HONORS CHEMISTRY STUDY GUIDE PAGE 1

NAME: CLASS PERIOD:

Disciplinary Core Ideas (NGSS)

HS-PS1-1: Use the periodic table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the patterns of

electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms.

The periodic table orders elements horizontally by the number of protons in the atom’s nucleus and places those

with similar chemical properties in columns. The repeating patterns of this table reflect patterns of outer electron

states. (HS-PS1-1)

Student performance objectives

At the end of this unit students should be able to:

1) Relate the names of elements to their international element symbols.

2) Describe the periodic table. Name the major groups and regions on the periodic table, and identify elements

belonging to these groups.

3) Distinguish between metals, nonmetals, and metalloids using the periodic table.

4) Understand the rationale behind the periodic table view the table as an ordered database of element properties.

5) Explain how the periodic table reflects the quantum mechanical structure of the atom.

6) Explain and use periodic trends in: atomic radius, ionic radius, and ionization energy

7) Explain the connection between ionization energy and metallic character

a) Predict the most common ion formed by a main group element by consulting a periodic table.

b) Name and write the formulas for common transition metal ions.

VOCABULARY DATE OUTLINE DATE

DUE

Alkali metals

Alkaline earth metals

Anion

Atomic radius

Cation

Electronegativity

Element

Halogens

Inner transition metals

Ion

Ionic radius

Ionization energy

Metalloids (semi-metals)

Metals

Noble gases

Nonmetals

Periodic law

Representative elements

Transactinides

Transition metals

Transuranium

1) Organizing the elements

a) History of development of

table

b) Metals, nonmetals &

metalloids

2) Classifying the elements

a) Electron configurations

b) Element groups

c) Blocks of elements

3) Periodic trends

a) Atomic size

b) Ionization energy

c) Electronegativity

4) Test/quiz

Horwat’s homepage with calendar: http://horwat.wicomico.wikispaces.net/Chemistry+%28Home%29

HONORS CHEMISTRY STUDY GUIDE PAGE 2

6.1: ORGANIZING THE ELEMENTS

1) How did chemists begin to organize the known elements?

a) Ancient Greeks

b) Dobereiner

c) Newlands

d) Mendeleev – Video (BBC): Periodic table of the elements clip

e) Meyer

f) Mosley

2) How is the modern periodic table organized? Video (PBS): Island of stability

a) Seaborg

b) Inner transition elements

HONORS CHEMISTRY STUDY GUIDE PAGE 3

6.2: CLASSIFYING THE ELEMENTS

Chemical Element information table

While watching the video clips in class or using your textbook, fill in the table below. MP is the melting point, D is density, Ve- is valence electrons and H is hardness. Use the up or down arrows to represent higher (↑), lower (↓)

values or middle () values. If the value varies use the word “vary”

Group # Family Name Examples Properties Uses

s-block

1 Alkali Metals Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr

↓ MP ↓ D

1 V e- ↓ H

Color: silvery

2

Alkaline earth

elements

MP D

V e- H

Color:

d-block 3-12

Transition

metals

MP D

V e- H

Color:

f-block

Period 6

Lanthanide

MP D

V e- H

Color:

Period 7

Actinide

MP D

V e- H

Color:

p-block

13-16

Other metals

MP D

V e- H

Color:

17

Halogens

MP D

V e- H

Color:

18

Noble gases

MP D

V e- H

Color:

13-17 Metalloids / semimetals

MP D

V e- H

Color:

14-16 Other

nonmetals

MP D

V e- H

Color:

H 1 Hydrogen

MP D

V e- H

Color:

Transactinides – Transuranium –

HONORS CHEMISTRY STUDY GUIDE PAGE 4

Understanding the elements

This assignment is to get you thinking about the elements found in nature. You will identify the major groups and

regions on the periodic table, and identify elements belonging to these groups and the similarities and differences

between them.

