ORIGINS of AMERICAN GOVERNMENT When you see a *(star) fill in your packet.
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Transcript of ORIGINS of AMERICAN GOVERNMENT When you see a *(star) fill in your packet.
What type of Government???
Section 1 : Our Political Beginnings
*2) Limited= government is NOT all powerful
*3) Representative= government should serve the
will of the people
Although the Constitution was a first for the world, it drew upon many sources
The Magna Carta 1215 was the * basis for LIMITED government.
The Petition of Right 1628* English Parliament helped
serve as an example of representative government.
The English Bill of Rights served as a basis for
* protecting individual rights.
Landmark English Documents
BILL OF RIGHTS 1688 (60 years after Petition of Right)
William and Mary get the Crown after giving up a lot of Power.
“Glorious Revolution”
• In 16881688, Parliament overthrew King James who escaped to France.• This became known as the Glorious RevolutionGlorious Revolution..• Parliament invited King William and Queen Mary of William and Queen Mary of the Netherlandsthe Netherlands to take the throne.
Don’t write anything in your packet from this page
The 3) English Bill of RightsEnglish Bill of Rights guaranteed several things
including:
•1) * Trial by jury•2)*Protection from cruel and Protection from cruel and
unusual punishmentunusual punishment.• Ensured that the King could not King could not raise taxes or an army without raise taxes or an army without Parliament’s approval.Parliament’s approval.• Colonists, being English subjects, were protected by the Bill.
3) freedom of religiousfreedom of religious worship to all worship to all ChristiansChristians, except Catholicsexcept Catholics, and persons denying the Trinity (Jews, etc.).
John Locke The theories of political philosophers were also
incorporated
English philosopher John John LockeLocke published
the Two Treatises of Government
And the ideas of *LIFE,
*LIBERTY and *PROPERTY
ENGLISH COLONIES
1) * Royal- 8 of them are this and are controlled the most by the King
2) * Proprietary3 of them were organized by a proprietor whom the king
had
given a large track of land Example: William Penn
3) * Charter- 2- Connecticut and Rhode Island
Largely Self Governing!!!!
WHAT leads us to INDEPENDENCE?Just read the page
• 3,000 miles away and 2 months to sail to the colonies
• Colonists used to a large measure of self government
• 1760 King George III comes to power and deals more firmly with the colonies
The The British government British government found itself in found itself in serious debtserious debt after the French & Indian after the French & Indian War- £133,000,000!!!War- £133,000,000!!!
• Taxes in Great Britain Taxes in Great Britain
rose rose tremendously!tremendously!
Just read the page
BRITAIN’S Colonial Policies
* 1) Initially Britain allows a large amount of self rule for the colonists due to the 3,000 mile difference
* 2) George III deals more firmly with the colonists
*3) Many Taxes are imposed on the colonists due to the cost of the French & Indian War
* 4) Either the Colonists Submit or Revolt
Albany Plan
*Franklin proposes the formation of an annual Congress of Delegates from each of the 13 Colonies.
The colonists can *raise an army, make war and peace with the Native Americans, regulate trade, TAX and collect customs duties.
*Turned down by the colonies
STAMP ACTS
**Stamp Act Congress:
9 Colonies sent delegates to NY to protest the Stamp Acts imposed on colonists. This was “Taxation Without Representation”
Here they prepared a “Declaration of Rights and Grievances”
Stamp Act Congress
“Taxation without Representation”
They prepare a Declaration of Rights and Grievancesto send to the King
Just read the page
WHAT leads us to INDEPENDENCE?
Boycotts lead to the Boston Massacre Video clip
Just read the page
In the end, the ***Boston MassacreBoston Massacre resulted in the deaths ofdeaths of 55 colonists. 6 were wounded colonists. 6 were wounded.
