o& o# $$+ut"& o&! o&$+o,,-& -t - t",$.SYNTAX4

D +o,,-&1 D +o,,-&2D '/o

& t%-t a., clear4

It +$-%s t/$ s+%$$& -& '-+$s -D '%o,'t -t $#t to' +o%&$% o# s+%$$&

SYNTAX4

D t'ut +$-%D+$-%



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& cale.,ar 4 cal4

It "s us$ to $$' t%-+ o# ou% -!s "t "s'-!s s'$+"#"$ ,o&t/ o# !$-%.SYNTAX4

D +- ,o&t/ o% !$-% & calc-lator4 /c4

O##$%s o& o&"&$ +-+u-to% -& +-& $ "&o$ ! +o,,-& $ +-+u-to%"s '%o%-,,-$ -& /-s +o,'$ #u&+t"o&s.SYNTAX4

D + & Re',irecti.g sta.,ar, o-t%-t to a file>

SYNTAX4

D +o,,-& J #"$.T/$ s!,o J "s t/$ %$"%$+t"o& o'$%-t"o&. It s$&s t/$ out'ut o#

t/$ +o,,-& to - #"$ -s - $"+$ su+/ -s '%"&t$% "s t!'$ $t+SYNTAX4

D s J#"$&-,$

II Text relate, co88a.,s

53 +ea,

T/"s +o,,-& "s'-!s t/$ "&"t"- '-%t o# t/$ #"$. B! $#-ut "t "s'-!s #"%st t$& "&$s

o# t/$ #"$.

D/$- @+ou&t @#"$&-,$

D/$- 3 #"$&-,$ J"s'-!s #"%st 3 "&$s o# t/$ #"$


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D#"& t!'$ o't"o&

T/"s o't"o& "s us$ to "$&t"#! /$t/$% t/$ &-,$ o# #"$s s'$+"#"$

-%$ o%"&-%! #"$s o% "%$+to%! #"$s. I# t/$ &-,$ "s - "%$+to%! t/$& us$

t!'$ -& "# "t "s - #"$ t/$& us$ t!'$ #.

D#"& ,t",$ o't"o&

T/"s o't"o& " -o us to #"& t/-t #"$ /"+/ /-s $$& ,o"#"$

$#o%$ o% -#t$% - s'$+"#"$ t",$. T/$ -%"ous o't"o&s --"-$ -%$ ,t",$

&o& - '-%t"+u-% -!,t",$ K&$#o%$ - '-%t"+u-% -!,t",$ &-#t$%

- '-%t"+u-% -!

D#"& $$+ o't"o&

T/"s o't"o& "s us$ to $$+ut$ so,$ +o,,-&s o& t/$ #"$s t/-t -%$

#ou& ! t/$ #"& +o,,-&.

D#"& D=OME '%"&t " "sts - #"$s "& !ou% /o,$ "%$+to%!.

D#"& *o% &-,$ +/-'t$%1 '%"&t " "st - #"$s &-,$ +/-'t$%1 "& *o%"%$+to%!.

@& Diff

"## +o,,-& " +o,'-%$ t/$ to #"$s -& '%"&t out t/$ "##$%$&+$s $t$$& t/$,.

=$%$ I /-$ to -s+"" t$t #"$s. #"$o&$ -& #"$ to.

D"## #"$o&$ #"$to

6C8% +o,,-&.+,' +o,,-& +o,'-%$s t/$ to #"$s. D +/,o 777 #"$1

G"$s #u '$%,"ss"o& to o&$% %ou' -& ot/$%s

D +/,o o #"$1

R$,o$s %"t$ '$%,"ss"o& #o% ot/$%s.



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D +/,o o K #"$1

A $$+ut$ '$%,"ss"o& to ot/$%s.

F Usef-l Co88a.,s4

5& =exit

E&s !ou% o% o& t/$ (NI) s!st$,.


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wweyuerzzz

Options:

"&o%$s $-"& s'-+$s -& t-s.+ +/$+s /$t/$% #"$s -%$ -%$-! so%t$. "&o%$s 'u&+tu-t"o&." "&o%$ &o&'%"&t"& +/-%-+t$%s& so%ts "& -%"t/,$t"+ o%$%.

ofile'ut out'ut "& - #"$.K, @, s"'s & #"$s $#o%$ so%t"& -& so%t u'to #"$ 'os"t"o& ,.% %$$%s$s t/$ o%$% o# so%t.u "$&t"+- "&$s "& "&'ut #"$ -''$-% o&! o&$ t",$ "& out'ut.$ sort input1.txt input2.txt > output.txt


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T/$ u&": #"t$% +o,'-%$s -W-+$&t "&$s "& t/$ so%t$ "&'ut #"$ -& /$& us$ "t/

"##$%$&t o't"o&s "s'-!s s"&$ -& ,ut"'$ o++u%%$&+$s.

