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NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH (NIPER), GUWAHATI

Department of PharmaceuticalsMinistry of Chemicals & Fertilizers

Govt. of India

Annual Magazine2013-2014

Mentor Institute: Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India, 781 032

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Objectives of NIPER, Guwahati

Enhancement of creativity, motivation, drive and professionalism.

To bring synergy between academics, R&D, technology and industries.

Bringing collaboration between pharmacy, biotechnology, information technology and prepare formeeting global challenges.

To prepare professionals to suit to the need of Pharmaceutical industry.

Exposure for the students and scholars to high-tech areas such as drug discovery, pharma cogenomics,toxicogenomics, RNA & DNA technology, bioinformatics, drug design & molecular modeling,molecular biology and herbal research etc.,

To develop skills and practical learning for the professionals and training for

teachers, researchers and regulators in the respective fi elds.

To create a world class institute for teaching and research in the fi eld of Pharmaceutical sciences.

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EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERSDr. (Mrs.) Mangala Lahkar

Dr. Syed Tanwir Alam

Dr. Ranadeep Gogoi

Dr. Utpal Mohan

Mrs. Nijara Sarmah

K. Eshvendar Reddy

Athira. K .V

Karnam Kalyani

Mona Vallabaneni

Mukesh Kumar Budhani

Manash Protim Borgohain

V. Rajendra Babu

Harsha. P

Title of the Souvenir: K. Eshvendar Reddy.

Cover Page design: Ashish Kumar, Rajat Pant, Tavleen Singh, V. Rajendra Babu,

K. Eshvendar Reddy and Athira. K .V.

Layout design: Athira. K .V, Karnam Kalyani and K. Eshvendar Reddy.

Proof reading: Athira. K .V, Karnam Kalyani, Mona Vallabaneni, Mukesh Budhani, Manash and K Eshvendar Reddy.

Published by: NIPER,

Guwahati, Assam

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As a part of 6th Foundation day celebration of our NIPER, Guwahati to be held on 16th September 2014, the annual magazine “Rang-Resplendent Arts of NIPER, Guwahati” is ready to entertain and enlighten the readers. Bringing out this issue has been quite an experience!

We are provided with the opportunity to bring out the annual magazine by the organizing committee and we have tried our level best to make this issue enlightening, entertaining and creative with the contributions of all our NIPERites.

The title of the annual magazine is “RANG –Resplendent Arts of NIPER - Guwahati”. Rang in Hindi means color. Color plays a vital role in the world in which we live in. Colors speak all languages. It can sway thinking, change actions, and cause reactions. Like emotions, colors are a reflection of life. RANG intends to offer insights into the richly colorful soul of NIPER, Guwahati. So RANG presents the achievements, enthusiasm, perceptions, thoughts, views, dreams, hopes and aspirations of the past as well as present talents. If NIPER, Guwahati is a canvas, this annual magazine gives insight into the colors that are painted on to it.

With immense respect, our annual magazine starts with messages from the Principal Secretary (MoH & F.W, Govt. of Assam), Regional Director (MoH & FW, GOI, Guwahati), Director, Project Director, Registrar and Chief Academic Coordinator of NIPER, Guwahati. They convey their blessings and best wishes for the students and institution. In particular the message from the Director reiterates his noble desire to make this institution a center of excellence.

The core of the publication lies in scientifi c articles from faculty and fellow NIPERites. We would like to convey our sincere thanks to all who have provided us with their valuable contributions and helped us to maintain the quality of this publication. General articles tell about interesting and upbeat topics in a concise and clear way. Sketches at the end of the issue showcase the talent and creativity of students and promises a visual treat to readers.

We solicit our deep sensation of appreciation and gratitude to Dr. B. K. Bezbaruah, Dr. Mangala Lahkar, Dr. M. Rahman, Dr. Nitul Sarmah, Dr. Tanwir Alam, Dr. Ranadeep Gogoi, Dr. Utpal Mohan, Mrs. Nijara Sarmah for their timely help and advice in preparation of this magazine.

We would like to convey our deepest gratitude to the management for providing the monetary support for bringing RANG into life.

We would like to recall the ideas, efforts & contributions from all members of the editorial board.

Last but not least, we wish to acknowledge the co-operation and support extended by our publication house, Genesis Printers in bringing out RANG on time.

Though we have tried our best to make this issue mistake free, as famous quote “to err is human” says, there may be errors in spelling, vocabulary and other short comings in the magazine. If in any case RANG doesn’t meet your expectation, which we hope not to, excuse us.

Happy reading..!!!Thank you,

Annual magazine committee.

EDITORIAL

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Message

I am pleased to know that National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati has successfully completed six years of functioning since its inception in 2008.

NIPER, Guwahati is a premier institute in the fi eld of Pharmaceutical sciences in the Northeast India, established under the mentorship of Guwahati Medical College and Hospital. I feel happy to learn that despite being in its budding stage, NIPER students are doing well in their academics, research work as well as in their careers. I congratulate all the students, faculty and management for their signifi cant accomplishments.

I am also glad to know that NIPER, Guwahati is bringing out an Annual Magazine on the occasion of 6th Foundation Day celebration of the institute on 16th September 2014.

On this auspicious occasion I would like extend my best wishes to the entire crew of NIPER, Guwahati.

Sd/-Sanjeeva Kumar, IAS

Principal SecretaryHealth & F.W. Department

Date : 10/09/2014

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Message

Keeping in momentum with the tremendous growth of Pharma industry worldwide,Government of India has set up new National Institute of Pharmaceutical Edu-cation and Research(NIPER) including NIPER,Guwahati.Besides tackling problems of human resources development for academia and industry,the institute is aimed at maxi-mizing collaborative research and development with the industry and technical institute in the area of drug discovery and pharmaceutical technology development.It is a matter of great satisfaction that the management and faculty members of NIPER,Guwahati are fi rmly progressing in their endeavour to achieve this goal.

I am also happy to note that principal,Guwahati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati and his team have gone beyond their normal call to duty with devotion to estab-lish NIPER,Guwahati as a centre of excellence.

On the occasion of 6th Foundation Day celebration of NIPER,Guwahati, I extend my felicitations and best wishes to all the students, faculty and management.

I am confi dent that NIPER,Guwahati shall achieve greater heights in years to come.

(Dr.Parthajyoti Gogoi)Regional Director

MoH & FW, GOI, Guwahati-37

arthajyogional DW, GOI,

Date : 10/09/2014

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Message Its my pleasure to know that National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Guwahati , is going to organize its 6th Foundation Day on 16th September, 2014. Almost six years have passed and during these period more than 150 students have passed out from this institute and are engaged in different fraternity. As a mentor institute, Gauhati Medical College & Hospital is helping its level best for the benefi t of the students.

On this auspicious occasion I welcome you all and hope for the successful completion of the events.

(Prof.K.C.Saikia)NIPER-Guwahati

Date : 05/09/2014

GOVT. OF INDIANATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH (NIPER), GUWAHATI.Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers

MENTOR INSTITUTE: Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati-781 032 (Assam)

Ph: 2130236 / 2134538Fax: 0361 - 2529457E-mail: [email protected]

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Message

Indian Pharmaceutical Industry is growing and needs skilled and talented researchers. NIPER – Guwahati always gives stress on overall development of talents by providing students a wide exposure and opportunity of interaction through participation in various scientifi c events.

We are making sincere efforts to produce competent human resources in the area of Pharmaceutical Education to cater the needs of India. Five batches of students have passed out from this Institute and are engaged in different works all over the country and the world.

I appreciate our dedicated faculty and also thankful to the mentor, all associated scientists and staff members of Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati for their full support and coordination.

(Prof. B.K. Bezbaruah)Project Director

NIPER – Guwahati

Date : 05/09/2014





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Message

National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati is one of the premium institute in the North East India under the able mentorship of Gauhati Medical College Guwahati. The management, faculty and students are steadfastly progressing in in their pursuit of achieving excellence in academics as well as research and development.

On the auspicious occasion of 6th Foundation Day celebration of NIPER, Guwahati, an annual magazine will be published which will be quite informative about NIPER – Guwahati.

I wish that the celebration will be a grand success.

I am confi dent that NIPER, Guwahati shall achieve greater heights in the years to come.

(Dr. M. Rahman)Registrar

NIPER – Guwahati

Date : 05/09/2014





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MessageIt is a matter of great pride for me that I am involved with NIPER-Guwahati as

Chief Academic Coordinator since its inception. When I look back, it gives me immense pleasure to fi nd that we have come a long way from a very humble beginning. This day reminds me of all the challenges and struggles we all faced initially. On this 6th foundation day, I urge entire NIPER family to work with dedication and give their best in bringing glory to this premier Institute.

Date : 05/09/2014

Dr. (Mrs.) Mangala LahkarProfessor, Dept. of Pharmacology,

Gauhati Medical College.& Chief Academic Coordinator,

NIPER – Guwahati





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CONTENTS

1. Progress Report Pg. 152. Infrastructure & Facilities Pg. 243. News Letter- 1st Convocation Pg. 254. SAHAY- For the Needy Pg. 315. Publications Pg. 346. Academic Calender 2014-2015 Pg. 367. Scientifi c Articles: • Prospect of Pharmaceutical Education and Industry in the NE Region Pg. 37 -Dr.Nitul Sarmah • Haemoglobin E (Hb E)-A Glimpse Pg. 39 - Dr. Ranadeep Gogoi • ‘Meditation: The Future Medication’ Pg. 43 - K. Eshvendar Reddy & Mona Vallabhaneni • Cayenne Pepper-a wonder herb Pg. 45 -SR Chandra Shekhar & Muhammad KS • Multiple Sclerosis: The current scenario Pg. 47 -Athira. K.V, Karnam Kalyani & Dr. (Mrs). Mangala Lahkar • Status of Indian Pharma Sector Pg. 52 -Rajaram Mohanrao Madhana, Kotni Murali & Saurabh Kumar • Short communications: Overcoming the bottlenecks in drug ... Pg. 54 -Mohit Kwatra & Rajat Pant • Synriam™ India’s First Anti-Malarial Drug Pg. 58 -Mukesh Kr. Budhani & Dinesh Sharma • Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Risk Factors and Its Molecular mechanisms Pg. 61 -Manash Pratim Borgohain & Vinay j • Lung cancer- An Emerging Sovereign Carcinoma in the World Pg. 64 - Vicky Dahiya & Shruti Mishra • Cord Blood Banking: A Promising Future of Regenerative Therapy Pg. 67 - Tavleen Singh & Ashish Kumar Mohapatra • How Stress Increases the Alcohol Consumption ... Pg. 71 - Prabha Rajput & Kanika Mahajan • Personalized Medicine: An Overview Pg. 73 - Mudasir Maqbool & Mohmad Amin Dar • Current Status of Pharmacovigilance in India Pg.75 - Sukhjinder Singh, Praveen Kumar, & Jyoti Saini • List of Recombinant DNA based Drugs Approved in India... Pg. 78

- Islauddin Khan, Vijay Kumar & Mohammad Arfeen • US FDA Approved Drugs In 2014 Pg. 81 - Khushboo Choudhary, Palak Dhyawala & Preeti Patel

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8. General Articles: • Brain Drain Pg. 83 -Pawan Kushwah & Sngithiang Mawnai • “Success Is A Journey, Not A Destination” Pg. 85 -Priyansha Choubey & Surya Narayan Pandey • Interpretative Clinical Chemistry Pg. 86 -Rajendra, Mona, Kalyani & Shravan

9. Creative Section: -Bittu Pg. 88

- Athira K.V. Pg. 88 -Yogita Sharma Pg. 89 - Mukesh Kr. Budhani Pg. 8910. Administrative & Examination Section, Lists, Committees and Budget: • Administrative & Examination Section Pg. 90 • List of Faculty Pg. 91 • List of Non -Teaching Staff Pg. 92 • List of Students Pg. 93 • Committees for 6th Foundation Day celebration, NIPER, Guwahati Pg. 95 • Budget:2013-2014 Pg. 96

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Progress Report

ESTABLISHMENT

National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) is the fi rst national level institute in Pharmaceutical sciences with a proclaimed objective of becoming a ‘Center of Excellence’ for Advanced Studies and Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences’. The Government of India has declared NIPER as an ‘Institute of National Importance’. It is an autonomous body and NIPER, Guwahati is the fi fth institute to be included in the list of the premium institutes under the aegis of Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India.