1. Crispus AttucksCrispus Attucks - - shot twice in the chest
(considered the first martyr for American Independence) 2. Samuel Grey -Samuel Grey - shot in the head 3. James Caldwell -James Caldwell - shot twice in the back 4. Samuel MaverickSamuel Maverick - - 17 years old, shot in the abdomen 5. Patrick CarrPatrick Carr - - shot in the hip, exited side
Boston Massacre, Mar. 5, 1770. Chromolithograph by John BuffordNational Archives and Records Administration
Organized resistance leads to the
Boston Tea PartyJust read the pageVideo Clip http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=_ijb8kaOyjo
• The Sons of Liberty rowed quietly out to the three ships in the darkness of darkness of nightnight and boarded them on Dec. 16, 1773The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor." 1773. Copy of lithograph by Sarony &
Major, 1846. Credit: National Archives and Records Administration NOTE THE INACCURACY! Public domain image
The men ***dumped 342 dumped 342
crates of tea crates of tea into Boston into Boston
HarborHarbor which was valued at
about $90,000$90,000.
When they were finished, they quietly rowed quietly rowed back to shoreback to shore..
ProtestsProtests broke out in New York City,
Newport, RI, Boston, MA
Hartford, CT and Charleston, SC.
Mobs burned effigiesMobs burned effigies (likenesses) of tax
collectors and some were tarred and tarred and
featheredfeathered.
The Bostonians paying the exciseman or tarring & feathering. (Cartoon). Lithograph by
Pendleton, 1830, after print published in London in 1774. Colorized. Public domain imageJust read the page
King George III was outraged!
He asked Parliament to pass a series of
very harsh laws designed to punish
the people of Boston.
King George IIIKing George III
Just read the page
Intolerable Acts—
Passed by England in response to the ****Boston Tea Party
FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS September 5, 1774
The Congress wascreated in response to: ****Intolerable Acts
Did several things:Did several things:1. closed Boston Harbor2. limited power of MA
legislature, made the governor more powerful.
3. local officials were to be appointed by the royal governor.
4. Town meetings could only be held once per year.
5. British officials charged with major crimes were to be tried in England.
6. Quartering Act was extended to include private homes.
What were the Intolerable ActsWhat were the Intolerable Acts (or Coercive ActsCoercive Acts), as they were nicknamed by the colonists
• The First First Continental CongressContinental Congress met on September 5, 1774
and accomplished a great deal, including the ******Boycott of all British goods.
• Moderates who wanted to work out problems fought against radicals who wanted to take strong action.
On April 19, 1775, the first battle of the first battle of the RevolutionRevolution ensued with 70 men standing
on
LexingtonLexington Green against 400 British
troops on their way to Concord.
In the end, 8 colonists 8 colonists were killedwere killed with no British fatalities.
Courtesy of the Army National Guard
Just read the page
Word of the Battles of Lexington and ConcordLexington and Concord
spread quickly.
Many colonists realized that war was now inevitablewar was now inevitable.
There was no possibility of resolving the differences between the colonies and Great Britain peacefully.
Just read the page
2ND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS1775 after the start of the Revolution
**John Hancock-President
**George Washington
Commander in Chief
OLIVE BRANCH PETITIONOLIVE BRANCH PETITION
• By July 1775, the Second Continental Congress was readying for war, though still hoping for peace
• Most delegates deeply Most delegates deeply loyalloyal to King George III
***July 8 – Olive Branch Olive Branch PetitionPetition sent to
King who flatly refused it
Just read the page
Many of those in positions of power were
also impressed by Thomas Paine’sThomas Paine’s
Common SenseCommon Sense
Virginia delegate to Second Continental Congress, Richard
Henry Lee, was moved to say, “I am now “I am now
convinced… of the convinced… of the necessity for necessity for separation.”separation.” Richard Henry LeeRichard Henry Lee
By Charles Wilson Peale, 1784.
Thomas PaineThomas Paine
Just read the page
On June 7, 1776, Richard Henry LeeRichard Henry Lee
of Virginia resolved before the
Congress, “That these That these United States are, and of United States are, and of
right ought to be, free and right ought to be, free and independent states… and independent states… and
that all political that all political connection between them connection between them
and the State of Great and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be Britain is, and ought to be
totally dissolved.totally dissolved.””Richard Henry Lee
Just read the page
Voting in favor of Lee’s resolution was dangerous
The delegates realized that Great Britain would treat a vote in favor of
independence as treasontreason.
