Origin of Oil 2
Transcript of Origin of Oil 2
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National Geographic, June 2004
The Where and Why of Petroleum
The origin of oil?
The rate of generation of oil?
The global distribution of oil?
The likelihood of further oil discovery?
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Sedimentary basin with nutrient input and production of organic matter
Sedimentation and burial of organic matter with incomplete decomposition Heating with burial (but not too hot!) within thermal window
Sufficient time to crack organic matter (kerogen) into oil hydrocarbons
Presence of oil trap
Migration of oil from source rock into trap
Geological requirements for the origin and accumulation of oil
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N
S
GulfBase.org
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N S
Herb Buxton
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sediment,
nutrients,organic carbon
sedimentation
heat flow
primary production (phytoplankton)
organic-richsediment layer
100 C
150 C
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sediment,
nutrients,organic carbon
sedimentation
primary production (phytoplankton)
subsidence
and burial
100 C
150 C
heat flow
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sediment,
nutrients,organic carbon
sedimentation
primary production (phytoplankton)
100 C
150 C
heat flow
subsidence
and burial
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sediment,
nutrients,organic carbon
sedimentation
primary production (phytoplankton)
100 C
150 C
heat flow
subsidence
and burial
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sediment,
nutrients,organic carbon
sedimentation
primary production (phytoplankton)
100 C
150 C
heat flow
subsidence
and burial
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sediment,
nutrients,organic carbon
sedimentation
primary production (phytoplankton)
100 C
150 C
heat flow
subsidence rate ~ 0.0002 m/yr (0.2 mm/yr)
window top ~ 2.5 km (8,000 ft); 13 million yrbottom ~ 3.5 6.5 km (11,500 21,000 ft); 18 33 million yr
Gulf of Mexico
subsidence
and burial
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National Geographic, June 2004
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The following slides can be viewed at:
http://www.earthscienceworld.org/imagebank/search/index.html
under the category Petroleum.
Source Rock for PetroleumKerogen Types
The Origin of PetroleumHydrocarbon Trap Types
Petroleum System ProcessesLargest Hydrocarbon BasinsDrilling RigDirectional Drilling
Images of ocean drilling platforms
Petroleum Products
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Triassic
Cretaceous
Tertiary
Jurassic
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
SA
SA
SA
SA
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
NA
NA
NA
NA
Image: Dave Donkin
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Cretaceous
Triassic
Jurassic
Arabian
Peninsula
Northern
Asia
Texas/Gulf
of Mexico
Africa
Africa
Africa
NA
SA
SA
SA
NA
NA
Asia
Asia
Asia
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Red Sea
G
ulfofS
uez
Mediterranean Sea
Gulfo
fAqab
a
AFRICANPLATE
ARABIANPLATE
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JerusalemTel Aviv
Cairo
Saudi Arabia
Red Sea
G
ulfofS
uez
Dead Sea
Egypt
Jordan
Nile R.
Wadi al-Jayb
Mediterranean Sea
Sinai Peninsula
Gulfo
fAqab
a
DamascusLebanon
Israel
Jordan R.
Beirut
SyriaCyprus
AFRICANPLATE
ARABIANPLATE
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Energy Density of Selected Fuels
SIMPLE COMPOUNDS MJ/kgcarbon (to CO2) 32.8carbon (to CO) 22.7ethanol 29.7hydrogen 142methane 55.5
methanol 22.7nitromethane 11.6octane 47.9propane 50.3sulfur 9.16
FOSSIL FUELS MJ/kgcoal, anthracite 31.4coal, bituminous >23.9coal, sub-bituminous 17.4 23.8coal, lignite