NIPER, Guwahati was inaugurated on 16th September 2008 by the then Honorable Union Minister for Chemicals and Fertilizers and Steel, Shri Ram Vilas Paswan in the presence of several distinguished personals, including the Honorable Chief Minister of State of Assam, Shri Tarun Gogoi, Honorable Union Minister of State for Chemicals, Shri Bijoy Krishna Handique, Honorable Health Minister of Assam, Shri Himanta Biswa Sarma, Honorable Union Secretary for Pharmaceuticals, Shri Ashok Kumar, Principal of Gauhati Medical College and Hospital (GMCH),Guwahati, Dr. M.M. Deka among others. The institute is completing 6 years of its establishment. The Central Plan outlay for 2012-13 for various projects, programmes and schemes and Central Assistance for State and Union Territory Plans has depicted that the expenditure earmarked for North Eastern Region (18.80 crore) is incurred from NIPER, Guwahati. The Government of Assam has provided approximately 89.0 acres of land for construction of new campus in Changsari, north of Guwahati city. The necessary formality to start the construction work has already been completed.

GMCH is the second largest hospital in India and enjoys a prestigious status for its academic pursuits and patient care. It is also a tertiary care referral center for specialty and super specialty treatment. As a mentor institute, it is making all efforts to take NIPER to great heights.

NIPER, Guwahati organized 1st Convocation on 6th September 2013 where degrees were awarded to the passed out students till the previous academic year since the fi rst batch. Convocation letter citing the details follows this report.

ACADEMICS

Admission of students in NIPER, Guwahati for post graduate courses and Ph.D programme is through Joint Entrance Exam (JEE) and Joint Admission Test (JAT) respectively, organized and conducted by NIPER, Mohali.

NIPER, Guwahati started functioning by offering post graduate courses in two disciplines

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M.S.(Pharm) Pharmacology & Toxicology and M.Pharm Pharmacy Practice. Since 2010, institute started offering M.S.(Pharm) in Biotechnology. Ph.D programme was started in the institute in Pharmacology & Toxicology from 2011. From the academic year 2013-2014, Ph.D programme in Biotechnology has also been started.

Students of NIPER, Guwahati are provided with excellent teaching and guidance by distinguished faculties of NIPER, GMCH, Gauhati University, College of Veterinary Sciences, Girijananda Chowdhury Institute Of Pharmaceutical Science (GIPS) and other prominent educational institutions in Guwahati.

NIPER, Guwahati provides library facility, currently having 383 books on topics related to curriculum and research. 59 new text books were purchased in the last academic year. Computer lab with Internet connectivity and printer cum scanner are available for students. A number of new equipment were ordered for purchase, out of which most of them have already been installed like Western blotting (Thermoscientifi c) , Rota vacuum evaporator (IKA), CO2 incubator (Thermoscientifi c), Weighing balance (Shimadzu) and -20oC Deep fridge (Thermoscientifi c).

For the fi fth batch of post graduate students (2012-2014), defence of thesis was completed in last week of June. The results of their IV semester were declared on 1st July 2014.

The teaching of II semester of sixth batch post graduate students (2013-2015) was completed in the fi rst week of May, 2014 and end semester examinations were conducted by last week of May. The results were declared on 1st August 2014.

The fi rst batch of Ph.D scholars submitted their thesis for review in June 2014 .SRC examination for second batch of Ph.D scholars was conducted in April 2014. The teaching of doctoral courses of third batch Ph.D scholars was completed and examinations were conducted in third week of May 2014. The results were declared on 1st August 2014.

All the students of the previous year were promoted. The academic year 2013-2014 was commenced on 1st August 2014. The seventh batch of post graduate students, of strength 32, joined the institute. For Ph.D programme, 2 scholars were admitted in Pharmacology & Toxicology and 1 in Biotechnology. All the post graduate students of sixth semester as well as second batch of Ph.D Scholars have been associated with their respective guides and co-guides for their projects, and the students are actively pursuing their research work. Comprehensive Examination for third batch Ph. D is due for September.

A project titled “Targeting neuroinfl ammation, oxidative-nitrosative stress and PARP overactivation in experimental model of neuropathic pain” was sanctioned under Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of India under twinning R&D projects (CFTP) 2013-2014 from scientists working in the north eastern states of India (ref. no. bt/42/ne/2013) with NIPER, Guwahati as parent institute and NIPER, Hyderabad as collaborating institute. Dr. Ranadeep Gogoi, Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechnology, NIPER, Guwahati is the Principal Investigator

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and Dr. (Mrs.) Mangala Lahkar, Professor, Dept. of Pharmacology,Gauhati Medical College& Chief Academic Coordinator,NIPER, Guwahati is the Co-Principal Investigator from the parent institute of the project.

One new faculty member, Dr. Utpal Mohan has joined in Dept of Biotechnology and the total strength of the staff is given at the end of this Annual Report.

CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES

NIPER, Guwahati encourages the students to participate actively in conferences, seminars, trainings and workshops.

Students participated in a workshop on “RTPCR and its applications” organized by Life technologies in association with Gauhati University, Guwahati in November 2013. Students also attended “National seminar on molecular pathology of cancer” on 10th January 2014 in Dr. B. Borooah Cancer Institute, Guwahati.

The students attended the “International Conference on Neurosciences 2013”organized by Ravinshav University, Cuttack, Orissa, and participated in poster presentation. The posters presented were “Honokiol reverses depressive like behaviour and restores reduced hippocampal brain derived neurotrophic factor level in mice after lipopolysaccharide administration” by Kunjbihari Sulakhiya, Parveen Kumar, Ashok Jangra, Mangala Lahkar, Naba K. Hazarika, Chandana C. Barua and “Esculetin ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced sickness behavior and neuroinfl ammation in swiss albino mice” by Shubham Dwivedi, Kunjbihari Sulakhiya, Pratik Gohil, Satendra Singh Gurjar, Nitin Mundhe, Ranadeep Gogoi, Mangala Lahkar.

NIPER, Guwahati students during “National seminar on Molecular Pathology of Cancer” at Dr. B. Borooah Cancer Institute, Guwahati.

A view of poster presentation by NIPER, Guwahati students during “International Conference on Neurosciences 2013” at Ravinshav University, Cuttack, Orrisa.

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Further, students attended the “International Conference on Pharmaceutical sciences” (ICPS), 2014 which was organized on the theme ‘Present Trends & Future Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences’ on 14th and 15th February 2014 at Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Technology and Sciences (SGRR ITS), Dehradun, Uttarakhand. A poster was presented on “Stem Cell: The New Era in Therapeutics” by Mukesh Kr. Budhani, Vicky, Dinesh Sharma, Surya Narayan Pandey.

A view of poster presentation by NIPER, Guwahati students during ICPS 2014at SGRR ITS Dehradun, Uttarakhand.

The students also attended the “9th Annual Conference of Association of Oncologists of North East India” (AONEI), 2014 heldon 1st and 2nd March 2014 in Guwahati. In the Paper presentation (Oral cum Poster) competition, students from NIPER, Guwahati were awarded the fi rst and second prize for the papers “Evaluation of the anticancer and protective effects of morin hydrate in combination with cisplatin using peritoneal carcinomatosis models in mice” by Athira.K.V, Kasbe Prajapati, MangalaLahkar, Ranadeep Gogoi and ‘Study of ras gene polymorphism in human multiple myeloma of Assam” byNityanand Bolshette, Swathisree Karaggi, Vinayak Jamdade, Ranadeep Gogoi, Mangala Lahkar, Jina Bhattacharyy, respectively.

A view of oral presentation by NIPER, Guwahati students during AONEI, 2014 in Guwahati.

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Twenty one students participated in the training program on “Basics of Good Clinical Practice”, organized by Clinical Development Services Agency (CDSA), an extramural unit of Translational Health Science & Technology Institute (THSTI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science & Technology, Govt. of India held at NEIGRIHMS, Shillong, Meghalaya on 28th and 29thMarch 2014 under the leadership of Prof.B.K.Bezbaruah, Project Director.

Students with Prof. B. K. Bezbaruah, Project Director, NIPER, Guwahati and offi cials of CDSA during the training program on “Basics of Good Clinical Practice”,

organized by CDSA at NEIGRIHMS, Shillong, Meghalaya.

Further, students attended the “Academy of Clinical Experts (ACE)” meeting held in Mumbai on 26-27th July 2014. The Best Paper Award (Rs.50,000) was secured for “Toll like receptor expression pattern and polymorphism profi ling in patients of multiple myeloma” by Nityanand Bolshette, Krishan Thakur, Ranadeep Gogoi, Mangala Lahkar, Jina Bhattacharyya of NIPER, Guwahati.

The students along with Dr. Ranadeep Gogoi, Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechnology, NIPER, Guwahati attended the seminars on “Acute myeloid leukemia” and “Myeloid dysplastic syndrome” conducted by Zuventus Oncocare in hotel Land mark, Guwahati in August 2014.

Students also attended the fi rst annual conference of the ‘Association of Pharmacy Teachers of India’ (APTI) Haryana state branch held at Kurukshetra University in Haryana on 22nd and 23rd August 2014. The theme of the conference was “Indian scenario

A view of Ph.D scholar, NIPER, Guwahati in the fi rst annual conference of APTI, Haryana state branch held at Kurukshetra University in Haryana.

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of Pharmaceutical Education Challenges and Future Perspectives”. An oral presentation on “Sodium Phenyl butyrate, a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, Protects Against Chronic Ethanol-induced Cognitive Dysfunction and Alteration in Hippocampal BNDF Expression Level”, by Ashok Jangra, Satendra Singh Gurjar, SR Chandershaker, MdIftikarHussain, Probodh Borah, Mangala Lahkar was delivered in the conference.

A report on the brilliant achievements of Mr. Parveen Kumar, fi rst batch Ph.D Scholar, NIPER, Guwahati was published in ‘Himachal Dustak’, a daily newspaper of Himachal Pradesh.

For the fi rst time in the history of NIPER, NIPER, Guwahati and Department of Pharmacology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati are organizing the 47th Annual Conference of the Indian Pharmacological Society (IPSCON 2014) at Guwahati from 28th – 30th December 2014. The theme of the conference is“Innovations in Pharmacology- Rapid Changing scenario in Drug Discovery.

Newspaper report on the achievements of Mr. Parveen Kumar, fi rst batch Ph.D Scholar.

Dr. B.K. Bezbaruah, Project Director, NIPER, Guwahati with other distinguished members of Indian Pharmacological Society at IPSCON-2013, Bengaluru, welcoming everyone to next edition at Guwahati.

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EXTRA CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES

The 1st Alumni meet was organized on 5th September 2014, which was participated by alumni, students, staff and management of NIPER, Guwahati.

Alumni and students with faculties on the occasion of 1st Alumni Meet.