They realized that a conviction as a traitor would result in their
execution
Just read the page
After a day of debate, and 2 colonies
(PA and SC) changing their votes in favor of
independence, the delegates decided to appoint a committee to write a
Declaration of Independence.
Just read the page
****Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson was chosen to chosen to
actually write the actually write the Declaration of Declaration of
IndependenceIndependence. Video Clip
He was considered an incredibly
eloquent writer, but his earlier writings
were much too radical for most
Americans
On July 2, 1776, the Second Continental Congress voted that
the 13 colonies were “free and “free and independent independent
states.”states.”On July 4, 1776, delegates signed (but not all) the Declaration of Declaration of IndependenceIndependence.
Just read the page
Part I
***Explains the basic rightsbasic rights on which the
nation was founded.
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal,
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rightsunalienable Rights, that among these are LifeLife,
LibertyLiberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”
Public domain image
The Second partSecond part of the Declaration of Independence
**lists the wrongs committed by wrongs committed by KingKing George George IIIIII..
It lists a variety of abuses of power SUCH ASSUCH AS:
•dismissal of legislatures,•sending corrupt customs agents•sending troops to America during
peace time•imposing taxes without consent•requiring the quartering troops•depriving colonists of a trial by
jury… (pg.154-156)
Part II
The third part of the The third part of the Declaration of Declaration of Independence Independence
****officially announced officially announced that the 13 British that the 13 British
Colonies were now the Colonies were now the United States of America.United States of America.
It stated that the United It stated that the United States could make States could make
alliances and trade as it alliances and trade as it pleased.pleased.
Part III
The Declaration of Independence
Turn to page 40 in your textbook.
Read along with the video.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ETroXvRFoKY&feature=related
DuringDuring the the Revolutionary Revolutionary War, State governments War, State governments
began to dissolve.began to dissolve.
As a result, in May of As a result, in May of 1776, the Second 1776, the Second
Continental Congress Continental Congress began to ask States to began to ask States to
form their own form their own governments.governments.
In July of 1776, the In July of 1776, the Congress began to Congress began to organize a national organize a national
government.government.
Source: National Park Service
• Because Americans feared tyrannytyranny, the Congress created a very weak national governmentweak national government.• The first American constitution, completed in 17771777, was the Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation
Source: National Archives
The authors of the Articles of Articles of ConfederationConfederation did not create a nation, but a
**1)“firm league of friendshipfirm league of friendship” between the 13 states
The Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation created a Congress with 2-7 delegates from each state-
**2) BUT each state only had one vote.each state only had one vote.
**3) did notnot create an executive branchcreate an executive branch** 4) did not create a judicial branch** 4) did not create a judicial branch
The Articles of Confederation, ratified in 1781. This was the format for the United States government until the Constitution
Under the Articles of ConfederationArticles of ConfederationCongress could
1. maintain the military2. conduct foreign policy3. declare war4. make peace5. coin money
** 5) The Congress could NOTNOT regulate trade between the states or between
states and foreign nations.
Congress had to askask States for moneyStates for money to keep the federal government going-
** 6) they could notcould not force them to contribute (TAX).
**7) In order to pass laws, 9 9 of the 13 statesof the 13 states had to vote in favor.
Summary of the Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation:
1. created a loose alliance between states.loose alliance between states.2. did not provide for a presidentdid not provide for a president (no executive branch) and laws had
to be enforced by the states.3. did not create a courtdid not create a court systemsystem (no judicial branch) and the
government could not resolve differences between the states.
CREDIT: Tholey, Augustus, artist. "Leaders of the Continental Congress." Wm. Finley & Co., copyright 1894. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress.
Maryland demanded that all of the land west of the
Appalachian Mountains be turned over to the Congress They rejected the demand.
The larger States rejected the demand.
Fortunately, Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson and other respected leaders
stepped forward and convinced lawmakers to give up their
claims to western lands
They were successful and Maryland ratified the Articles of
Confederation and they went into effect in 17811781 Thomas Jefferson
**Shays’ Rebellion**Shays’ Rebellion proved proved one thing:one thing:
The federal government The federal government was much too weak and a was much too weak and a
stronger national stronger national government was needed!government was needed!
Shays' Rebellion is Shays' Rebellion is considered one of the considered one of the leading causes of the leading causes of the
formation of the formation of the United United States Constitution.States Constitution.