"s'-!s o&! t/$ "&$s /"+/ -%$ u'"+-t$ "& t/$ "&'ut #"$.

u "s'-!s o&! t/$ "&$s "t/ s"&$ o++u%%$&+$s.

uniq %$,o$s u'"+-t$ -W-+$&t "&$s #%o, - #"$. T/"s #-+""t! "s,ost us$#u /$& +o,"&$ "t/ sort>

$ sort input.txt # uniq > output.txt

?3 Pg a., 8ore filter

T/$s$ +o,,-&s "s'-! t/$ out'ut o# t/$ +o,,-& o& t/$ s+%$$& '-$ ! '-$.

T/$ "##$%$&+$ $t$$& ' -& ,o%$ #"t$% "s t/-t t/$ "$"& s+%$$& o# t/$ -tt$% +-& $

o&$ ! '%$ss"& s'-+$ -% /"$ t/-t o# t/$ #o%,$% "s o&$ ! '%$ss"& $&t$%.

@3 C-t co88a.,

O&$ '-%t"+u-% #"$ #%o, -&! #"$ o% #%o, out'ut o# -&! +o,,-& +-& $

$t%-+t$ -& "s'-!$ us"& t/"s +ut +o,,-&. O&$ '-%t"+u-% +/-%-+t$% +-& -so $

$t%-+t$ us"& t/$ + o't"o& o# t/"s +o,,-&.

D+ut options@#"$s

#o% $-,'$ "# - #"$ &-,$ t$st#"$ +o&t-"&s

this is firstlinethis is seondline

this is thirdline

E-,'$s>D+ut +14 t$st#"$ " '%"&t t/"s to st-&-% out'ut s+%$$&tststs

It "s '%"&t"& +ou,&s 1 -& 4 o# t/"s #"$ /"+/ +o&t-"&s t -& s '-%t o# this.Options:

+ list+ut t/$ +ou,& 'os"t"o&s "$&t"#"$ "& "st.

# list " +ut t/$ #"$s "$&t"#"$ "& "st.

s +ou $ us$ "t/ # to su''%$ss "&$s "t/out $","t$%s.

3 Tr co88a.,

T/"s +o,,-& "s us$ to t%-&s-t$ +/-%-+t$%s t-$& #%o, t/$ st-&-% "&'ut. T/"s

+o,,-& /$& us$ "t/ s o't"o& "s us$ to s:u$$$ ,ut"'$ s'-+$s "&to - s"&$

s'-+$.

= tr Ka'G KA'

/" " -, X"$



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HI I AM VIVEK

/-t - ,-"+

WHAT A MAGIC Press

& Paste Co,,-&.P-st$ +o,,-& ,$%$ t/$ "&$s o# o&$ o% ,o%$ #"$s "&to $%t"+- +ou,&s

s$'-%-t$ ! - t-.

#o% $-,'$ "# - #"$ &-,$ t$st#"$ +o&t-"&s

this is firstline

-& - #"$ &-,$ t$st#"$2 +o&t-"&sthis is testfile2

t/$& %u&&"& t/"s +o,,-&D'-st$ t$st#"$ t$st#"$2 J out'ut#"$" 'ut t/"s "&to out'ut#"$this is firstline this is testfile2

"t +o&t-"&s +o&t$&ts o# ot/ #"$s "& +ou,&s.D;+o %aste " "st us$%s "& to +ou,&s.

Options:

+/-% s$'-%-t$ +ou,&s "t/ +/-% "&st$- o# - t-.s ,$%$ sus$:u$&t "&$s #%o, o&$ #"$.



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Exercises

P-%t I1. C%$-t$ - "%$+to%! +-$ stu. C/-&$ to stu "%$+to%!. X$%"#! /$t/$% !ou /-$C/-&$ to t/$ stu "%$+to%!. R$tu%& to !ou% o%""&- "%$+to%!.2. C%$-t$ - #"$ +-$ to'. "s'-! t/$ #"%st "&$s #%o, t/$ $"&&"& o# t/$ #"$ -& t/$ -stt/%$$ "&$s o# t/$ #"$ to'.3. L"st t/$ +o&t$&ts o# - #"$ #%o, t/$ #ou%t/ "&$ to t/$ $& o# t/$ #"$ to'. L"st t/$+o&t$&ts o# - #"$ #%o, t/$ s$$&t/ "&$ o# t/$ #"$ to'.4. C%$-t$ - #"$ +-$ "st /"+/ +o&t-"&s s-,'$ -t- -s #oos>

1. "s'-! t/$ +o&t$&ts o# t/$ #"$ so%t$ -++o%"& to t/$ ,-%s "& t/$ $s+$&"&o%$%.

2. "s'-! t/$ &-,$s o# t/$ stu$&ts "& t/$ -'/-$t"+- o%$% "&o%"& t/$ +-s$s.3. "s'-! t/$ "st o# stu$&ts /o /-$ s+o%$ ,-%s $t$$& 50 -& 80.

4. "s'-! t/$ "st o# stu$&ts -& t/$"% %$"st%-t"o& &u,$%s. 5. So%t t/$ #"$ -++o%"& to t/$ t/"% #"$ -& u,' "& to - #"$ +-$ +o$.5. C%$-t$ - #"$ +-$ '-+$s /os$ s-,'$ -t- "s -s #oos -& -&s$% t/$ :u$st"o&s$o.