Use page R4 & R5 in your text or the internet to answer the following question(s)

Most abundant

element 2nd most abundant 3rd most abundant

In the Earth’s crust

Dissolved in the oceans

In our atmosphere

In the sun

In the human body

Do you notice any elements that keep showing up? Why do you think this is so?

Using Appendix A in your text book (Pages R2 to R45) or the internet to answer the following questions about each

group. This should be done on lined paper. Each group should be on its own sheet of paper. Be sure to label each

group and each question. (Groups include 1A through 8A, Hydrogen, & Transition metals).

Group #: Name

1. Physical properties - What do the elements in the group have in common? (look at their physical properties)

2. Trends - Looking at the graphs, what trends do you see in the properties of the elements in the group?

3. Sources - Where are the elements found? Are they found pure or in compounds? Why?

4. Uses - What are some important uses for elements in the group? (you do not need to have every element in the

group accounted for, only an example or two, general uses are acceptable)

Answers can be in bulleted lists or complete sentences. Please be NEAT and thorough.

HONORS CHEMISTRY STUDY GUIDE PAGE 5

Health and Elements

Different elements play a crucial role in the body’s ability to function. We need different elements to help keep us

healthy for different reasons. Using your research tools, fill in the follow chart with how each element is needed and

where we are most likely to get our intake from.

Mineral Chart

Mineral Name Importance to Health Sources Type of Element (Group)

Calcium Helps form healthy bones.

Regulates your heartbeat

Dairy & green leafy

vegetables

Alkaline Earth

Metal

Chlorine

Copper

Fluorine

Iodine

Iron

Magnesium

Phosphorous

Potassium

Sodium

Zinc

Industry and Elements

We do not always use elements in their rudimentary form. Sometimes a mixture of different elements allows us to

have the best properties or ones that fit our purpose. A mixture of metals is called an alloy and they can have some

very special uses. You will discover what elements make up our most common metal mixtures.

Name of Alloy Composition (which elements is

it made of)

Properties (why is this mix

useful)

Common uses (how do we use

it)

Brass

Bronze

14-karat gold

Pewter

Stainless steel

Sterling silver

Wrought iron

HONORS CHEMISTRY STUDY GUIDE PAGE 6

Chemical Element information table

1) Label the groups 1-18 (and IA-VIII designations) and the periods 1-7. 2) Draw the zig-zag line between the metals and the nonmetals. 3) Label and lightly color each of the families from the chart on the previous page different colors, indicating them on the

key. 4) Label the s, p, d and f blocks.

Alkali metals Alkaline earth Halogens Noble gases Transition metals Lanthanides Actinides

HONORS CHEMISTRY STUDY GUIDE PAGE 7

6.3: PERIODIC TRENDS

POGIL question: Can the properties of an element be predicted using a periodic table?

1) Consider the data in Model 1 on the following page.

a) Each element has three numbers listed under it. Which value represents the atomic radius?

b) What are the units for the atomic radius?

c) Write a complete sentence to convey your understanding of atomic radius. Note: You many not use the word

“radius” in your definition.

2) In general, what is the trend in atomic radius as you go down a group in Model 1? Support your answer, using

examples from two groups.

3) Using your knowledge of Coulombic attraction (electrostatic attraction) and the structure of the atom, explain

the trend in atomic radius that you identified in Question 2. Hint: You should discuss either a change in distance

between the nucleus and outer shell of electrons or a change in the number of protons in the nucleus.

4) In general, what is the trend in atomic radius as you go across a period (left to right) in Model 1? Support your

answer, using examples from two periods.

5) Using your knowledge of electrostatic attraction and the structure of the atom, explain the trend in atomic radius

that you identified in the previous question.

HONORS CHEMISTRY STUDY GUIDE PAGE 8

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6) Locate the numbers in Model 1 that represent the ionization energy. The ionization energy is the amount of

energy needed to remove an electron from an atom.

a) Using your knowledge of electrostatic attraction, explain why ionization—removing an electron from an

atom—takes energy.

b) Which takes more energy, removing an electron from an atom where the nucleus has a tight hold on its

electrons, or a weak hold on its electrons? Explain.