Many Americans feared that Many Americans feared that Shays’ RebellionShays’ Rebellion was proof that the was proof that the
Articles of Confederation were too weak.Articles of Confederation were too weak.
1)a convention to improve the Articles of Confederation will be held in
ANNAPOLIS, MD but only 5/13 states show up.
2) They decided to meet in May of 1787 in Philadelphia, PA… but they ended up doing a lot more than just improving the Articles of Confederation!
CHAPTER 2--Section 4 Creating the Constitution
____12___ of the 13 states attended the Constitutional Convention in _Philadelphia_, PA.
74 delegates were chosen, but only ___55____ attended.
Of these delegates, 46 had been members of the Continental Congress
7 had been state governors
_8_ had signed the Declaration of Independence
34 had attended college
_2_ would become President of the United States
_42_ was the average age of the delegates and nearly half were in their 30's!
at 81 Ben Franklin was the oldest----G. Washington was 55
Soon after the Constitutional Constitutional
ConventionConvention met in in PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia, PA in May of 17871787, it was
decided that the Articles of Confederation needed to be
set aside and a new, stronger document needed
to be created.
55 delegates, from 12 of the 13 states (all but Rhode Island), helped craft a document that is still
celebrated around the world as a great achievement.
These men became known as the “FramersFramers” of the
Constitution.
These men were of a new generation in American Politics.
Other notable absentees: John Adams, Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, John Hancock and Richard Henry Lee
The Framers met at __Independence___ Hall on May 25, 1787 and immediately selected _G. Washington___ as president of the convention.
The convention had drawn much public attention and speculation, so the men adopted a rule of ___Secrecy___.
The convention was called to revise the Articles, but it was soon decided to create a new government.
***Many notable framers at the Constitutional Convention including:
Benjamin Franklin: 81 years old, (oldest delegate) wise, and well respected.
George Washington: elected president of the convention. Many thought that he would be able to best control the debate.
Alexander Hamilton: a staunch advocate for a stronger federal government. He had served as Washington’s personal secretary during the Revolution.
James Madison: highly intelligent, well prepared,36 year old. He was soft spoken but eloquent. He took excellent notes during the convention which have served historians well.
It was decided that the meetings during the
Constitutional Convention would be
kept secretsecret so delegates could feel free to speak
their minds without outside pressure.
Guards were posted at the doors and all of the windows were closed.
Some resented the secret meetings, believing that government meetings should be open to the
public in a free society.
Independence HallPhiladelphia, PA
Edmund Randolph and James Madison
put together a plan for government early on
known as the **Virginia Plan**Virginia Plan
Edmund RandolphEdmund Randolph James Madison
The **Virginia PlanVirginia Plan created a strong national government and called for the following:
1. **3_ branches of Government
Legislative – Executive—Judicial
2. Legislative Branch would be **“bicameralbicameral” or have 2 houses2 houses.
Both houses would base membership upon the membership upon the population of States (House)population of States (House) and equality (Senate)
3. Creation of a FEDERALGovernment
Smaller states objected to the Virginia Plan, believing that it was unfair to States with smaller
populations.
As a result, William Paterson introduced the ***New Jersey plan to counter the Virginia Plan.
William Paterson
The New JerseyNew Jersey PlanPlan created strong national government and called for the following:
3 branches of Government
Legislative – Executive—Judicial
**Unicameral Congress
2. Legislative Branch would be “***unicameralunicameral” Congress or have only one one househouse. The single house would allow allow each State to have ****each State to have ****oneone vote only vote only. Population was not an issue.
3. Chief Executive (President) would be elected elected
by legislatureby legislature… could be multi-person.
New Jersey New Jersey PlanPlan
• The Constitutional Convention was at a deadlock, as neither side could sway the other.
• Many believed that the convention would fail.
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States, by Howard Chandler Christy.