Bo,-! I&"- 45677 As"-;-%-+/" P-"st-& 54876 As"-N-"%o/" ;$&!- 32196 A#%"+-

1. L"st t/$ $t-"s #o% t/$ +ou&t%"$s (SA ;$&!- -& C-&--.2. L"st t/$ $t-"s #o% t/$ +o&t"&$&t -s"- "&o%"& t/$ +-s$.3. "s'-! t/$ "st o# t/os$ +ou&t%"$s /os$ 'o'u-t"o& "s $t$$& 40000 -&

60000.4. Et%-+t t/$ "&$s /"+/ $& "t/ "-.

6. C%$-t$ - #"$ $,' -s "$& -& -&s$% t/$ :u$st"o&s $o.E0001> ,--&> ,t> 5000

E0010> --&> -++t> 7000

1. So%t t/$ #"$ o& t/$ $,'o!$$ $'-%t,$&t -& "s'-! t/$ &-,$ o# t/$$,'o!$$ -& t/$ $'-%t,$&t.

2. L"st t/$ $,'o!$$s /o $-%& $t$$& 4000 -& 6000.3. So%t t/$ #"$ o& t/$ $,'o!$$ &-,$ "& t/$ %$$%s$ o%$% -& $t%-+t t/$"% +o$s

-& t/$"% &-,$s.7. /-t "s t/$ +o,,-& to $ "$& "# $ -&t to "s'-! t/$ $&t"%$ t$t o# - #"$ "&tou''$% +-s$?

8. "s'-! t/$ -t$ "& ,,**!! #o%,-t -o& "t/ t/$ '%$s$&t t",$ "& AM*PM.

9. L"st t/$ -%"ous #o%,-ts o# -t$ +o,,-&.



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EX3 NO4 T-$ t/%$$ &os -s &1&2&3.

2 Is &1 "s %$-t$% t/-& &2 -& &3 "# !$s '%"&t &1 "s "$st &o oto st$' 5

ot/$%"s$ oto &$t st$'





EN



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Scri%t4



20/65

O-t%-t4

E.ter t+e 7al-e of a4


21/65


22/65

Scri%t4



23/65

O-t%-t4

$&t$% t/$ &u,$%

6

T/$ #-+to%"- o# 6 "s 720

Res-lt4



24/65


25/65

Scri%t4



26/65

O-t%-t4

E.ter t+e .-8/er of ter8s 4

5

5

@

5>


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ARMSTRON NUMBER

Ai84

To %"t$ - s/$ s+%"'t to +/$+ /$t/$% t/$ &u,$% "s A%,st%o& o% &ot.

Algorit+84

1 START> R$- t/$ -u$ o# & -ss"& [0 -& +[&.

2 Co&st%u+t - /"$ oo' -s

F C-+u-t$ [ & 10

F


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Scri%t4



29/65

O-t%-t4

E.ter t+e .-8/er

>5

>5 is a. Ar8stro.g .-8/er

E.ter t+e .-8/er>

> is .ot a. Ar8stro.g .-8/er

Res-lt4



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PALINDROME

Ai84

To %"t$ - s/$ s+%"'t to +/$+ /$t/$% - st%"& "s - '-"&%o,$ o% &ot..

Algorit+84

1 START> R$- st%"& -s st%.

2 -ss"& st% to st%1

3 C-+u-t$ $&t/ o# st%

4 I&"t"-"$ /"$ oo' -s

F (s"& t$,'o%-%! -%"-$ %$$%s$ t/$ st%"&

F $+%$,$&t $&t/ ! o&$

5 C/$+ "# %$$%s$ [ st%1

F I# t%u$ t/$& oto st$' 7

6 "s'-! st%"& "s &ot '-"&%o,$. Goto st$' 8.

7 "s'-! st%"& "s '-"&%o,$.

EN



31/65

Scri%t4



32/65

O-t%-t4

E.te t+e stri.g 4

8ala*ala8

t+e gi7e. stri.g is %ali.,ro8e

Res-lt4



33/65

Ex3No4>

Date4

UNIX SYSTEM CALLS

Ai84

%"t$ - '%o%-, us"& t/$ #oo"& s!st$, +-s.

Descri%tio.

S*ste8 Calls

/$& - +o,'ut$% "s tu%&$ o& t/$ '%o%-, t/-t $ts $$+ut$ #"%st "s +-$ t/$\\operatin! syste. It +o&t%os '%$tt! ,u+/ - -+t""t! "& t/$ +o,'ut$%. T/"s "&+u$s/o os "& /o "ss -%$ us$ /o ,$,o%! "s us$ /o t/$ CP( "s us$ -& /o!ou t- "t/ ot/$% +o,'ut$%s. T/$ o'$%-t"& s!st$, $ us$ "s +-$ (&".T/$ -! t/-t '%o%-,s t- to t/$ o'$%-t"& s!st$, "s "- \\syste "alls. A s!st$, +-oos "$ - '%o+$u%$ +- s$$ $o ut "ts "##$%$&t it is a re-est to t+eo%erati.g s*ste8 to %erfor8 so8e acti7it*.