The institute also celebrated its 5th Foundation Day cum Fresher’s Day in association with 1st Convocation on 6th September 2013. On the occasion, a souvenir titled “RANG: Rang-Resplendent Arts of NIPER-Guwahati” was published and T-shirts with NIPER logo and motto were released. The students were awarded trophies and certifi cates for their achievements in various extracurricular activities, including sports and games, and quiz competition.

Cultural program presented by students on the occasion of 5th Foundation Day cum Fresher’s Day celebrations.

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The students also actively participated in Pharmacy Day celebrations, 2013 on 25th September at Silpigram, Guwahati. The fi fth batch post graduate students were given a touching con 27th June 2014. The students also observed Krishna Janmashatami and Ganesh Chaturthy in hostels in August 2014. Further, the students took part in Independence Day celebration, 2014 of GMCH, in which fl ag hoisting was done by Prof.K.C.Saikia, Principal, GMC and Director, NIPER- Guwahati. The students participated in 6km race competition in Guwahati half marathon, an initiative by Techniche, the annual Techno-Management festival

of IIT-Guwahati, organized on 31st August 2014 with the motto of spreading message “ Run to affect the shift”. The students organized teachers’ day celebration on 5th September 2014 paying tribute to all the faculties. The celebration was marked by cutting of cake and words of wisdom by Prof.K.C.Saikia, Principal, GMC and Director, NIPER- Guwahati.

Release of NIPER T-Shirts on the occasion of 5th Foundation Day cum Fresher’s Day celebrations

Farewell function of fi fth batch of post graduate students.

Ganesh Chaturthy celebration at NIPER boys hostel.

Students with Dr.K.C.Saikia, Principal, GMCH and Director, NIPER- Guwahati on the occasion of

Independence Day celebration at GMCH.

Students on the occasion of Guwahati half marathon race competition.

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The highlight of the student activities of the past year is the formation of “SAHAY”, a voluntary organization to help the needy. A separate page with the details regarding the objectives and activities of SAHAY follows this report.

PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

NIPER, Guwahati students are coming up with timely publications of their research work. The publications are summarized following this report. The students of the institute are highly promoted towards all facets of academics, research as well as their careers.

Amongst the passed out students of 2014, few are admitted in Ph.D programs in different national institutes, including NIPERs, IIT. Few students got absorbed in various pharmaceutical companies and consultancy fi rms, including TCS, Cognizant. The rest are establishing their careers in academics and industry.

Running a national institute under a mentor institute is itself a challenging task. However, the mentor institute, GMCH is putting its extra energy, devotion and motivation in establishing NIPER, Guwahati as a center of excellence. The management committee of NIPER, Guwahati is striving hard for the growth of the institute by developing more infrastructure and facilities and by providing more guidance in academics and orientation in research. It is hoped that the forthcoming year would unfold its unlimited achievements in every fi eld.

Krishna Janmashatami celebrationat NIPER boys hostels.

Dr.K.C.Saikia, Principal, GMCH and Director, NIPER- Guwahati, with other distinguished guests on the occasion of Teachers’ Day celebration.

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Pharmacy Practice Students at Hospital

Pharmacology Laboratory Ph.D Laboratory

Lecture Hall

Instrumentation Facility Biotechnology Laboratory

INFRASTRUCTURE & FACILITIES

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NEWS LETTER

1st ConvocationNIPER-GUWAHATI

NIPER Guwahati:

National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) is the fi rst national level institute in Pharmaceutical sciences with a proclaimed objective of becoming a centre of excellence for advanced studies and research in Pharmaceutical sciences. The Government of India has declared NIPER as an ‘Institute of National Importance’. It is an autonomous body set up under the aegis of Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India.NIPER-Guwahati is the fi fth institute to be included in the list of the premium institutes under the Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India. NIPER Guwahati started functioning from the month of September, 2008 as a centre of excellence for higher education, research and development in pharmaceutical sciences, Gauhati Medical College & Hospital being the mentor Institute. The Institute, making a beginning with M.S. (Pharm.) and M. Pharm., offers courses in Pharmacology and Toxicology and Pharmacy Practice respectively from the academic year 2008-2009. The Institute is offering the Biotechnology course to the aspirants from the academic session 2010 - 2011. NIPER, Guwahati is also offering Ph.D in Pharmacology and Toxicology from the academic session 2011 - 2012. The students of the NIPER-Guwahati are highly promoted towards all facets of research in the fi elds of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Pharmacy Practice and Biotechnology.

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GAUHATI MEDICAL COLLEGE – THE MENTOR INSTITUTE

The Gauhati Medical College and Hospital (GMCH) was established in 1960, as the second medical college in the state of Assam. The college is situated in Guwahati and it was established as the demands for health care and health education and the need for more medical colleges in Assam was keenly felt. The functioning of the Gauhati Medical College was formally inaugurated from 20th September, 1960. The college started its operations in its present campus in Narakasur Hill top from September, 1968. The

Gauhati Medical College Hospital started its operations at its permanent site at the Narakasur foothill in 1984. The Gauhati Medical College (GMC), Guwahati was previously affi liated to Gauhati University and now it got affi liation from Srimanta Shankardeva University of Health Sciences. It is also recognized by the Medical Council of India (MCI). The college has several departments including the departments of Pathology, Pharmacology, Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Ophthalmology, E.N.T, Radiology, Social & Preventive Medicine and Forensic Medicine. The college offers courses in Medical, Medical Research and Pharmacy. The courses are offered in both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels and the college offers some Diploma and other courses, as well. The college started offering postgraduate courses from 1969. The postgraduate courses offered by the college are M.S. in Anatomy, Surgery, ENT, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Ophthalmology and Orthopedics. Apart from that, M.D. courses in Anesthesiology, Biochemistry, Community Medicine, Dermatology, Forensic Medicine, Medicine, Microbiology, Pathology, Pediatrics, Pharmacology, Physiology, Psychiatry, and Radio Diagnosis are also offered in the Gauhati Medical College (GMC), Guwahati. The Gauhati Medical College has been enjoying a prestigious status in the country for its academic pursuits and patients care, and also as a referral centre for speciality and super speciality treatment.

Gauhati Medical College – Mentor Institute, NIPER-Guwahati.

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The First convocation of NIPER-Guwahati was held on Friday 6th September, 2013 in the Gauhati Medical College and Hospital (GMCH) Auditorium. The occasion was graced by the Hon’ble Minister for Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of Assam, Dr. Himanta Biswa Sarma as the Chief guest alongwith Shri Dilsher Singh Kalha, Secretary, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Government of India; Shri P.P. Verma, IAS, Chief Secretary to the Govt. of Assam and Prof. U.C. Sarma, Hon’ble Vice Chancellor, Srimanta Sankardeva University of Health Sciences, Guwahati. Shri Dilsher Singh Kalha, Secretary, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Government of India presided over the function. Along with the above mentioned dignitaries, the convocation was also graced by Dr. K.C. Saikia, Director-in-charge, NIPER-Guwahati, Principal and Chief Superintendent, Gauhati Medical College, Dr. B.K.Bezbaruah, Project Director, NIPER-Guwahati and HOD, Deptt. of Pharmacology, Gauhati Medical College, Dr. M. Rahman, Registrar, NIPER-Guwahati, Dr. (Mrs) Mangala Lahkar, Chief Academic Coordinator, NIPER-Guwahati and Professor, Deptt. Of Pharmacology and other faculty members of the institute.

The function began with Saraswati Vandana by Dr. Deepika Lahon, Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Gauhati Medical College. This was followed by felicitation of the guests by the students of NIPER-Guwahati with a bouquet of fl owers, a “cheleng chador”, and a memento.

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Dr. K.C. Saikia, Director-in-charge, NIPER-Guwahati delivered a speech welcoming all the dignitaries, guests and the students in the convocation. In his speech he emphasized on the progress of NIPER-Guwahati, since its inception. This was followed by lightning of the inaugural lamp by Shri Dilsher Singh Kalha, Secretary, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Government of India. After the inauguration, Shri P.P. Verma, IAS, Chief Secretary to the Govt. of Assam, was invited

to the podium for his speech. The Chief Secretary, who has been associated with NIPER-Guwahati since its inception, expressed his happiness and satisfaction on the progress and development of this premier institute of the North Eastern region. He acknowledged the hardwork, devotion and intellectual input of the distinguished Professors of the Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, for bringing this institute to this present stage of glory starting from scratch. Concluding his speech, he conveyed his best wishes for a glorious career of the students of NIPER-Guwahati. After this, Director-i/c NIPER-Guwahati administered the exhortation to the students.

This was followed by conferring of Post Graduate Degrees to students M. (Pharm.) Pharmacy Practice and M.S. (Pharm.) Pharmacology and Toxicology of batches 2008-10, 2009-11, 2010-2012, 2011-2013. The students of M.S. (Pharm.) Biotechnology of batches 2010-2012, 2011-2013 were also conferred their degrees by the Chairman Steering Committee, Shri Dilsher Singh Kalha.

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Scholastic medals and books were awarded to the meritorious students of M. Pharm Pharmacy Practice, M.S. (Pharm.) Pharmacology and Toxicology, M.S. (Pharm.) Biotechnology of NIPER, Guwahati by Prof. U.C. Sarma, Hon’ble Vice Chancellor, Srimanta Sankardeva University of Health Sciences, Guwahati. After the award of the medals and books, Prof. U.C. Sarma was invited to deliver the convocation address. Prof. U.C. Sarma in his speech congratulated all the students of NIPER,

Guwahati who received the degrees on the convocation day. He talked about the importance of students in the nation building process through their respective capabilities acquired throughout their education. He also mentioned about ample opportunities for the capable ones in the fi eld of innovation and entrepreneurship. He stressed upon the need to be innovative and exploring the unexplored areas in the fi eld of pharmaceutical sciences. He further mentioned about the efforts of the Indian scientists via the HapMap project and the Indian Genome Variation database which has made available the genome wide SNP variation data on selected population.

After the convocation address by Prof. U. C. Sarma, Shri Dilsher Singh Kalha, Chairman, Steering Committee addressed the gathering. He expressed happiness over the progress of NIPER Guwahati under the mentorship of Gauhati Medical College. He mentioned his visit to the permanent campus of NIPER Guwahati and expressed hope on its completion in due time. He urged the students to grab this opportunity provided by NIPER Guwahati and excel in their fi eld. He concluded his speech by conveying his best wishes to the present students as well as the alumni of NIPER, Guwahati.

Chief Guest Dr. Himanta Biswa Sarma, Hon’ble Health and Family Welfare Minister of Assam, addressed the gathering by an inspiring speech and congratulated the students who received their degrees on the day. In his speech he stressed upon the need of pharmaceutical industry in the North Eastern region

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and the importance of pharmaceutical education in every walk of life. He also underlined the role of Gauhati Medical College, under whose wonderful mentorship, NIPER Guwahati has come this far. After a very inspiring speech by Chief Guest Dr. Himanta Biswa Sarma, Shri Dilsher Singh Kalha, Chairman, Steering Committee declared the closing of the convocation ceremony. A vote of thanks was followed by the return of convocation procession.

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SAHAY- For the Needy

“Sahay”is an initiative of the students of NIPER-Guwahati to serve the people who are in need. It’s the enthusiasm and a good ambition of the students to share a part of their benefi ts with the underprivi-leged in the society, which gave birth to Sahay. It was formed as a voluntary organization on 7th March 2014.

