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Origin of the Atmosphere & Hydrosphere
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Transcript of Origin of the Atmosphere & Hydrosphere
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Origin of the Atmosphere & Hydrosphere• Gases escape from
Earth’s molten interior through volcanic activity.
• We observe this happening in the present, but most degassing occurred early in Earth history.
• Early atmosphere was probably CH4, NH3, (not oxidized), then CO, CO2, H2O through exchange with hot silicate rocks
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Earth’s outgassing (and ingassing) continues in the present day.
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Products of weatheringPrimary Residual DissolvedMinerals Minerals Ions
Feldspar Clay minerals K+, Ca+2, Na+
Aluminum hydroxide
Fe-Mg minerals Hematite & Mg+2
Limonite
Quartz Quartz Silica
Primary Solids that Ions that are carriedMinerals remain in soil away in water
----------Detrital sediments------------------ Chemical & biochemicalsediments
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Average salinity = 34.5 per mil or 3.45 %
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Sources:•runoff•groundwater
Sinks:•exchange with rocks at ocean ridges•exchange with sediments & formation of sediments•aerosols
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Ion behavior:
•Conservative: changes with salinity only, by dilution
•Nutrient: used in metabolic processes
•Nutrient-related: mistaken for or accompanying nutrients
•Biolimiting: can be consumed completely by living things near ocean surface
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Residence time = Total mass of element in reservoir (oceans)/influxGrams/(grams/year)
Al 8X10-4 0.8Pb 2X10-6 1.7Nd 4.2X10-6 1.9
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Subduction ofocean crust
Na returned to crust in arc magma
Dehydration of ocean crust & melting
Some Na subducted into deep mantle