get%i,

E-+/ '%o+$ss "s "$&t"#"$ ! - u&":u$pro"ess id+-$ - '". T/$ "&"t '%o+$ss /"+/"s t/$ su'%$,$ '-%$&t to - '%o+$ss$s 'os$ss$s " 1. A ot/$% '%o+$ss$s /-$ so,$ ot/$%'oss"! -%"t%-%! '%o+$ss ". T/$ $t'" s!st$, +- %$tu%&s t/$ +u%%$&t '%o+$ss " -s -&"&t$$%.** ]"&t '" [ $t'"'%"&t#T/"s '%o+$ss " "s ^&'"** ]

for:

T/$ #o%s!st$, +- +%$-t$s - &$ +/" '%o+$ss. A+tu-! "ts ,o%$ -++u%-t$ tos-! t/-t "tfor#s- +u%%$&t! %u&&"& '%o+$ss. T/-t "s "t +%$-t$s - "opyo# t/$ +u%%$&t'%o+$ss -s - &$ +/" '%o+$ss -& t/$& ot/ '%o+$ss$s %$su,$ $$+ut"o& #%o, t/$ #o% )+-. S"&+$ "t +%$-t$s to '%o+$ss$s #o% -so %$tu%&s to -u$s o&$ to t$-+/ '%o+$ss. Tot/$ '-%$&t '%o+$ss #o% %$tu%&s t/$pro"ess id of the newly "reated "hild pro"ess. To t/$+/" '%o+$ss #o% %$tu%&s 0. T/$ %$-so& "t %$tu%&s 0 "s '%$+"s$! $+-us$ t/"s "s -& "&-"'%o+$ss ". You ou /-$ &o -! o# "##$%$&t"-t"& $t$$& t/$ '-%$&t -& +/"'%o+$ss$s "# #o% %$tu%&$ -& -%"t%-%! 'os"t"$ "&t$$% to $-+/. T/$%$#o%$ - t!'"+- +- to#o% oos so,$t/"& "$ t/"s>

"&t '""# '" [ #o% [[ 0 U *F +/" '%o+$ss $$+ut$s "&s"$ /$%$ F*V$s$ U *F '-%$&t '%o+$ss $$+ut$s "&s"$ /$%$ F*V

http://www.die.net/doc/linux/man/man2/getpid.2.htmlhttp://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/printf.htmlhttp://www.die.net/doc/linux/man/man2/fork.2.htmlhttp://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/printf.htmlhttp://www.die.net/doc/linux/man/man2/fork.2.htmlhttp://www.die.net/doc/linux/man/man2/getpid.2.html


34/65

exec7% execl%

T/$ $$+#u&+t"o&s t/$%$ -%$ ,o%$ t/-& o&$ -%$ - #-,"! o# #u&+t"o&s t/-texe"$teso,$ '%o%-, withint/$ +u%%$&t '%o+$ss s'-+$. So "# I %"t$ - '%o%-, t/-t +-so&$ o# t/$ $$+ #u&+t"o&s -s soo& -s t/$ #u&+t"o& +- su++$$s t/$ o%""&- '%o+$ss $tsrepla"ed"t/ /-t$$% '%o%-, I -s$ $$+ to $$+ut$. T/"s "s usu-! us$ "&+o&Wu&+t"o& "t/ - #o% +-. You ou t!'"+-! #o% - +/" '%o+$ss -& t/$& +- $$+#%o, "t/"& t/$ +/" '%o+$ss to $$+ut$ so,$ ot/$% '%o%-, "& t/$ &$ '%o+$ss $&t%!+%$-t$ ! #o%.

Director* O%eratio.s

T/$ +o,'$ &-tu%$ o# (&"


35/65


36/65

Ex3No4 ?

Date4

I! O SYSTEM CALLS

Ai84

%"t$ '%o%-,s us"& s!st$, +-s I*O.

Descri%tio.3

S*ste8 Calls for I!O

T/$%$ -%$ 5 -s"+ s!st$, +-s t/-t (NI) '%o"$s #o% #"$ I*O. T/$ s!st$, oW$+tt/-t "s us$ to ,-&"'u-t$ #"$s "s #"$ $s+%"'to%. T/"s "s -& "&t$$% &u,$% t/-t "s us$ !t/$ -%"ous I*O s!st$, +-s to -++$ss - ,$,o%! -%$- +o&t-"&"& -t- -out t/$ o'$& #"$.O%e.

O'$& ,-$s - %$:u$st to t/$ o'$%-t"& s!st$, to us$ - #"$. T/$ +- t-$s to'-%-,$t$%s. T/$ #"%st -%u,$&t %at+ s'$+"#"$s /-t #"$ !ou ou "$ to us$ -& t/$flags -& ,o$ -%u,$&ts s'$+"#! /o !ou ou "$ to us$ "t. T/"s +- %$tu%&s - #"$$s+%"'to%.T/$ ,o$ ,-! $ -&! o# t/$ #oo"&>

O_RONLYO'$& t/$ #"$ "& %$-o&! ,o$.

O_RONLYO'$& t/$ #"$ "& %"t$o&! ,o$.

O_RRO'$& t/$ #"$ #o% ot/ %$-"& -& %"t"&.