Objectives1. To help the poor people who are in need

2. To help the children in orphanages and elder peoplein old age homes

3. In Sponsoring a child’s education (initially 1)

4. Capacity building by working in association with existing NGOs

Organizing Committee

*** Volunteers would be changing every 2 months

Offi cial website

www.facebook.com/sahay.niper

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E-mail [email protected] of Bank accountName : SahayAccount number :33779967239Signatories: K.Eshvendar Reddy, SR Chandra SekharBranch: State Bank of India, GMC branch, Guwahati, AssamTranasparencyThe total amount collected and expenditure would be displayed from time to time.Activities“Sahay” wishes to associate with the following NGOs:

Snehalaya - A Centre For Child Rights Ashadeep - A Mental Health Society Jyoti Snehalaya Child Friendly Guwahati

First Activity - A visit to Ila-Snehalaya orphanage:The activities of the Sahay team started with the visit to Ila-Snehalaya, which is near to Balaji temple in Guwahati. The children of Ila-Snehalaya were provided bedsheets, Milton water bottles, energy drinks and fruits. The entire team members had a heart-warming session while indulging with the children in playing games and encouraging them with gifts for their performances including dance, skit and songs.

Highlights of the Sahay visit to Ila-Snehalaya

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SAHAY – For the needy: A NIPER Guwahati Students’ Initiative

Second Activity -Financial assistance to Mr.Brigunath:The second activity of Sahay was providing fi nancial assistance to Mr. Brigunath, the care taker of animal house of NIPER-Guwahati after the team had learnt that he was in dire need of monetary help.

Dr. Mangala Lahkar, Chief Academic Co-ordinator of NIPER, Guwahati handing over the cash to Mr. Brigunath in the presence of Dr. B.K. Bezbaruah, Project Director, Dr. Ranadeep Gogoi

and Dr. Utpal Mohan, Assistant Professors, NIPER, Guwahati.

The Sahay hopes to extend its activities in a wider range in the future.

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Publications

1. Anand Jay R. Rijhwani H, Malapati K, Kumar P, Saikia K, Lakhar M. Anticancer activity of esculetinvia-modulation of Bcl-2 and NF-kB expression in benzo[a]pyrene induced lung carcinogenesis in mice. Biomedicine & Preventive Nutrition; 2013 Volume 3, Issue 2.

2. Kumar P, Bolshette N.B,.Jamdade V.S, Mundhe N.A,Thakur K.K,Saikia K.K, Lahkar M. Breast cancer status in India: An overview. Biomedicine & Preventive Nutrition; 2013 Volume 3,Issue 2.

3. Kumar P, Prashanth K S, Gaikwad A.S, Vij M,Barua C.C, Bezbaruah B.Disparity in actions of rosiglitazone against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2013 Volume 36, Issue 3.

4. Kumar P, Kumar S, Barua C.C. Breast cancer management,International journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences 2013vol 5 issue 2 190-193.

5. Tiwari S, Lahkar M, Dash S, Samudrala PK, Thomas JM, Augustine BB. Preliminary phytochemical, Toxicity and Anti-infl ammatory Evaluation of Commelina benghalensis. International Journal of Green Pharmacy 2013; 7(3).

6. Augustine BB, Dash S, Lahkar M, Sarma U, Samudrala PK, Thomas JM. Leucas aspera inhibits the Dalton’s ascitic lymphoma in Swiss albino mice: A preliminary study exploring possible mechanism of action. Pharmacognosy Magazine 2013.

7. Pitta S, Augustine BB, Kasala ER, Sulakhiya K, Ravindranath V, Lahkar M. Honokiol reverses depressive-like behavior and decrease in brain BDNF levels induced by chronic corticosterone injections in mice. Pharmacognosy Journal 2013;5(5):211-5.

8. AugustineB.B, Dash S, Lahkar M, Lihite R.J, Samudrala P.K, Pitta S. Effect of Mirabilis jalapa linn fl owers in experimentally induced arthritis and consecutive oxidative stress. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; 2013, Volume 5, Issue 2.

9. Dutta B, Lahkar M, Augustine B.B,Lihite R.J. Hepatoprotective activity of Tamarind indica and Homalomena aromatica in rats. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; 2013, Volume 5, Issue 2.

10. Shaker S.C, LahkarM, Reddy K.E. Evaluation of anxiolytic activity of sesamol in swiss albino mice. American Journal of Pharmatech Research; 2013; 3 (2).

11. Reddy AV.K,Lihite R.J, Lahkar M, Choudhury U, BaruahS.K . A Study on Adverse Drug Reactions in HIV Infected Patients at a ART Centre of Tertiary Care Hospital in Guwahati, India Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. May 2013.

12. Sriram C.S, Jangra A, Kasala ER, Bodduluru LN, Bezbaruah BK Targeting poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase1 in neurological diseases: a promising trove for new pharmacological interventions to enter clinical translation. Neurochemistry International, 2014 Volume 76.

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13. Talukdar S, Zutshi S, Prashanth KS, Saikia KK, Kumar P. Identifi cation of potential vaccine candidates against Streptococcus pneumoniae by reverse vaccinology approach. ApplBiochemistry Biotechnology. 2014 172(6).

14. Prasanthi SV, Jamdade VS, Bolshette NB, Gogoi R, Lahkar M Pharmacogenomics Study of Clopidogrel by RFLP based Genotyping of CYP2C19 in Cardiovascular Disease Patients in North-East Population of India. J Pharmacogenomics Pharmaco proteomics 2014, 5.

15. Bolshette N.B,Thakur K.K, Bidkar A.P, Trandafi r C, Kumar P, Gogoi R. Protein folding and misfolding in the neurodegenerative disorders: A review. Revue neurologique 2014, 170 .

16. Jangra A, Lukhi M.M, Sulakhiya K, Baruah CC, Lahkar M.Protective effect of mangiferin against lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive and anxiety-like behaviour in mice Eur J Pharmacol. 2014 vol 5, issue 7.

17. Basappa K, Lahkar M, Devee A. A cross sectional study (prevalence rate (%)) on antibiotic drug sensitivity pattern in gram-negative and gram-positive uro-pathogens in tertiary care hospital in India. American Journal of Pharm Tech Research 2014.

18. Lahkar M, Chawda M.B,Selkar N.A, Allakonda A.Evaluation of the Chondroprotective Effect of an Ayurvedic Formulation Myostaal Forte Tablet in Experimental Model of Osteoarthritis in Rats, International Journal of Scientifi c Study, September 2014,Vol 2,Issue 6.

19. Bodduluru LN, Kasala ER, Thota N, Barua CC, Sistla R. Chemopreventive and therapeutic effects of nimbolide in cancer: The underlying mechanisms. Toxicology in Vitro 2014;28(5):1026-35.

20. Yamsani A, Prashanth KS, Kasala ER, Kataki R, Bezbaruah BK. Oral cancer awareness and knowledge in adults attending a dental hospital in Northeast India. Apollo Medicine 2014;11(1):11-7.

21. Kasala ER, Bodduluru LN, Maneti Y, Thipparaboina R. Effect of meditation on neurophysiological changes in stress mediated depression. Complementary therapies in clinical practice 2014;20(1):74-80.

22. Rao BS, Kasala ER, Kumar P, Bodduluru LN, Sriram CS, Lahkar M. Effects of Cleome viscosa on hyperalgesia, oxidative stress and lipid profi le in STZ induced diabetic neuropathy in Wistar rats. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2014;27(5):1137-45.

23. Samudrala PK, Augustine BB, Kasala ER, Bodduluru LN, Barua C, Lahkar M. Evaluation of antitumor activity and antioxidant status of Alternanthera brasiliana against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in Swiss albino mice. Pharmacognosy research 2014. (Accepted manuscript)

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ACADEMIC CALENDER 2014-2015Semester (July to December 2014)

Activity DatesOrientation of students 30th July 2014Commencement of Semester 1st Aug 2014Comprehensive Examination for Ph. D.* 8th Sep. to 13th Sep 2014Foundation Day 16th September 2014Submission of Semester attendance of students (1st Aug to 21st Sep 2014) 25th Sep 2014 Mid term Examination 8th Oct to 16th Oct 2014Submission of Semester attendance of students (1st Aug to 3rd Dec 2014) 6th Dec 2014Submission of midterm report on thesis Work {3rd Semester M.S.(Pharm), M.Pharm} 8th & 9th Dec 2014

Mid term presentation of thesis work {3rd semester M.S (Pharm), M.Pharm} 15th Dec to 27th Dec 2014

End Semester Examination 8th Dec to 22nd Dec 2014

Provisional Registration for January to June 2015 Semester 22nd Dec to 27th Dec 2014 (27th Dec onwards with late fee)

Submission of marks by Examiners (1st, 3rd Semester Masters & Ph. D.) Up to - 10th Jan 2015Declaration of Result (1st, 3rd Semester Masters & Ph. D.) Up to 21st Jan 2015

Semester (January to June 2015)Commencement of Semester 5th Jan 2015Assignment of 2nd Semester Masters students to Advisors Second Week of Jan 2015Submission of Semester attendance of students (5th Jan to 3rd Mar 2015) 6th Mar 2015Mid term examination 9th Mar to 14th Mar 2015

Comprehensive Examination for Ph. D.* 16th to 21st Mar 2015Constitution of SRCs for 2nd Semester Masters students Second Week of Apr 2015Presentation of Seminar (2nd Semester Masters Students) 27th Apr to 11th May 2015Submission of Semester attendance of students (5th Jan to 10th May 2015) 11th May 2015End semester examination 18th May to 30th May 2015Provisional Registration for July to December 2015 Semester 25th May to 30th May 2015 Submission of marks by examiners (End Semester Examination) Up to – 20th June 2015 Submission of unbounded copy of thesis {4th semester M.S.(Pharm), M.Pharm} 10th – 15th June 2015

Defence of thesis* {4th Semester M.S.(Pharm), M.Pharm} 15th – 20th June 2015 Declaration of Result of End semester Examination Up to – 30th June 2015 Last date for submission of bounded Copies of the thesis, 4th semester M.S.(Pharm), M.Pharm** 24th to 26th June 2015

Commencement of semester 3rd semester M.S.(Pharm), M.Pharm 27th Jul 2015

* Scholars will be required to submit their report/synopsis 15 days before the scheduled dates for comprehensive examination and defence of synopsis respectively.

** Those students who leave the Institute before 30th June shall get their fellowship till the date they are in the Institute.

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Prospect of Pharmaceutical Education and Industry in the NE Region

- Dr. Nitul Sarmah, Ph.D Deputy Registrar, NIPER-G

According to The Planning Commission, the Indian pharmaceutical sector is one of the fastest growing markets in the world with a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10 % which is estimated to rise up to 13-14 % by 2015. Indian Pharma industry produces 20-24 % of the world’s generic drugs in terms of value and employs thousands of workers directly or indirectly in production, quality control, marketing, drug development and other research-related activities. Multinational companies are also active in the Indian market with 15-20 of the world’s largest Pharma Companies having their presence in India. Indian Pharma companies meet various demands for pharma products from almost all the countries and nearly 70 % of the demand for bulk drugs is met by India. The industry is manufacturing practically the entire range of therapeutic products and has been recognized as a low cost producer of quality bulk drugs and formulations.

The India Patent Act has infused life into the Indian Pharma industry. The Indian market before 1970 was dominated by the MNCs, but within a decade of the Patent Act, the Indian fi rms have begun to dominate the domestic market and gradually Indian MNCs were born in the pharmaceutical sector and started operating soon after the post-1991 economic liberalization. The Indian Pharma industry is now mature enough to adjust and participate in the domestic as well as international market place, consolidating existing strength and pursuing new opportunities.