7) In general, what is the trend in ionization energy as you go down a group? Support your answer using examples

from three groups.

8) Using your knowledge of electrostatic attraction and the structure of the atom, explain the trend in ionization

energy that you identified in the previous question.

9) In general, what is the trend in ionization energy as you go across a period? Support your answer using examples

from two periods.

10) Using your knowledge of electrostatic attraction and the structure of the atom, explain the trend in ionization

energy that you identified in the previous question.

11) Atoms with loosely held electrons are usually classified as metals. They will exhibit high conductivity, ductility,

and malleability because of their atomic structure. Would you expect metals to have high ionization energies or

low ionization energies? Explain your answer in one to two complete sentences

HONORS CHEMISTRY STUDY GUIDE PAGE 10

Read This!

Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom’s nucleus to attract electrons from a different atom within a

covalent bond. A higher electronegativity value correlates to a stronger pull on the electrons in a bond. This value is

only theoretical. It cannot be directly measured in the lab.

12) Using the definition stated in the Read This! box above, select the best visual representation for

electronegativity.

Explain your reasoning.

13) Locate the electronegativity values in Model 1.

a) What is the trend in electronegativity going down a group in Model 1?

b) Explain the existence of the trend described in “13 a)” in terms of atomic structure and electrostatic

attraction.

c) What is the trend in electronegativity going across a period in Model 1?

d) Explain the existence of the trend described in “13 c)” in terms of atomic structure and electrostatic

attraction.

14) The two diagrams below can summarize each of the three trends discussed in this activity. Write “atomic radius,”

“ionization energy,” and “electronegativity” under the appropriate diagram.

HONORS CHEMISTRY STUDY GUIDE PAGE 11

Periodic Trends in Atomic & Ionic Radii Date Performed: ________________________

PURPOSE: Make a graph of atomic radius vs. atomic number and a graph of ionic radius vs. atomic number.

Use the graphs to identify periodic and group trends.

Use data on page 175 of your text to plot your graphs.

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HONORS CHEMISTRY STUDY GUIDE PAGE 12

SUMMARY/REVIEW

Ch 6-1: Organizing the elements (pages 155-160)

Chemists used the _________________________ of elements to sort them into groups. The periodic table

organizes the elements into vertical _________________________ and horizontal _________________________ in

order of increasing _________________________. The table is constructed so that elements that have similar

chemical properties are in the same_________________________. _________________________ have a high

luster, or sheen, when cut. Most nonmetals are _________________________ at room temperature. Elements with

properties that are similar to those of metals and nonmetals are called _________________________. Across the

periodic table, the properties of elements become _________________________ metallic and

_________________________ nonmetallic.

Ch 6-2: Classifying the elements (pages 161-167)

The periodic table displays the symbols and _________________________ of the elements along with

information about the structures of their _________________________. The Group 1 (1A) elements are called

_________________________, and the Group 2 (2A) elements are called _________________________. The

elements in Groups 1A through 7A are called the _________________________. The nonmetals of Group 7A (17) are

_________________________, and the _________________________ make up Group 8A (18). Between Groups 2A

and 3A (2 & 3), there are _________________________ in periods 4 through 7 and _________________________ in

periods 6 and 7. The atoms of the noble gas elements have their highest occupied “s” and _______ sublevels filled.

The highest occupied “s” and “p” sublevels of the representative elements are _________________________.

Ch 6-3: Periodic trends (pages 170-179)

Atomic radii generally _________________________ as you move from left to right in a period. Atomic size

_________________________ with atomic number within a group because there are more occupied

_________________________ and an increased shielding effect, despite an increase in nuclear

_________________________. The energy required to remove an electron from an atom is known as

_________________________ energy. This quantity generally _________________________ as you move left to

right across a period. Ions form when _________________________ are transferred between atoms. Cations are

always _________________________ than the atoms from which they form. The ability of an atom to attract

electrons when it is in a compound is called _________________________, and this value

_________________________ as you move from left to right across a period.