I& -"t"o& -&! o# t/$ #oo"& #-s ,-! $ OR$ "t/ t/$ ,o$ #->O_CREAT

I# t/$ #"$ o$s &ot $"st -%$-! +%$-t$ "t.O_E)CL

I# us$ to$t/$% "t/ O_CREAT t/$ +- " #-" "# t/$ #"$ -%$-! $"sts.O_TR(NC

I# t/$ #"$ -%$-! $"sts t%u&+-t$ "t ".$. $%-s$ "ts +o&t$&ts.

O_APPENO'$& t/$ #"$ "& -''$& ,o$. A&! -t- %"tt$& to t/$ #"$ "s -''$&$ -t

t/$ $& o# t/$ #"$.O_NONBLOC; o% O_NELAY

I# -&! o'$%-t"o& o& t/$ #"$ "s su''os$ to +-us$ t/$ +-"& '%o+$ss o+t/$ s!st$, +- "&st$- " #-" -& $%%&o $ s$t to EAGAIN. T/"s %$:u"%$s+-ut"o& o& t/$ '-%t o# t/$ '%o%-,,$% to /-&$ t/$s$ s"tu-t"o&s '%o'$%!.O_SYNC

O'$& t/$ #"$ "& s!&+/%o&ous ,o$. A&! %"t$ o'$%-t"o& to t/$ #"$ "o+ u&t" t/$ -t- "s %"tt$& to "s. T/"s "s us$#u "& +%"t"+- #"$s su+/ -s-t--s$ #"$s t/-t ,ust --!s %$,-"& "& - +o&s"st$&t st-t$ $$& "# t/$ s!st$,

+%-s/$s "& t/$ ,"$ o# - #"$ o'$%-t"o&.

Close

Cos$ t$s t/$ o'$%-t"& s!st$, t/-t !ou -%$ o&$ "t/ - #"$ $s+%"'to%. T/$ OS+-& t/$& %$us$ t/-t #"$ $s+%"'to%. T/$ us-$ "s

Cos$#"$ $s+%"'to%



37/65


38/65

Ex3No4@

Date4

SIMULATION O" UNIX COMMANDS

Ai84

To s",u-t$ t/$ #oo"& u&" +o,,-&s 1s 2%$'

Descri%tio.

ls

(s$ s to s$$ /-t #"$s !ou /-$. You% #"$s -%$ $'t "& so,$t/"& +-$ -"%$+to%!.

ls #oo $tt$%2 #oo-% $tt$%3 $tt$%1 ,-'$-ss"&,$&t1 Not$ t/-t !ou /-$ s" #"$s. T/$%$ -%$ so,$ us$#u -%"-&ts o# t/$ ls+o,,-&>

ls l9 $tt$%1 $tt$%2 $tt$%3 Not$ /-t /-''$&$> - t/$ #"$s /os$ &-,$ $"&s "t/ -%$ "st$. T/$ -st$%"s F"s t/$ "+-% +/-%-+t$%. It ,-t+/$s -&! st%"&.gre%

(s$ t/"s +o,,-& to s$-%+/ #o% "o%,-t"o& "& - #"$ o% #"$s.


39/65


40/65

Exercises

1. %"t$ - '%o%-, #o% t/$ s",u-t"o& o# s +o,,-&.2. %"t$ - '%o%-, #o% t/$ s",u-t"o& #o% %$' +o,,-&.

Out'ut>E&t$% t/$ "%$+to%! &-,$>R-"&X"o$t.....



41/65

Ex3No4

Date4

CPU SCHEDULIN ALORITHMS '"C"S

Ai84

To ",'$,$&t 5

P%o+$ss 2E&t$% t/$ CP( u%st t",$> 10

P%o+$ss 3E&t$% t/$ CP( u%st t",$>4



42/65

Sa8%le O-t%-t4

E&t$t t/$ &o.o# '%o+$ss>3E&t$% t/$ %ust t",$>134

E&t$% t/$ -%%"- t",$>000P%o+$ss -"t"& t",$ tu%&-%ou& t",$

P0 0 1P1 1 4P2 4 8

A.-"t"& t",$ "s 1.66667A.tu%&-%ou& t",$ "s 4.3333



43/65


44/65

Ex3No4

Date4

CPU SCHEDULIN ALORITHMS (S)"

Ai8

To ",'$,$&t S`< S/o%t$st o 5

P%o+$ss 2E&t$% t/$ CP( u%st t",$> 10

P%o+$ss 3E&t$% t/$ CP( u%st t",$>4



45/65


46/65


47/65


48/65

Ex3No4

Date4

CPU SCHEDULIN ALORITHMS ' Ro-., Ro/i. sc+e,-li.g

Ai8

To ",'$,$&t Rou& Ro"& s+/$u"& -o%"t/,s.

Descri%tio.

Ro-., Ro/i.

I& t/"s -o%"t/, - t",$ :u-&tu, "s #"$ #o% t/$ '%o+$ss to $t $$+ut$ "& t/$

CP(. A#t$% t/-t t",$ :u-&tu, "s o$% t/$ '%o+$ss "s '%$$,'t$ -& CP( "s s+/$u$ to

-&ot/$% '%o+$ss. T/"s " +o&t"&u$ u&t" - '%o+$ss$s "& t/$ s!st$, +o,'$t$ t/$"% tu%&.