The expected sustained high growth rate of Pharma industry is envisaged from multiple drivers such as – Health care delivery trends and large patient base in India, growth in consumption pattern, increasing intensity of newer disease patterns, the outsourcing trend in drug development and discovery processes adapted by the MNCs, drug policy in pricing and trend in health care insurance. Still the Indian pharmaceutical industry has to tackle with many challenges like increasing competitions and ensuring universal access at affordable prices, building up Research and Development capability, obtaining high quality manpower support, cooperation from health care and related institutions, vigorous marketing drives and building up responsible and dynamic sales organization and most importantly, confronting the menace of spurious drugs fl oating in the market. In this perspective, it is necessary that the pharmaceutical sector adopts strategies for participation in contract research, investment in creation of new drugs for local as well as global market, creation of drugs that are off patent or are soon to be off patent and spending suffi cient fund on research in design and development of new, versatile drugs. It is to be noted that research sponsored by the private sector centres around the limited objective of improving revenues.

The future of the pharmaceutical industry is closely related to the state of pharmaceutical education in the country. The rapid growth of the pharma sector and its internationalization entails the need for

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trained manpower both in terms of quality and quantity. The need for up-gradation of pharmaceutical education is a perceived need felt around the world in the developed as well as the developing countries. The existing pharmaceutical education typically offers two year diploma, four year B. Pharm degree, two year M. Pharm and 3-4 year Ph. D. programmes. There is debate within the pharma education sector whether the diploma course should be continued or to be upgraded to Pharm. D programme (fi ve + one year internship). The institutions offering these courses under College / Universities are primarily geared towards academic teaching programmes and not towards extensive research activities either independently or in collaboration with industry, scientifi c laboratories (such as the CSIR laboratories) or similar organizations.

Keeping in view, the increasing demand of skilled manpower in the fi eld of pharmaceutical education and research, the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Govt of India established the National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) at Mohali in 1998 by an Act of Parliament with the objective of developing a centre of excellence in education and research in pharmaceutical sciences. Later, the Ministry has started another six other similar institutions and NIPER-Guwahati is one among them established in 2008 which is functioning under the mentor institute Gauhati Medical College with the objective of preparing professionals to suit the need of pharma industry as well as academic arena. NIPER-Guwahati offers two year PG course in Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmacy Practice and Biotechnology with Ph. D. Programme and has the intake capacity of 40 in PG and 4 in Ph. D. programmes each year. It is a matter of pride that the NIPER-Guwahati has developed into an excellent institution under the leadership of the Principal, GMC&H, who also functions as the Director in-charge of NIPER-Guwahati despite the constraint of time. Even in the formative stage, the NIPER-Guwahati has been able to maintain high standards of education and research.

For admission into the P G courses, all the seven NIPERs conduct their own entrance test on all India basis where B. Pharm degree with valid GPAT (Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test) score is an essential qualifi cation for all the programmes except for candidates holding B.V. Sc/ MBBS/BAMS degree. Student studying at NIPER are entitled to a stipend of Rs. 8000 for PG and Rs 18000 plus HRA per month for Ph. D courses .

The activities planned by NIPER-Guwahati includes conducting academic programmes leading to degrees, research in drug discovery and drug development, adverse drug reaction (ADR) monitoring and rendering services such as consultancies. The major thrust area of NIPER-Guwahati is Pharmacy Practice, Biotechnology, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Natural products, Herbal drug technology, standardization of herbal drugs, etc. Since NE region has high incidence of AIDS, this will be a thrust area for drug design and research along with studies into consumption of narcotic and psychotropic substances of abuse. The region is the hotspot of medicinal plant species and NIPER-Guwahati can play a leading role in their proper utilization, patenting and related activities.

In order to establish NIPER-Guwahati as a full-fl edged institute, the Govt. of Assam has promptly acted to provide a suitable land of 75 acres at Changsari, close to Guwahati. The necessary formalities to start construction work have already been completed. It is expected that once the full-fl edged institute with state of the art infrastructure come up, NIPER-Guwahati will be one of the leading institutes in the Pharmaceutical sector to engage in the development of Pharmaceutical education and research in this part of the country.

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Haemoglobin E (Hb E)-A Glimpse

Dr. Ranadeep Gogoi, Assistant Professor Deptt. of Biotechnology, NIPER-Guwahati.

Blood is made up of millions of Red blood cells (erythrocytes) fl oating in fl uid called plasma. Red blood cells are of having a diameter of 6-8 µm and a thickness of 2 µm, is unique among eukaryotic cells. The principal physical structure of Red blood cells is its membrane enclosing a concentrated haemoglobin solution carrying a total of 270 million haemoglobin molecules, which is red. This is why blood is red. The heart pumps blood round the body through the blood vessels. The body needs oxygen to function. Haemoglobin picks up oxygen as blood passes through the lungs, and carries it to the rest of the body as the blood circulates. The usual type of haemoglobin is adult haemoglobin or haemoglobin A.

Normal adult haemoglobin is a large complex molecule in which an iron-containing pigment (haem) is conjugated to a complex protein (globin). The normal adult haemoglobin (haemoglobin A) is composed of two different types of proteins known as alpha (α) and beta (β). There are two α and two β proteins and each protein is attached to iron. The α and β proteins are commonly referred as α and β globin genes. In addition to this, there are two more types of haemoglobins present in small quantities and they are known as haemoglobin A2 and haemoglobin F. The structure of human haemoglobin (Hb) changes during embryonic, fetal and adult life.

What is Haemoglobin E?

Haemoglobin E (HbE) is a common inherited condition caused by the production of an abnormal haemoglobin protein, due to substitution of one of the amino acids, the building block of proteins, in beta globin chain at 26 position. HbE is one of a range of variations in the blood called Haemoglobin Gene Variants. Here we call them haemoglobin variants in short. Like other variants of normal haemoglobin, this HbE abnormality is also restricted to certain ethnic as well as racial groups of the world. It is common among the population of Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Southern China, Philippines and some parts of India. Haemoglobin E (HbE, α2β2

26glu-lys) is the most common β-thalassaemic Haemoglobinopathy in Asian population affecting about thirty million inhabitants of Southeast Asia. In India, North Eastern region is the pocket for HbE. It is more prevalent among the Mongoloid population of the region. However, this variant of haemoglobin is also reported among the other ethnic groups of the region as well as other part of the country. Carriers of haemoglobin E are also sometimes said to be AE, or to have haemoglobin E trait.

HbE is inherited. HbE is not contagious. HbE is not transmitted by germs.

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How is haemoglobin E inherited?

Haemoglobin E is inherited through genes. Every human characteristic, such as eye colour, or height, or type of haemoglobin is controlled by genes that parents pass on to their children. It is passed on equally by men and women. It is present at birth, and it remains the same for life. A child inherits two genes for every characteristic, one from each parent. Most people inherit two genes for the usual type of haemoglobin, Haemoglobin A. Each gene is responsible for making half of the Haemoglobin A in each red blood cell. A carrier of Haemoglobin E (also termed as Haemoglobin E heterozygous or HbE trait) has inherited a gene for Haemoglobin A from one parent and a gene for Haemoglobin E from the other. If the changes are in both the beta globin genes, it is called as Haemoglobin E homozygous or HbE disease.

Can carrying haemoglobin E affect your health?

Carriers of Haemoglobin E are not ill, and are no more likely to get ill than other people. Carrying Haemoglobin E does not make them weak, and they can do any kind of work they choose. Though carrying Haemoglobin E does not cause health problems it can sometimes lead to misinformation and unnecessary treatment with iron medicine.

How do people fi nd out that they carry haemoglobin E?

Typing of haemoglobin of an individual can easily be determined by performing a laboratory test, referred as haemoglobin electrophoresis of one’s blood samples. It can be done in most of the laboratories of our country.

How one does inherit HbE variant?

There may be of fi ve different types of combinations of the parents to have their offsprings following Mendelian Inheritence i.e., (i) One parent is HbE trait and other is normal HbA, (ii) both parents are HbE trait, (iii) one parent is HbE trait and other is HbE homozygous, (iv) one parent is normal haemoglobin and other is HbE homozygous and (v) both parents are with HbE homozygous.

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In each pregnancy, there are two possibilities. The child may not carry any haemoglobin variant.

The child may carry Haemoglobin E. This is harmless.

This couple has the same chance of a healthy family as other couples do.

In each pregnancy, there are three possibilities

The child may not carry any haemoglobin variant.

The child may carry Haemoglobin E is harmless.

The child may inherit Haemoglobin E from both parents. Such a child would have homozygous Haemoglobin E. This is also known as having only Haemoglobin E (HbE disease). It is harmless. This couple has the same chance of a healthy family as other couples do.

The health of carriers of HbE and homozygous HbE:

A carrier of HbE and individuals who are homozygous for HbE can expect to be healthy. It is important that their doctor knows their carrier status.

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Is it possible to cure this disorder?

This is a genetic disorder that inherits from parents to offspring. There are no medicines available to cure any genetic disorder. However, by premarital screening and genetic counselling one can prevent this disorder gradually in a community.

Important information for your family:

If you are a carrier of HbE, other members of your family may also be carriers and at risk of having children with a severe blood condition. It is recommended that other family members and their partners be tested for their carrier status prior to having children of their own.

References1. Haemoglobin E; A booklet, published from Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region

(Indian Council of Medical Research), Dibrugarh, Assam, India.

2. Haemoglobin E; published by Thalassaemia Society of Victoria Inc., in conjunction with Monash Medical Centre, Australia.

3. Haemoglobin E; Newborn Screening Program, Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline.

4. Bevan J., (1978), A Pictorial Handbook of Anatomy and Physiology. Mitchel Beazley, London, p 88.

5. Pendleton J., (2008), The structure of human red blood cell: Basic Erythrocyte Anatomy, 13 December.

6. Lukens J.N., (1999), The abnormal haemoglobins: General principles in Wintrobe’s Clinical haematology, edited by Lee GR, Foerster J, Lukens JN, Paraskevas F, Greer JP and Rodgers GM; William & Wilkins publisher, Maryland, USA, 10th edition, 1: 1329-1345.

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‘Meditation: The Future Medication’

K. Eshvendar Reddy & Mona V allabhaneni

Meditation is a complex mental practice involving changes in sensory perception, cognition, hormonal and autonomic activity. It is constituent of major religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism and variants are encountered in other religions as well, found in all cultures and regions, both West and East. A 3,000 year old tradition, Meditation, is now regarded in the Western world as a holistic approach to health and is classifi ed by the National Institute of Health as a form of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) [1]. Meditation is a word, which is loosely used for diverse processes. Thus, thinking, contemplation, chanting of a mantra, fi xing attention on an object, objective visualization of events, part of a life style, have all been included under the rubric of this word. Well-known meditations include Raj Yoga, Mantra, Mindfulness, Vipassana, Transcendental Meditation, Kundalini, SudershanKriya, KirtanKriya, Sahaj Samadhi, Osho’s Meditations, Silence, and Pranayama[2]. It is widely used in psychological and medical practices for stress management as well as various stress mediated disorders. Conventional behavioral and pharmacological treatments, though not a cure, have shown effectiveness in the alleviation of symptoms. However, dissatisfaction has arisen with pharmacological interventions due to their profound side effects, escalating prescription rates, and recent uncertainties on the effectiveness and long-term benefi ts. Besides, it is also found that relapse rates after stoppage of medication for Anxiety/Depression as high as 80–90%. This shifted the trend towards the use of innovative conceptual and therapeutic models of care such as complementary and alternative medicine for management of various stress disorders; one of these is Meditation[3].