The question asked most in the convention:
**“How should the states be represented in Congress?”
The Connecticut Compromise:
Large States wanted to Dominate Congress and Small states wanted equality
The Compromise:
Each State would be equally represented in the Senate with 2 senators
Each state would be given a number of House members based on their state’s population
Each state would have as many “electorselectors” as it had representatives and senators
OHIO 16 House Representatives 2 Senators18 Electoral College Votes
When we vote for president, we actually vote for electorsvote for electors to cast votes for a candidate
On July 16, 1787, the Great
Compromise was approved by 38 of the 55 delegates.
But other issues arose that would
require even further compromise.
The issue of slaveryissue of slavery became a problem for Northerners and Southerners… not due
to moral differences, but because of questions of questions of
representationrepresentation.
Southerners wanted to Southerners wanted to count count their entire populationtheir entire population of
slaves to boost their numbers in Congress.
Northerners objected citing Northerners objected citing that slaves were not that slaves were not
considered citizensconsidered citizens and could not vote.
Library of Congress
Now, the problem with population…..
The South obviously has many citizens, but many are unfortunately not considered to be important.
The Three-Fifth’s Compromise:
for every five slaves they would count as three people in the population count
The Commerce & Slave Trade Compromise:
Congress was forbidden the power to tax the export of goods from any state and forbidden to act on slave trade for a period of at least 20 years.
It was decided that It was decided that three fifthsthree fifths of a slave of a slave population in a state population in a state
would be counted would be counted during a census.during a census.
This agreement was This agreement was referred to as the referred to as the
Three-Fifths Three-Fifths CompromiseCompromise..
For example, if a state For example, if a state had 5,000 slaves, 3,000 had 5,000 slaves, 3,000
of them would be of them would be counted.counted.
Southern States argued that a ban would ruin the
Southern economy.
Each side agreed to compromise and it was decided that the slave
trade would continue for at least 20 years20 years… after
that, Congress could regulate the slave trade.
In 18081808, the United States banned the banned the
importation of slavesimportation of slaves, but did not end slavery.
After resolving a series of important issues, the United States Constitution was completed on
September 17, 1787 and read to the convention for the last time
Section 5 Slide 75Ratifying the Constitution
In the Constitution, Article 7 states:
9 Out of the 13 colonies must agree to ratify the Constitution in order for it to be effective.
The Constitution in its ORIGINAL form contained:
The Preamble & the 7 Articles
Madison & Hamilton
What about a BILL OF RIGHTS?
• FEDERALISTS
Supporters of the original
Constitution with ONLY
the Preamble and 7 Articles
• ANTI-FEDERALISTS
**people Against the Constitution
**Thomas Jefferson, Richard Henry Lee, John Hancock,
Patrick Henry•
*felt the national government
had too much power•
*”State’s Rights”•
*Wanted a Bill of Rights
The Federalist Papers:
85 Essays written in newspapers all over the states in support of the Constitution without a Bill of Rights!
Writers included:
Alexander Hamilton, James Madison & John Jay
The Constitution becomes effective in 1789 without a Bill of Rights!
At the conclusion of the Constitutional
Conventiona woman approached Benjamin Franklin and asked, “Well, Doctor… “Well, Doctor… what have we a got, a what have we a got, a
republic or a republic or a monarchy?”monarchy?”
Franklin replied, “A republic. If you “A republic. If you
can keep it.”can keep it.”Library of Congress
A REPUBLICREPUBLIC is a nation in which voters elect
/VOTE for representatives to govern them.
The Constitution begins “We the people…”“We the people…” which exemplifies the American
desire to have a government controlled by
the people
The Federal System gives Americans the ability to vote for both State and national officials.
The FEDERAL government acts for the nation as a whole.
The STATES have power over local matters.
We have limitedlimited government government in that the government is restricted government is restricted
in what it can doin what it can doand each individual has certain
rights.
Federal Powers
State Powers
Shared Powers
Some Examples- Coin Money - Declare War- Regulate Trade (b/twn states and states and foreign nations) - Make Treaties- Regulate trade within borders- Decide who can vote in state elections- Control Education- All powers not delegated to federal government
- Raise taxes- Build roads- Decide penalties for crimes
Of course, disagreements between the States and the federal government were inevitable
To ensure that disagreements were resolved with greater ease, it was decided that the Constitution would serves as the “Supreme law of the land”.“Supreme law of the land”.
In other words… the Constitution was the final word!