Algorit+84

1 St-%t t/$ '%o%-,.2 $+-%$ t/$ -%"-$s.3 G$t t/$ &u,$% o# '%o+$ss -& t/$"% u%st t",$ o# $-+/ '%o+$ss.4 G$t t/$ :u-&tu, t",$.5 S+/$u$ t/$ CP( to t/$ #"%st '%o+$ss -#t$% t/-t :u-&tu, t",$ "s o$% s+/$u$

t/$ s$+o& '%o+$ss ].. T/"s " +o&t"&u$ u&t" - '%o+$ss$s "& t/$ s!st$,+o,'$t$ t/$"% tu%&.

6 %- t/$ +/-%t o# t/$ '%o+$ss$s -s Rou& Ro"& ,-&&$%.7 C-+u-t$ -"t"& t",$ -& tu%&-%ou& t",$ o# $-+/ '%o+$ss.8 C-+u-t$ -$%-$ -"t"& -& -$%-$ tu%& -%ou& t",$ o# - t/$ '%o+$ss.9 "s'-! -"t"& t",$ tu%&-%ou& t",$ -$%-$ -"t"& t",$ -& tu%& -%ou&

t",$ o# t/$ '%o+$ss$s.10 Sto' t/$ '%o%-,

Sa8%le I.%-t

E&t$% t/$ &u,$% o# '%o+$ss$s> 3P%o+$ss 1E&t$% t/$ CP( u%st t",$> 5P%o+$ss 2E&t$% t/$ CP( u%st t",$> 10

P%o+$ss 3E&t$% t/$ CP( u%st t",$> 4

E&t$% t/$ :u-&tu, t",$> 3



49/65

Sa8%le O-t%-t4

E&t$% t/$ '%o+$ss >4E&t$% t/$ '%o+$ss &-,$ -& %ust t",$ #o% t/$ '%o+$ssE&t$% t/$ '%o+$ss >1E&t$% t/$ %ust t",$ #o% t/$ '%o+$ss 1>8E&t$% t/$ '%o+$ss >2E&t$% t/$ '%o+$ss >3E&t$% t/$ %ust t",$ #o% t/$ '%o+$ss 3>6E&t$% t/$ '%o+$ss >4E&t$% t/$ %ust t",$ #o% t/$ '%o+$ss 4>1

Process .a8e /r-st ti8e

1 8

2 3

3 6

4 1

1.%ou&%o"& 2.$"t

$&t$% t/$ t",$ s"+$>

%rocess.a8e re8ai.i.gti8e totalti8e

1 6 2

2 1 4

3 4 6

4 0 7

1 4 9

2 6 10

3 2 12

1 2 14

3 0 16



50/65



51/65

Ex3No45

Date4

INTER PROCESS COMMUNICATION USIN SHARED MEMORY

Ai84

To ",'$,$&t "&t$% '%o+$ss +o,,u&"+-t"o& us"& s/-%$ ,$,o%!.

Algorit+84

1. C%$-t$ t/$ +/" '%o+$ss us"& #o%.

2. C%$-t$ t/$ s/-%$ ,$,o%! #o% '-%$&t '%o+$ss us"& s/,$t s!st$, +-.

3. Ao t/$ '-%$&t '%o+$ss to %"t$ "& s/-%$ ,$,o%! us"& s/,'t% 'o"&t$%

/"+/ "s %$tu%& t!'$ o# s/,-t.

4. Att-+/ t/$ s-,$ s/-%$ ,$,o%! to t/$ +/" '%o+$ss.

5. T/$ -t- "& t/$ s/-%$ ,$,o%! "s %$- ! t/$ +/" '%o+$ss us"& t/$ s/,'t%.

6. $t-+/ -& %$-s$ t/$ s/-%$ ,$,o%!.

Out'ut >

C/" "s %$-"&

- + $ # / " W

'-%$&t "s %$-"&

- + $ # / " W



52/65

Ex3No455

Date4

INTER PROCESS COMMUNICATION USIN PIPES

Ai84

To ",'$,$&t "&t$% '%o+$ss +o,,u&"+-t"o& us"& P"'$s

Algorit+84

1. C%$-t$ t/$ +/" '%o+$ss us"& #o% .

2. C%$-t$ t/$ '"'$ st%u+tu%$ us"& '"'$ .

3. Cos$ t/$ %$- $& o# t/$ '-%$&t '%o+$ss us"& +os$ .

4. %"t$ t/$ -t- "& t/$ '"'$ us"& %"t$ .

5. Cos$ t/$ %"t$ $& o# +/" '%o+$ss us"& +os$ .

6. R$- t/$ -t- "& t/$ '"'$ us"& %$- .7. "s'-! t/$ st%"&.

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Ex3No45S$,-'/o%$ ,ut$[1 ** "&-%! s$,-'/o%$ t/-t $&su%$s t/-t o&! o&$ -++$ss$s t/$ u##$%S$,-'/o%$ $,'t![N ** "&"+-t$s t/$ &u,$% o# $,'t! sots "& t/$ u##$%S$,-'/o%$ #u[0 ** "&"+-t$s t/$ &u,$% o# #"$ sots "& t/$ u##$%

P%ou+$%

U/"$t%u$U

'%ou+$_"t$,"t$,$+%$,$&t$,'t!$+%$,$&t,ut$$&t$%_"t,$"t$,"&+%$,$&t#u"&+%$,$&t,ut$

VV

Co&su,$%U

/"$t%u$U

$+%$,$&t#u$+%$,$&t,ut$%$,o$_"t$,"t$,"&+%$,$&t$,'t!"&+%$,$&t,ut$+o&su,$"t$,

V

V



54/65


55/65


56/65

Ex3No45?