The goal of meditation is to transform those negative energies into positive energy which can be used to act as healing benefi ts for the stress, anxiety and fear. Meditation offers clarity and peace of mind. The medical benefi ts of meditation can result in healing for the three main areas of health: physical, mental and spiritual. It is essentially a physiological state of reduced metabolic activity different from sleep that elicits physical and mental relaxation and is reported to enhance psychological balance and emotional stability. At the therapeutic level, there has been a greater degree of interest and enthusiasm to explore the potential of meditation as medication tool or as an adjuvant to the established modalities of Pharmacotherapy as it is cost-effective and presumably free of side effects and this has been observed in many studies. Meditation has been found to be useful in the treatment and prevention of illnesses like Hypertension, Heart disease, Strokes, Migraine, Tension Headache, Autoimmune diseases like Diabetes and Arthritis, Obsession, Anxiety and Depression [4]. It is probably most useful in reducing so called problems of living in so-called normal people. It has been found that Meditation produces certain psychophysiological socio-cultural and spiritual changes. These include lowering of triglyceride levels

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in the body, achievement of lower stable heart rate, lowering of blood pressure, stable G.S.R., improved rhythm and more delta and alpha rhythms on EEG, fewer psychosomatic symptom and fewer use of prescription and nonprescription medication, better productivity at work, less man days loss and scores on interpersonal relations and self-actualization[5].

Due to aforementioned motives, in hospitals, industries and community centers around the country, meditation is increasingly being offered as a method of stress reduction, and to help patients better cope with the physical pain and mental strain associated with many medical conditions, including heart disease and HIV infection. Recent research shows meditation’s soothing effects can be detected in arterial walls and in the brain. Once considered outside the mainstream, today more insurers are paying for meditation, both as a form of medication and as preventive medicine.

Meditation is a great adjunct to counseling. It’s not a panacea, and it’s certainly not the answer to every client issue. Even if everyone meditated, we still would have work to do. Meditation teaches us how to focus and requires discipline as a practice and as a tool for self-management. It helps us develop a larger sense of who we are. Meditation doesn’t take care of everything and everyone, but it certainly can help make the road to well-being a little smoother and a little more direct towards work.Therefore, it would be worthwhile to incorporate systems like Meditation, which in our culture are already acceptable as complimentary to psychophysiological forms of treatment. It may not only reduce cost and burden of diseases on society but also lead to holistic treatment as well as growth of the individual.

In conclusion Meditation, which has been with humanity for thousands of years and which has stood the test of time, is highly relevant today in the management of myriad illnesses, as well as for research into states of consciousness. The challenge in future will be to see how it can be used both as a stand-alone treatment and in conjunction with other medication. There is every reason to think that its place in 21st century medicine will not be confi ned to alternative or complementary healthcare but available as a mainstream treatment.

References:

1. Meditation: An Introduction. National center for complementary and alternative medicine http://nccam.nih.gov/health/meditation/overview.htm. Accessed on Aug 28, 2014

2. Newberg AB, Iversen J. The neural basis of the complex mental task of meditation: neurotransmitter and neurochemical considerations. Medical hypotheses 2003; 61:282-291.

3. Kasala ER, Bodduluru LN, Maneti Y, Thipparaboina R. Effect of meditation on neurophysiological changes in stress mediated depression. Complementary therapies in clinical practice 2014; 20:74-80.

4. Dhar HL. Meditation as medicine. Bombay Hospital Journal 2008; 50:621.

5. Balaji PA, Varne SR, Ali SS. Physiological effects of yogic practices and transcendental meditation in health and disease. North American journal of medical sciences 2012; 4:442.

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Cayenne Pepper-a wonder herb

SR Chandra Shekhar & Muhammad KS

If cayenne pepper (Capsicum minimum or Capsicum fastigiatum) is not the king of herbs it must be a prince among them. Its health benefi ts are many and varied and are truly astonishing. So, why is cayenne pepper so great for our health? What are its great health benefi ts? The health benefi ts of cayenne pepper are far reaching and astounding. So much so that many think its benefi ts are exaggerated.

What is Cayenne pepper?Cayenne pepper comes from red, hot chili peppers. World wide it is known by many terms, in

India it is known as Lal mirchi (…yes it is the red dry mirchi powder which we use daily in kitchen)

What is so amazing about Cayenne pepper?Besides its culinary uses, its medicinal uses are wide and varied. In fact, it’s actually a catalyst

and accentuator for use in other herbal formulas. By itself, though, it certainly is highly benefi cial as well. It’s been used for almost everything ill we can imagine. Here’s a short list for you on some of its benefi ts and uses:

Reduces weight by improving metabolism Fantastic for the heart and venous structure Eliminates plaque from the arteries It is healer to the entire circulatory system Aids the peristaltic action in the intestines It actually helps to warm the entire body and can rebuild the fl esh harmed from frostbite It immediately equalizes blood pressure in your system, shrinks hemorrhoids, and heals the

gall bladder. It is a godsend for those who suffer from migraines It can stop heart attacks

This is by no means a comprehensive list. These are just some of the highlights. It can do a lot more but if it didn’t do anything other than dramatically strengthen the heart, its worth would be suffi cient. It truly is a king of the herbs for many reasons.…..if it is so, we can get a doubt that, if Cayenne is such an important herb, why it didn’t come to limelight and why haven’t we heard of it? Simple it is just because of money...!!!

In 2011 in the U.S. alone, Big Pharma sold $160 billion dollars of drugs. Why to sell a cholesterol-reducing drug when you can just take cayenne pepper and it will do the same while also removing plaque from your arterial walls? Because cholesterol drugs like Lipitor make billions of dollars for their makers.

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Just the cayenne pepper and heart health linkage is enough to make this a truly remarkable medicinal herb, but its uses and benefi ts go far beyond that remedy. Capsicum, or cayenne pepper, truly is a king among the herbal family and is one of the greatest health secrets of all time. It is hot, yes, and tough to swallow - literally. But that inconvenience is most tolerable when one considers that you can literally save your life and a bundle of money by taking it religiously.

Ok… let’s not blame the drug makers for their costly prices or the hotness of Cayenne, because we can’t change either of them. So what we can do? We can use this wonder herb in our daily life.

How to use?Some understandably take cayenne pepper capsules. Actually, the best way to take it is in a glass

of very warm water. Start by taking a 1/4th of a teaspoon and put it into a glass of eight ounces and mix. Then, drink it. Yes, it’ll be hot and the fi rst few days it will come out of your system as hot as well but your body will acclimate quickly. Like other drugs Cayenne is also having little adverse effects like gastric upset, hotness while consuming orally, but if we consider the cost benefi t ration it is a boon for mankind. Basically Cayenne pepper ameliorates the metabolic abnormalities so any normal person can take to boost their metabolism.

References: http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/herb/cayennehttp://www.cayennepepper.info/incredible-stories-about-cayenne-pepper.htmlhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031938410004063http://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/research/2011/110425MattesPepper.htmlhttp://www.med.nyu.edu/content?ChunkIID=21645

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Multiple Sclerosis: The current scenario

Athira. K.V, Karnam Kalyani & Dr. (Mrs.) Mangala Lahkar

Introduction

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS), which has been described for over two hundred years, yet it is still perplexing and inadequately controlled [1]. It has been reported that it is most frequently diagnosed during early adulthood [2]. While it has been estimated to affect 2.5 million people worldwide, there is a clear gender bias towards females (2–3: 1) [3].

Although MS does not usually shorten life expectancy, its socio-economic burden in young adults is second only to trauma [4]. Its clinical signs and symptoms are variable and depend on the parts of the CNS it affects, that is, the brain and spinal cord, and include motor, sensory, autonomic and cognitive disabilities [5]. These include paralysis, sensory loss, limb weakness, fatigue, cramps, incontinence etc. [5].

MS can run at least three clinical courses: (i)relapsing–remitting (RR) MS, which is most frequent (~85%) and characterized by discrete attacks (exacerbations) and subsequent periods of clinical stability. In most relapsing MS patients, (ii) a secondary progressive (SP) phase ensues, with continuously increasing defi cits. The primary-progressive subtype, characterized by steadily increasing neurological defi cits develops in about 10–15% [2].

Pathophysiology

Neuropathologically, CNS tissue from MS patients shows discrete lesions with infl ammatory infi ltrates, demyelination, astrogliosis and early axonal damage. It has been generally accepted that MS involves an autoimmune reaction to an as-yet uncertain host antigen by myelin-specifi c CD4+ T helper 1 (Th1) cells, which initiate the neuropathology [4,6].Further, infi ltration of lymphocytes across the blood-brain barrier occurs into the CNS leading to the infl ammatory process in the brain with resultant focal and generalized infl ammation in the cortex and white matter [7].Initially, the damage may be mild and reversible, with relatively quick and complete remyelination [7]. However, with the gradual accumulation of damage over time, these injuries result in extensive and chronic neurodegeneration, leading to permanent loss of function [7].The immunopathogenesis of MS have been depicted in Fig.1. Autoreactivity to several myelin proteins, including myelin basic protein (MBP), proteolipid protein

48

(PLP), myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), has been observed in MS patients [3].

Risk of MS is associated with environmental risk factors (including Epstein-Barr virus(EBV) infection, vitamin D/ultraviolet (UV) defi ciency and smoking) as well as genetic variants [8]. The genetic loci discovered by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) could explain around 25% of the perceived heritability of MS [9]. Recently, research has suggested that epigenetic mechanisms may contribute to the pathophysiology of MS and explain a portion of the ‘missing heritability’ [7].

Fig.1. Immunopathogenesis of MS [10] (1) myelin-specifi c T-cells are activated in the peripheral circulation; (2) activated T-cells interact with adhesion molecules on endothelial cells, and migrate through the blood brain barrier into the CNS; (3) CD4+ cells recognize myelin antigens and initiate chronic infl ammatory process within the CNS. Antigens are presented by microglia and astrocytes to myelin-specifi c memory T-cells, and local tissue damage is perpetuated; (4) myelin is destroyed by macrophages, cytokines, oxygen and nitrogen radicals produced by local infl ammation.

Models

MS, being a uniquely human disease does not occur naturally in any other animal. Trying to faithfully model MS in animals is challenging. First,there is ambiguity regarding the etiopathogenesis of MS. Second, the progression of MS is multifaceted which is diffi cult to replicate in a single model. Third, the ideal use of an animal model is to provide information about basic biological processes within the CNS with some relevance to MS, but increasingly there is pressure from patients and funding agencies to translate work in animal models to human disease too rapidly [11]. However, animal models of MS are important because they allow us to learn about the different aspects of disease, particularly neuroinfl ammation, and its link to demyelination, neuronal injury, and disability. Accordingly, animal

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models for MS have been used extensively, and indeed provide the most common research focus within neuroimmunology [11]. The various animal models of MS are summarized in Table.1.

Table 1. Animal models of MS [12]

Type of Model DescriptionEAE Immunization of mice,rats, or primates with myelin proteins (MBP, MOG, PLP) or

other autoantigens (PLP)B-cell models B-cell “monoclonal’ mice are generated by gene replacement transgenesisHumanized models Genetic engineering is used to produce animals that express particular human genes

hypothesized to be involved in MSVirus-induced demyelinating disease

A variety of viruses can induce CNS demyelination, including Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus, mouse hepatitis virus, and herpes simplex virus

Amongst the various models of MS, experimental allergic (autoimmune)encephalomyelitis (EAE) has received the most attention and is routinely used in testing therapeutic strategies for MS[1]. This disease exhibits many clinical and histological features of MS and is caused by the induction of autoimmunity to antigens that are either naturally (typically myelin antigens) or artifi cially (such as implanted mycobacteria or ovalbumin that, following peripheral sensitization to these antigens, allows local targeted lesions to be developed) expressed in the CNS [1].

