Int J Anat Res 2017, 5(4.1):4519-22. ISSN 2321-4287 4519

Original Research Article

STUDY OF CONDYLOID PROCESS OF THE MANDIBLE CORRELATINGWITH THE AGE AND GENDERSheeja balakrishnan.

ABSTRACT

Address for Correspondence: Dr. Sheeja balakrishnan, Assistant Professor, Govt MedicalCollege, Palakkad, Yakkara, Kerala, India. E-Mail: sheejabkrishna@gmail.com

Introduction: Mandible is the largest and strongest bone of the face, muscles of mastication are attached to themandible, it is the only movable bone of the skull in humans. Mandible consist of two processes the coronoidand condyloid process. The condyloid processes articulates with the Mandibular fossa of the temporal bone toform temporomandibular joint.Aim of the study : To observe the variation in the Condyloid process in relation to shape side, age and sex.Materials and Methods: 150 dry mandible taken from various Medical colleges of palakkad. After screening theexclusive criteria detailed study of the condyloid process of the mandible is done. Divided into males andfemales based on the criteria. The length, width and longitudinal Axis is measured and the changes are correlatedwith age and sex of the mandibleResults and discussion: The size of the condyloid process was measured, variation in the length was not foundbetween males and females. The condyloid process of both side found to almost similar length in young. Theangle of mandible is measured with the help of divider and protractor. The angle of mandible changes with age,sex and dental status of the individual. In the present study the Axis of Inclination of condyloid process wasmeasured with the help of protractor and divider. This is found to be less than or equal to the angle of themandible in young. The angle of mandible is equal to the axis of inclination in the adult mandible. The Axis ofinclination is greater than the angle of the mandible in old age. The above data provided by the present study willbe help full for both dental and maxillofacial reconstruction.Conclusion: A study on the condyloid process of the mandible shows the length of the condyloid process showsvariation in the length. A normal variation of the condyloid process morphology occurs with age, force ofocclusion and malocclusion between right and left side. It was found the right condyloid process is shorter thanthe left in both males and females. This is compared with the Angle of the mandible. It was found the Angle ofmandible is greateror equal than the Axis of inclination in young mandible. The axis of inclination is equal tothe angle of mandible in adult mandible and is greaterthan angle of mandible in old.KEY WORD: Angle of mandible, condyloid process, Axis of inclination.

INTRODUCTION

International Journal of Anatomy and Research,Int J Anat Res 2017, Vol 5(4.1):4519-22. ISSN 2321-4287

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2017.387

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DOI: 10.16965/ijar.2017.387

Assistant Professor, Govt Medical College, Palakkad, Yakkara, Kerala, India.

Received: 02 Aug 2017Peer Review: 02 Aug 2017Revised: None

Accepted: 05 Sep 2017Published (O): 01 Oct 2017Published (P): 01 Oct 2017

The Mandible consist of a body and two ramusone on left and other on right side The ramusmeets with the Body at the Angle of themandible. The ramus consists of two processcoronoid and condyloid process or condyle. The

The mandible is the largest and strongest boneof the face. The mandible come from the Latinword “jaw bone” [1]. Mandible is the only mov-able bone of the skull, except ear ossicles [2].

Int J Anat Res 2017, 5(4.1):4519-22. ISSN 2321-4287 4520

condyloid process articulates with Mandibularfossa of the temporal bone to form tempero-mandibular joint The condyloid process have around head which articulates with the temporalbone. A lower constricted part below the headis called the neck. Head and neck fracture is com-mon in facial traumas [3]. Neck facture is morecommon which make in ability to protrude themandible as lateral pretygoid is attached to it[4]. Children and Adolescent have much greaterremodelling potential than adult [5]. Presentstudy was conducted on 150 dry humanmandible from the various medical colleges ofPalakkkad to observe the variation in the condy-loid process in relation to side, age and sex.Aim of the Study: To observe the variation inthe condyloid process in relation to shape side,age and sex.

The present study is done on 150 dry humanmandibles from medical colleges of Palakkad.The sex is identified based on the following cri-teria.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Criteria are as follows

Criteria Males Females Angle Everted Less EvertedMuscular Impression more lessChin square roundsize large small

Bones are categorised in three A , B and C.Category A includes young mandible Thirdmolar not erupted. The mental foramen istowards the upper border of the bodyCategory B includes adult Mandible, Third mo-lar is erupted. The metal foramen lies betweenthe upper and lower border of the mandibleCategory C includes old Mandible, The alveolararches are resorbed. The mental foramen istowards the upper border.Detailed study of the condyloid process is done.Length and width of the neck is measured withthe divider and scale. Width of the head ismeasured with the scale. Longitudinal inclina-tion and angle of the mandible is measured withthe protractor, scale and divider. The followingobservation are correlated with side, age andsex.

Exclusive criteria: Broken Asymmetrical anddeformed bones are excluded from the study

OBSERVATIONS

Out of 150 mandible taken for the study 96was male and 54 was of females. The lengthof the condyloid process was taken from atangential line drawn through the deepest partof the Mandibular notch and was measured withdivider and scale. The length of right and leftcondyloid process was taken separately. Theobservation of the right side is compared withthe leftFig. 1: Measurement of length of the condyloid processof Mandible.

LENGHT OF THE CONDYLOID PROCESS

Table 2: Measurements of the length of condyloidprocess.