Date4

IMPLEMENTATION O" PAE REPLACEMENT ALORITHMS'LRU

Ai84

To ",'$,$&t LR( '-$ %$'-+$,$&t -o%"t/,.

Descri%tio.

LRU

LR( us$s t/$ %$+$&t '-st -s -& -''%o",-t"o& o# &$-% #utu%$. $ %$'-+$ t/$ '-$t/-t /-s &ot $$& us$ #o% t/$ o&$st '$%"o o# t",$. To ",'$,$&t-t"o&s -%$ #$-s"$>1. Cou&t$%s>

I& t/$ s",'$st +-s$ $ -sso+"-t$ "t/ $-+/ '-$ t-$ $&t%! - t",$o# us$ #"$-& - to t/$ CP( - o"+- +o+ o% +ou&t$%. T/$ +o+ "s "&+%$,$&t$ #o% $$%!,$,o%! %$#$%$&+$. /$&$$% - %$#$%$&+$ to - '-$ "s ,-$ t/$ +o&t$&ts o# t/$ +o+ -%$+o'"$ to t/$ t",$o# us$ #"$ "& t/$ '-$ t-$ $&t%! #o% t/-t '-$. $ %$'-+$ t/$ '-$"t/ t/$ s,-$st t",$ -u$.

2. St-+>M-"&t-"& - st-+ o# '-$ &u,$%s. /$&$$% - '-$ "s %$#$%$&+$ "t "s %$,o$

#%o, t/$ st-+ -& 'ut o& to'. I& t/"s -! t/$ to' o# t/$ st-+ "s --!s t/$ ,ost %$+$&t!us$ '-$ -& t/$ otto, "s t/$ LR( '-$. B$+-us$ $&t%"$s ,ust $ %$,o$ #%o, t/$,"$ o# t/$ st-+ "t "s $st ",'$,$&t$ ! - ou! "&$ "st "t/ - /$- -& t-"'o"&t$%.

Algorit+84

1 St-%t t/$ '%o%-,.2 $+-%$ t/$ %$:u"%$ -%"-$s.

3 G$t t/$ tot- &u,$% o# #%-,$s -& st%"&s.4 C/$+ t/$ '-$ #-ut "# '-$ #-ut o++u% %$'-+$ st%"& & LR( ,-&&$%.5 Es$ &o &$$ to %$'-+$ t/$ '-$.6 Cou&t t/$ &u,$% o# '-$ #-ut.7 P%"&t t/$ &u,$% o# '-$ #-ut -& +o&t$&t o# t/$ #%-,$ "& $-+/ t",$.8 Sto' t/$ '%o%-,

Sa8%le i.%-t4

E&t$% t/$ &o o# #%-,$s>E&t$% t/$ &o st%"&s>E&t$% t/$ st%"&s>

O-t%-t4Co&t$&t o# #%-,$s>P-$ #-ut o++u%%$ o% &ot>No o# '-$ #-uts>

Ex3No45@

Date4

MEMORY MANAEMENT SCHEMES ' II



57/65

Ai84

To ",'$,$&t #"%st #"t $st #"t -& o%st #"t sto%-$ -o+-t"o& -o%"t/,s #o%

,$,o%! ,-&-$,$&t.

Descri%tio.

A s$t o# /o$s o# -%"ous s"$s "s s+-tt$%$ t/%ou/ t/$ ,$,o%! -t -&! "$& t",$./$& - '%o+$ss -%%"$s -& &$$s t/$ ,$,o%! t/$ s!st$, s$-%+/$s #o% - /o$ t/-t "s -%$$&ou/ #o% t/"s '%o+$ss. T/$ #"%st#"t $st#"t -& o%st#"t -%$ st%-t$"$s us$ to s$$+t -#%$$ /o$ #%o, t/$ s$t o# --"-$ /o$s.

I8%le8e.tatio. ,etails


58/65

"ile str-ct-re

Lo"+- sto%-$ u&"tCo$+t"o& o# %$-t$ "o%,-t"o& o+s ,-! $ s+-tt$%$ -&!/$%$ o& t/$

"s.



59/65

S",'$ &$$ o&! st-%t"& -%$ss


60/65


61/65

DEADLOC1'BAN1ER2S ALORITHM

Ai84

To ",'$,$&t -&$%s -o%"t/, #o% $-o+ -o"-&+$.

Algorit+84

1. Ot-"& t/$ &u,$% o# '%o+$ss #%o, t/$ us$%.

2. G$t t/$ -o+-t"o& ,-t%" ,- ,-t%" #%o, t/$ us$% #o% $-+/ '%o+$ss.

3.