Management

There are currently a number of drugs approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) to help modify the course of relapsing MS (Table.2.) [13].Treating MS primarily focuses on developing strategies to manage symptoms. Of example, include use of corticosteroids to ease infl ammation and reduce the severity of attacks and muscle relaxants to ease suffering from painful muscle stiffness or muscle spasms. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) as well as a wide variety of interventions- from diets and supplements to meditation is also aimed at improving health of MS patients [14].

Table 2. US FDA approved disease modifi cation drugs for MS

Drug Brand name Route Mechanism of action Common adverse effects

interferon beta-1b Betaseron s.c. exact mechanism unknown; seal off BBB & inhibit the T- cells from being activated, this prevents T cells from entering the CNS

Flu-like symptoms; Injection site reactionsinterferon beta-1a

AvonexExtaviaRebif

i.m. or s.c.

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glatiramer acetate Copaxone s.c.

molecule resembles MBP; it is hypothesized that the T- cells produced in response to glatiramer acetate can suppress the immune attack on myelin, preventing demyelination and axonal damage

injection site reactions, including lipoatrophy

natalizumab Tysabri i . v . i n fu s -ion

A humanized monoclonal antibody; works by blocking the receptors on WBC that allow them to enter the brain and spinal cord

progressive multifocal leuko-encephalopathy (PML)

fi ngolimod Gileny a oral a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator; sequesters lymphocytes

fi rst-dose effects such as slow heart rate and heart block

terifl unomide Aubagio orala pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; inhibits the function of specifi c immune cells implicated in MS

abnormal liver test results,diarrhea, fl u, hair thinning,nausea, burning sensation on skin

dimethyl fumurate Tecfi dera oral

exact mechanism unknown; an immunosuppressant, thought to have anti-infl ammatory and cytoprotective properties

fl ushing

mitoxantrone Novantronei . v . i n fu s -ion

suppress the activity of T cells, B cells and macrophages that lead the attack on the myelin sheath

leukemia and cardiac dysfunction, so rarely used

Conclusion

There is yet no cure for MS. Moreover, many medications used for treatment of MS have serious side effects and some carry signifi cant risks. The scientifi c community across the globe is investigating potential therapies. The animal models pave the most useful path for devising and testing of much needed new and better treatments.

References

[1] D. Baker, S.J. Jackson,Models of Multiple Sclerosis, ACNR. 6(6)(2007) 10-12.

[2] M.A. Friese, X. Montalban, N. Willcox, J.I. Bell, R. Martin, L. Fugger, The value of animal models for drug development in multiple sclerosis, Brain.129 (2006) 1940–1952.

[3] J.L. McQualter, C.C.A. Bernard, Multiple sclerosis: a battle between destructionand repair. J. Neurochem. 100 (2007) 295–306.

[4] M. Sospedra, R. Martin, Immunology of multiple sclerosis. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 23 (2005) 683–747.

[5] J.H. Noseworthy, C. Lucchinetti, M. Rodriguez, B.G. Weinshenker, Multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 343 (2000a) 938–52.

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[6] D.A. Hafl er, J.M. Slavik, D.E. Anderson, K.C. O’Connor, P. De Jager, C. Baecher-Allan, Multiple sclerosis. Immunol.Rev. 204 (2005) 208–31.

[7] Y. Zhou, S. Simpson, Jr, A.F. Holloway, J. Charlesworth, I. van der Mei, B.V. Taylor.The potential role of epigenetic modifi cations in the heritability of multiple sclerosis.Mult.Scler.20(2) (2014) 135–140.

[8] J.A. Lincoln and S.D.Cook.An overview of gene-epigenetic environmental contributions to MS causation.J. Neurol. Sci. 286 (2009) 54–57.

[9] R. Lin, J. Charlesworth, J. Stankovich, et al. Identity-bydescent mapping to detect rare variants conferring susceptibility to multiple sclerosis. PLoS One.8(2013) e56379.

[10] S. Markovic-Plese, C. Pinilla, R. Martin. The initiation of the autoimmune response in multiple sclerosis.Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 106(3) (2004) 218-222.

[11] A.R. Pachner. Experimental models of multiple sclerosis. Curr.Opin. Neurol. 24 (2011) 291–299.

[12] J.E. Joy, R. B. Johnston, Jr., editors.,Multiple sclerosis : current status and strategies for the future, Board on Neuroscience and Behavioral Health, Institute of Medicine National Academy of Sciences, 2001: p.91.

[13] http://www.ninds.nih.gov/index.htm. NINDS Multiple Sclerosis Information Page. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, assessed on 16/04/2014.

[14] http://www.nationalmssociety.org/Treating-MS/Complementary-Alternative-Medicine/ assessed on 16/04/2014.

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Status of Indian Pharma Sector

Rajaram Mohanrao, Kotni Murali & Saurabh Kumar

The Indian pharma sector is expected to clock total sales of US$ 27 billion by 2016, according a recent report by Deloitte. The study is expecting the sector to register a growth of 14.4 per cent from last year. The consultancy fi rm said in its report titled 2014,” Global Life Sciences Outlook “that pharma sales in India stood at US$ 22.6 billion in 2012 and is expected to further rise to US$ 23.6 billion in 2013 [1]. In terms of the percentage out of the total healthcare expenditure, pharmaceutical sector accounted for 22.6 per cent in 2013; expected to reach 23.6 per cent in 2014 and further reaching 27 per cent by 2016. It may be noted here that, India is among the top fi ve emerging pharma markets and has been post-ing double digit growth on account of several socio-economic factors, including rising sales of generic medicines, continued growth in chronic therapies and increasing penetration in rural parts of the country. Factors like India’s low cost of production and strong R&D growth are the driving factors in attracting global pharmaceutical companies to India and at the same time, the comparative cost advantage enhanc-es pharma exports [2]. In fact, the rising global demand for generic drugs is also playing an important role in development of the country as a hub for generic drug manufacturing. India holds over 10 per cent share in the global pharma production with over 60,000 generic brands across 60 therapeutic categories and manufacturing over 400 different active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). There is no doubt on the growth potential of the Indian pharma industry. In fact, the report added that the Indian companies can be expected to garner US$ 40 billion in sales as close to 46 US drug patents will expire by 2015.

The bright forecast for the domestic sales and overall potential for the pharma industry is expected to result in increasing investments into the Indian pharma sector. As the pharmaceutical sector is considered relatively recession-proof, the Indian pharma industry has been an active recruiter over the past few years. Industry experts are of a view that the hiring in the sector has grown considerably over the past three-four years. However, growth in the current year, at 15 percent, is higher than the growth fi led in the recent years. As the Indian pharma companies have entered new divisions and have expanded their overseas operations, the two factors are driving the growth of hiring in the pharma sector in the country. At the same time, there has been a considerable rise in the number of mergers and acquisitions involving Indian companies over the past few years, leading to the growth in hiring. Other factors like the increasing consumer awareness of more medical facilities and growing healthcare investments have helped the industry the sector has grown at a very fact pace. Pharmaceutical exports from India grew by 11 per cent at US$ 14.7 billion in 2012-13 and are expected to continue to grow in the short, medium

53

and long-term. As most Indian companies have robust growth and expansion plans in the coming times, the sector is expected to continue to grow its manpower in the future. Currently, there is already huge demand for junior and mid-level professionals in product development, inventory management, sales and marketing functions [3]. At the same time, the Indian pharma fi rms are also looking at increasing their base of senior level management in areas like pharmaceutical scientists, radiologists and clinical research associates, owing to heavy investment in collaborative research for drug discoveries. Clearly, the sector is on a hiring spree and the growth momentum is expected to be sustained in the coming years as well. In adding advantage to Indian pharma,the World Health Organisation has strongly endorsed India’s patent laws and no country including the United States has challenged it at the WTO claiming that the laws infringe trade related intellectual property rights, the Indian drug makers have told the US Trade Commission. It may be noted here that the commission is a quasi-judicial body set up by the US Congress which is investigating whether Indian policies discriminate against the American companies and is expected to submit its register later this year. In a submission made by the Indian Pharma Alli-ance, the association made its point clear when the commission heard various stakeholders including the academics, industry representatives and NGOs. The association also said that if US wants to analyse whether India is biased against the US companies, it should probe whether India complies with its global obligations under TRIPS rather than measuring the gap between the patent regimes of the two nations. The Alliance also pointed out the fact that India and US have different economic realities and it is not fair to compare the laws of the two nations to achieve a meaningful conclusion.

For instance, 11 out of 12 drugs approved by the US regulator in 2012 to treat cancer are priced at over US$ 1, 00,000 per treatment per year which is expensive for most “well off Indians” as well. It is important to note here that Innovator fi rms are known for making decisions on investing in development of new drugs based on the developed markets [4]. The Alliance pointed out when India implemented the TRIPS agreement in 2005, three regions (Japan, Europe and North America) with just 18 per cent of world population accounted for 89 per cent of the total global pharma sales revenue.

References

[1] 2014 Global life sciences sector outlook

[2] http://www.brandindiapharma.in/

[3] http://www.brandindiapharma.in/newsDetail/213

[4] http://www.brandindiapharma.in/newsDetail/213

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Short communications: Overcoming the bottlenecks in drug discovery and development

Mohit Kwatra & Rajat Pant

Drug discovery and development is an expensive and time consuming process which can take 12–15 years. In 2010, the research and development cost of each new molecular entity (NME) was approximately US$1.8 billion [1]. After a drug candidate has entered the clinical trial process it takes, on average, 5.1 years for it to gain regulatory approval and widespread reimbursement. And it can take much longer just to get to that stage through a process of generating lead compounds, performing cycles of lead optimization, pharmacokinetic profi ling and carrying out toxicity studies. It may not be possible to speed up clinical trials, but bottlenecks in lead generation and optimization can be tackled.

Fig. 1. Stages in Drug discovery

Post-genomic expansion of target choice:

In the early 2000s, the Human Genome Project sequenced 22,000 human genes and 1,600 of these have known disease associations. In the last decade, 3,000 expressed proteins with druggable domains have been described, and over a third of these are relevant to specifi c diseases. Despite this only 266 have been exploited commercially as drug targets, leaving more than 80% as an untapped resource.

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Some approaches with techniques to overcome bottlenecks

HTS (High throughput screening) - High throughput screening (HTS) is a popular approach to target validation as it allows the assaying of a large number of potential biological modulators against a chosen set of defi ned targets. It assists to revolutionise drug discovery. To some extent it got success and for many Big Pharma companies it still plays a major role in identifying leads against drug targets. In principle HTS can be used to test a large number of compounds very rapidly for their potential activity against a known drug target. Eventually, once the equipment is up and running, somewhere between 10,000-100,000 compounds a day can pass through an HTS system but this may need to be repeated for weeks to screen the millions of compounds that will generate the number of hits required.

Screening in miniature

Microtitre well plates are utilized in drug discovery for screening large compounds in less time.

Well plates 6 12 24 48 96 384 1536

In the fi eld of ion channel drug discovery automated patch clamping assays are now being used in HTS formats – such as the 96-well plate-based automated patch clamping assays – and make discovery of compounds that interact with ion channels more effi cient.

New assay formats - TR-FRET (Time resolving fl uorescence energy transfer) or FRET based assays - Measurements of FRET effi ciency can be used to determine if two fl uorophores are within a certain distance of each other. Such measurements are used as a research tool in fi elds including biology and chemistry

SPR (Surface Plasmon resonance)- Label free methodology- for determining binding, specifi city, affi nity, kinetics, concentration, Better understanding of molecular binding and biological functions events between molecules ranging from ions to virus

Problems with HTS-Expensive to set up-Expensive to run- It can take a great deal of time and effort to generate hits with any potential.

