Origin of Life Biogenesis – Principle that says all living things come from other living things We...
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Origin of LifeBiogenesis – Principle that says all living things come from other living things
We know this now… but it hasn’t always been that way
Spontaneous Generation – Theory from the early 1600’s stating that living things could also arise from nonliving things
(Example: Maggots appear on rotting meat)
The debate was solved by several great experimenters!
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Biogenesis vs. Spontaneous Generation
Francesco Redi (1626-1697)• Noticed adult flies producing
‘oval cases’ from which new flies eventually arose
• 1668 controlled experiment (supports biogenesis)
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)• Different experiment,
but same conclusion• Modification of Lazzaro
Spallanzani’s experiment (monitors microorganismal growth)
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The FIRST ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• Miller and Urey created an apparatus (1953) to mimic the early atmosphere of Earth as proposed by Oparin (1923)
• A mixture of methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water vapor was energized, then condensed
• A ‘scum’ was extracted and found to contain AMINO ACIDS
Life comes from life, comes from life, comes from… ?
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Change over Time• FACT: The planet Earth is extremely old4.6 billion years ago – our planet was formed3.9 billion years ago – oceans formed 3.5 billion years ago – we have evidence of life!
• FACT: The organisms that existed then are different from those that live today
EVOLUTION – A scientific theory that says species change over time
QUESTION: In science, when do we say that a hypothesis is proven?
• DEFINITION: Theory – the status of a hypothesis when
it has been supported by a large amount of evidence
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EVIDENCE for EVOLUTION
• The Fossil Record
• Structural Similarities
• Vestigial Structures
• Embryonic Development
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THE FOSSIL RECORD• A fossil is an imprint/trace of a long-dead
organism (usually found in sedimentary rock)
FOSSILS CAN BE DATED:
• Relative – Molds found in lower layers of rock are older
• Absolute – Radiometric dating (example: carbon-dating)
THE FOSSIL RECORD (a time scale for the entire history of life on our planet) indicates that over time, organisms of increasing complexity appeared on earth
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Radiocarbon Dating
Laboratory
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Structural Similarities
HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES• Anatomical features found in different species
that show the same relative structure, indicating common ancestry
• EXAMPLE: Forearms in the bat, penguin, human, and alligator
ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES• Anatomical features found in different species
that serve similar functions but have different structures
• EXAMPLE: Wings of moths and wings of birds
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VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES
• An anatomical feature that is present in an organism, but (now) serves no useful purpose
EXAMPLES: - Human tailbone
- Pelvic bones in whales
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EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT• Showing physical similarities during
embryonic development (between conception and birth)
• These similarities usually disappear before birth
EXAMPLE:
• All vertebrates possess a tail and gill slits at some time during development
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Theories of EVOLUTION• Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
(1774-1829)• French Scientist• 1809 – “the inheritance of
acquired characteristics”* NO EVIDENCE *
• Lamarck put forward the idea that traits would be changed/modified based on a conscious use or disuse, and that this modified trait would be passed on
- Slithering salamander - Neck stretching giraffes
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Theories of EVOLUTION• Charles Darwin (1809-1882)• British Scientist • Theory of NATURAL
SELECTION• Explained in his 1859 book…
THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES* Independently proposed at the same time by Alfred Wallace (1823-1913)*
• 1831-1836 H.M.S. Beagle voyage• Mapping and collecting expedition• Studied finches of the Galapagos
Islands (off the coast of South America)
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The Finches of the Galapagos• Darwin saw 13 separate, yet similar species of finches
• The species only differed in their beak shapes and the types of food they ate
• Darwin believed that a single finch species coming from South America could have inhabited the islands, diverging into the 13 different species
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NATURAL SELECTION• Resources are limited• A struggle/competition for survival results• There is variation within a species
(some individuals have traits better suited for survival)• Those individuals most FIT are able to…
survive and reproduce • SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST• Favorable traits are passed down
through the generations• Over time, a population
adapts to the environment