62/65

DININ PHILOSOPHERS PROBLEM

Ai84

To ",'$,$&t "&"& '/"oso'/$%s '%o$, #o% $-o+ -o"-&+$.

T/$ "&"& P/"oso'/$%s '%o$, "s - +-ss"+ OS '%o$, t/-ts usu-u st-t$ "& $%!&o&OS t$%,s> T/$%$ -%$-'/"os'/$%s s"tt"& -%ou& - +"%+u-% t-$ $-t"& s'-/$tt" -&"s+uss"& '/"os'/!.

T/$ '%o$, "s t/-t $-+/ '/"oso'/$% &$$s 2 #o%s to $-t -& t/$%$ -%$ o&!- #o%s o&$$t$$& $-+/ 2 '/"oso'/$%s. $s"& -& -o%"t/, t/-t t/$ '/"oso'/$%s +-& #oo t/-t"&su%$s t/-t &o&$ st-%$s -s o& -s $-+/ '/"oso'/$% $$&tu-! sto's $-t"& -& su+/t/-t t/$,-",u, &u,$% o# '/"oso'/$%s +-& $-t -t o&+$./! $s+%"$ '%o$,s t/"s -!? $ t/$ -&-oous s"tu-t"o&s "& +o,'ut$%s -%$so,$t",$s so t$+/&"+- t/-t t/$! os+u%$ +%$-t"$ t/ou/t. T/"&"& -out '/"oso'/$%s,-$s "t $-s"$% to t/"& -st%-+t!. A& ,-&! o# t/$ $-%! stu$&ts o# t/"s #"$ $%$t/$o%$t"+"-&s /o "$ -st%-+t '%o$,s. T/$%$ -%$ - u&+/ o# &-,$ '%o$,s "&"&P/"oso'/$%s %"&"& P/""oso'/$%s B!-&t"&$ G$&$%-s$t+.

=$%$s -& -''%o-+/ to t/$ "&"& P/"s1 t/-ts s",'$ -& %o&>o" '/"oso'/$% U/"$1 Us$$'$t_$#t_#o%$t_%"/t_#o%$-t'ut_$#t_#o%'ut_%"/t_#o%V

VI# $$%! '/"oso'/$% '"+s u' t/$ $#t #o% -t t/$ s-,$ t",$ &oo&$ $ts to $-t $$%.

So,$ ot/$% suo't",- -t$%&-t"$s>

a P"+ u' t/$ $#t #o% "# t/$ %"/t #o% "s&t --"-$ #o% - "$& t",$ 'ut t/$ $#t #o%o&-"t -& t%! --"&. B" '%o$, "# - '/"oso'/$%s -"t t/$ s-,$ t",$ $ $t t/$ s-,$#-"u%$ ,o$ -s $#o%$ ut %$'$-t$. E$& "# $-+/ '/"oso'/$% -"ts - "##$%$&t %-&o,t",$ -& u&u+! '/"oso'/$% ,-! st-%$ "& t/$ "t$%- o% t$+/&"+- s$&s$.a R$:u"%$ - '/"oso'/$%s to -+:u"%$ - "&-%! s$,-'/o%$ $#o%$ '"+"& u' -&! #o%s.

T/"s u-%-&t$$s t/-t &o '/"oso'/$% st-%$s -ssu,"& t/-t t/$ s$,-'/o%$ "s #-"% ut","ts '-%-$"s, %-,-t"+-!.


63/65

Z$#"&$ LE "K1t!'$$# $&u, U T=IN;ING =(NGRY EATING V '/"_st-t$'/"_st-t$ st-t$@Ns$,-'/o%$ ,ut$ [1s$,-'/o%$ s@N *F o&$ '$% '/"oso'/$% - 0 F*o" t$st"&t " U"# st-t$@" [[ =(NGRY bbst-t$@LE


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/"$ st-t$@" [[ =(NGRY UP,ut$"# st-t$@" [[ =(NGRY bbst-t$@LE


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I# t/$s$ 4 +o&"t"o&s -%$ &$+$ss-%! -& su##"+"$&t. I# t/$s$ #ou% -''$-% t/$%$ "s -$-o+ "# &ot &o $-o+. T/$ '%o$, "s t/-t t/$ +/-"& "& - +"%+u-% -"t +-& $ o&-& +o,'$.

Reactio.s To Dea,loc:

A& OS +-& %$-+t to $-o+ o&$ o# 4 -!s>a I&o%$ "ta $t$+t -& R$+o$% #%o, "ta Ao" "t "&$st $##o%t -t %u&t",$ to ,-$ $-o+ ",'oss"$a P%$$&t "t s/o%t +"%+u"t o&$ o# t/$ 4 +o&"t"o&s

Ig.ori.g Dea,loc:

Ru&&"& st-$ O'$%-t"& S!st$,s "&o%$ 'ot$&t"- $-o+s. I& #-+t I ou $&tu%$t/-t t/$%$ "s &o '%ou+t"o& o'$%-t"& s!st$, t/-t +-&&ot $ $-o+$ ! '-t/oo"+-$/-"o%.

Os Lab Manual-1

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Transcript of Os Lab Manual-1