Average length in females 1.7625 cmAverage length in males 1.6732 cmAverage length in young 1.5562 cmAverage length in adult 1.7182 cmAverage length in old 1.8522 cm

Graph 1: Variation in length related to side Graph.

Sheeja balakrishnan. STUDY OF CONDYLOID PROCESS OF THE MANDIBLE CORRELATING WITH THE AGE AND GENDER.

Int J Anat Res 2017, 5(4.1):4519-22. ISSN 2321-4287 4521

Graph 2: Variation in length of condyloid process relatedto Age.

Angle of the mandible is measured with protrac-tor and divider. The angle of right side of themandible and left side is taken separately andcompared with ageGraph 3: Variation in the angle of the mandible with age.

The angle of inclination taken with the help ofthe protractor and the divider. Angle ismeasured in young mandible it is found to be122±2 which is almost similar or less than theangle of mandible (P >.05). Angle of inclinationof condyloid process was taken in adult man-dible. It is found to be 119±2. It is similar to thatof the angle of the mandible (P<.001). The Angleof inclination of condyloid process of old man-dible is taken it is found to be 120±2 which isfound to be greater than the angle of the adultmandible which value is 115±3, p valve is foundto be >.05Graph 4: Variation in the angle of inclination ofcondyloid process with age.

Graph 5: Variation in the angle of mandible with angleof Inclination.

DISCUSSIONThe mandible is the strongest and lowest bonein the face. The ramus of the mandible havetwo process coronoid and condyloid process.Each condyloid process articulates with themandibular fossa of the temporal bone attemperomandibular joint [6].The mandibular Condyle varies considerablyboth in size and shape [7]. The anteroposteriordiamension of the condyle is approximately 1cm. The medial aspect of the condyle is widerthan lateral. The long axis of the condyle lies ina coronal plane with ramus of the mandible [8].Out of the 150 mandible taken 54 were femaleand 96 were males. The length of the condylewas taken both on right and left side separatelyby drawing a tangential line through themassetric notch of the mandible with the helpof divider and scale. Asymmetries between theright and left condyle were common. A normalvariation of the condyle morphology occurs withage, force of occlusion and malocclusion be-tween right and left side [9]. It was found theright condylar process is shorter than the left inboth males and females. The length of thecondylar process were significantly greater onnon deviated side of the person than deviatedside which leads into mandibular asymmetry[10].The size of the condyloid process was measuredand found to be approximately 1.75 cm. No muchvariation in the length was found between malesand females. The condyloid process of both sidewere found to almost similar length in young.The difference in the length becomes noticeablein adult mandible. The left sided condyloid isfound to be longer than the right condyle in old

Sheeja balakrishnan. STUDY OF CONDYLOID PROCESS OF THE MANDIBLE CORRELATING WITH THE AGE AND GENDER.

Int J Anat Res 2017, 5(4.1):4519-22. ISSN 2321-4287 4522

Sheeja balakrishnan. STUDY OF CONDYLOID PROCESS OF THE MANDIBLE CORRELATING WITH THE AGE AND GENDER.

mandible with edentouds type of mandible. Apart from the genetic factors, the left condyle isfound to be longer the right condyle. This later-alization effect largely depends on themastigatory behaviour of the individual [11]. Thelength of the articular surface of the mandibleis measured it is found approximately 1cm [12].No much noticeable variation in the size of thehead of the mandible is seen.The angle of mandible is measured with the helpof divider and protractor .the angle of mandiblechages with age, sex and dental status of theindividual [13]. It was found that the angle ofmandible is greater in young reduces in adultwhich is usually less than 120 degree [14]. Angleof the mandible again increases with age [15].In the present study the angle of inclination wasmeasured with the help of protractor and divider.The angle of inclination is found to be less thanor equal to the angle of the mandible in young.The angle of mandible is equal to the axis ofinclination in the adult mandible. The angle ofinclination is greater than the angle of the man-dible is old age. The above data provided by thepresent study will be help full for both dentaland maxillofacial reconstruction .The gonialdepth can be implicated as a forensic tool forgender determination but not suitable for agedetermination [16].

CONCLUSION

is equal to the angle of mandible in adultmandible and is greater than angle in old oredendous mandible.

A study on the condyloid process of themandible shows the length of the condyloidprocess shows variation in the length. A normalvariation of the condyle morphology occurs withage, force of occlusion and malocclusion be-tween right and left side. It was found the rightcondylar process is shorter than the left in bothmales and females. The length of the condylarprocess were significantly greater on non devi-ated side of the person than deviated side whichleads into mandibular asymmetry. The length ofthe condyloid process is found to be approxi-mately 1.7cm. The length of the articular sur-face of the mandible is found to be 1.7cm whichis almost similar to the length of the condyloidprocess. The axis of inclination is compared withthe angle of the mandible. It was found the angleof mandible is greater than the axis of inclina-tion in young mandible. The axis of inclination

Conflicts of Interests: None

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[10]. Ram Ballabh Upadhyay, Juhi Upadhyay, PankajAgrawal and Nirmala N Rao2. Analysis of gonialangle in relation to age, gender, and dentition sta-tus by radiological and anthropometric methods.Journel of Forensic dental sciences, 2012;4(1):29-33.

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[13]. Wataru Kawashima, Mamoru Uemura, Isumi Toda,Hiroichi Orihara, Nobutaka Okusa and AkimichiTakemura. Age estimation from Mandibular angleand oral findings on three-dimensional computedtomography , Journal of Osaka dental University,2016;50(1):7-11.

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