The miniaturization of screening systems. This results in higher capacity and faster operation, and the need for less biological material to be use in the assay.

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HCS (High content Screening) or High content analyzer - HCS is a method that is used in biological research and drug discovery to identify substances such as small molecules, peptides, or RNAi that alter the phenotype of a cell in a desired manner. Hence HCS is a type of phenotypic screen conducted in cells. Phenotypic changes may include increases or decreases in the production of cellular products such as proteins and/or changes in the morphology (visual appearance) of the cell. Cell-based systems uses living cells as tools in biological research to elucidate the workings of normal and diseased cells. HCS is also used to discover and optimizes new drug candidates.

Automation of biology and chemistry

Genome sequencers for target identifi cationCombinatorial chemistry- Chemical groups are combined in a random manner to yield in numerable compounds and subjected to high throughput screening on cells, genetically engineered microbes, receptors, enzymes etc in robotically controlled automated assay systems.

Using screening intelligently – protein-protein interactions

Protein-protein interactions (PPI) are integral to the majority of biological functions. Targeting these interactions with small molecule inhibitors is of increased interest both in academia as well as in the pharmaceutical industry, both for therapeutic purposes and in the search for chemical tools for basic science. Metabolic, signalling, immune and gene-regulatory networks at the cellular, tissue and organism level are infl uenced by PPI and it is reasonable to suggest that understanding more about how proteins interact may ultimately form the basis of novel and viable drug discovery programmes. Although PPI are in principle attractive drug targets, they do pose a challenge.

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Bioinformatics & Pharmacoinformatics: Computational approach to hasten drug discovery

Computational and molecular modeling with increasing levels of sophistication have emerged have ex-tremely useful tools to probe drug receptor interactions.

Tools to guide informatics:

Open source drug discovery (http://www.osdd.net/home)

Protein data bank (http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/home/home.do, http://pdbj.org/, http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/)

EMBL (European molecular Biology Laboratory): ChEMBL (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/ )

Indian institutes role to modulate drug discovery process

NIPERs, IITs, CSIR labs (CSIR-IGIB, CDRI, IIIM), IISER, NISER, NITsThe full detail for overcoming bottlenecks of drug development is beyond the scope of this article

References: [1] Paul SM, Mytelka DS, Dunwiddie CT, Persinger CC, Munos BH, Lindborg SR, Schacht AL

(March 2010). “How to improve R&D productivity: the pharmaceutical industry’s grand challenge”. Nat Rev Drug Discov 9 (3): 203–14.

[2] Overcoming Bottlenecks in drug discovery. Fall 10. By Dr Trevor Perrior

58

Synriam™ India’s First Anti-Malarial Drug

Mukesh Kr. Budhani & Dinesh Sharma

Malaria: Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by protists of

the genus Plasmodium. It begins with a bite from an infected female Anopheles mosquito, which introduces the protists through saliva into the circulatory system. In the blood, the protists travel to the liver to mature and reproduce. The disease is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions in a broad band around the equator, including much of Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and the Americas [1]. The World Health Organization has estimated that in 2010, there were 219 million documented cases of malaria. That year, between 660,000 and 1.2 million people died from the disease, many of whom were children in Africa.

Causes of malaria

Malaria is caused parasite known as Plasmodium. Although there are numerous types of Plasmodia parasites, only four cause malaria in humans. These include:

Plasmodium falciparumPlasmodium vivaxPlasmodium ovalePlasmodium malariae

Signs and symptoms

Features of malaria include high fever over 380C (100.4F) along with chills and sweating. There is intense muscle pain, headache, blurring of vision and dizziness. Symptoms develop within 10-15 days after being bitten [2]. The classic symptom of malaria is paroxysm—a cyclical occurrence of sudden coldness followed by rigor and then fever and sweating, occurring every two days (tertian fever) in P. vivax and P. ovale infections, and every three days (quartan fever) for

59

P. malariae. P. falciparum infection can cause recurrent fever every 36–48 hours or a less pronounced and almost continuous fever [3].

Synriam™-It is a is new drugs combination marketed in India by Ranbaxy laboratories in 9 march 2012,approved by Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI)having high cure rate of over 95%.Its Generic name is Arterolane Maleate and Piperaquine Phosphate. Synriam is a fi xed dose combination of two antimalarial active ingredients [4].

As the dosage regimen for Synriam™ is simple, it leads to better compliance. A patient is required to take just one tablet per day, for three days, compared to other medicines where two to four tablets are

required to be taken, twice daily, for three or more days.

The drug is also independent of dietary restrictions for fatty foods or milk, as is the case with older anti-malarial therapies. Since Synriam™ has a synthetic source, unlike artemisinin-based drugs, production can be scaled up whenever required and a consistent supply can be maintained at a low cost.Since its launch, Synriam™ has successfully treated around one million patients[4].

Arterolane Maleate

Chemical Name:cis-Adamantane-2-spiro-3’-8’-[[[(2’-amino-2’ methylpropyl) amino] carbonyl] methyl]-1’,2’,4- trioxaspiro[4.5]decane hydrogen maleate[4].

Molecular Formula :C26H40N2O8

Mode of Action-

•A synthetic peroxide anti-malarial, is a rapidly acting blood schizonticide against all blood stages of P. falciparum without effect on liver stages.

Arterolane is an active moiety which gets accumulated either in cytosol or food vacuole of the parasite. Acts by inhibition of PfATP6, a sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase encoded by P. Falciparum.

•In the food vacuole of parasite reductive cleavage of peroxide bond of arterolane by ferrous iron (fenton reaction) occurs. This irreversible redox reaction produces free radicals that alkylate the membrane associated parasite proteins. The reactive species inhibits an ATP-dependent Ca2+ pump located on the endoplasmic reticulum, PfATP6 [5,6].

•The reactive C radicals are thought to subsequently react more or less indiscriminately with different protein targets as well as with ferriprotoporphyrin IX itself, thus preventing heme detoxifi cation and inhibiting a multitude of enzymes.

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Piperaquine phosphate

Chemical Name : 1,3-Bis[4-(7-chloro quinolinyl-4)- piperazinyl-1]propane tetra phosphate tetra hydrate

Molecular Formula : C29H32Cl2N6 4H3PO4 4H2O

Mode of Action -

Piperaquine is a bisquinoline anti-malarial drug and shows good activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium strains.

•Evidence suggesting the inhibition of the heme-digestion pathway in the parasite food vacuole is most convincing.

•Piperaquine’s bulky bisquinoline structure may be important for activity against chloroquine resistant strains and may act by inhibition of the transporters that effl ux chloroquine from the parasite food vacuole.

Arterolane kills the malarial parasite in the blood, providing fast relief from symptoms of malaria like fever and chills. Piperaquine, on the other hand, has a longer-lasting effect than arterolane and kills residual parasites, preventing the recurrence of malaria.

Formulation- Adult patients: FDC (Fixed-dose combination) tablets of Arteronale maleate (150mg) and Piperaquine phosphate (750mg),One tablet once-a-day x 3 days.

Pediatric patients: Dispersible FDC of Arterolane maleate (37.5mg) and Piperaquine phosphate (187.5 mg),One tablet once-a-day x 3 days.(In 2013 the company has also received permission to conduct Phase III clinical trials for the pediatric formulation in pediatric patients of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria [7].

Commonly reported Clinical AEs

–Cold, rhinitis, sore throat, cough, nausea, abdominal pain and epigastric discomfort.

Reference:

1 -Wellems, T.E., Hayton, K., Fairhurst, R.M., 2009. The impact of malaria parasitism: from corpuscles to communities. J. Clin. Invest. 119, 2496–2505

2 -http://www.ranbaxy.com

3 -http://www.malaria.com/tag/india.

4 -http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterolane.

5 -https://cdippel.wordpress.com/tag/commercialization/.

6 -http://www.evaluategroup.com/View/58590.

7 -www.daiichisankyo.com/media_investors/media_relations/press_releases/det ail/005898.html

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Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Risk Factors and Its Molecular mechanisms

Manash Pratim Borgohain & Vinay J.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primary malignancy of the liver and accounts for as many as one million deaths each year worldwide making it fi fth most common malignancy in men and the ninth common malignancy in women [1]. It is the leading cause of death in people with cirrhosis. Liver affected with chronic predisposing conditions such as liver cirrhosis highly susceptible for developing HCC and accounts for about 80% of HCC patients. Roughly 1~2% of population is affected with cirrhosis and the risk increases along with the severity of liver fi brosis and dysfunction [1, 2].

The rate of development of HCC in HCV-related cirrhosis ranges between 3 and 7.1 per year in Europe and Japan, respectively, with hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection and alcohol intake being signifi cant cofactors and increasing the incidence by approximately 2–4-fold [3]. Hepatocellular carcinoma may characterised by abdominal pain especially in the right upper quadrant, loss of appetite, yellow skin, unintentional weight loss, bloating from fl uid in the abdomen, easy bruising from blood clotting abnormalities, nausea, vomiting or feeling tired etc. But individuals with cirrhosis the majority of cancers are asymptomatic and diagnosed incidentally by ultrasound examination [1].

1. Risk factors:

A wide range of factors contribute to the disease progression or hepatocellular carcinogenesis and includes Hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection, Hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection, exposure to the environmental carcinogens, chronic alcohol intake, non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, obesity and Type II DM etc. Among those HCV infection is the major risk factor mainly in many industrialized countries, affecting 170 million peoples around the globe. On the other hand chronic infection of HBV has been reported as most common risk factor affecting 6% world population [1, 2]. Dietary consumption of potent hepatocarcinogens, afl atoxin B1 (AFB1) also has been observed as major contributors in certain warm and humid countries [5]. Diabetes, as part of insulin resistance syndrome, has been implicated as a risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, including its most severe form, i.e., non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, which has been identifi ed as a cause of both cryptogenic cirrhosis and HCC [6].

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2. Molecular mechanisms:In case of human, majority (about 90%) of HCC arises from chronic liver diseases. Cirrhosis

along with fi brosis plays a major pre-disposing role in disease progression [7]. The actual mechanism which fi nally adds fuel to hepatocarcinogenesis and disease progression is not well known. It has been suggested that a large numbers of genetic and epigenetic changes are involved, which fi nally affect the protein in certain important signalling pathways that control the cell cycle, cell proliferation as well as cell survival [8].

2.1 Wnt--β-Catenin Signalling Pathway: This pathway generally involved in all stages of liver generation and maturation. It has been suggested that mutation in this pathway play a role in hepatocarcinogenesis [7, 8]. In frequently HCC occurs due to mutation in N-terminal region of β-catenin. As a consequence protein gets stabilized permitting an elevation of constitutive transcriptional activation by β-catenin/TCF complexes [9].

2.2 Activation of Insulin like Growth Factor Signalling Pathway: This system is a complex of two ligands (IGF-I & IGF-II), three receptors (IGF-I receptor, Insulin receptor & IGF-II receptors) and six high affi nity binding proteins (IGFBP-1 TO IGFBP-6). A series of neoplastic behaviours such as cell proliferation, antiapoptosis, invasive behaviour etc. are seen as a result of an overexpression of IGF-I and IGF-II receptors as well as silencing of IGF binding proteins (IGBFP-1 to IGBFP-5) [8].

2.3 The P13/PTEN/AKT: A pathway generally associated with many cellular events such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, tumour growth, angiogenesis etc. [8]. In vitro experiments have shown that by enhancing MMP-9 expression this pathway helps in cell invasion in HCC. The kinase component of this pathway is having therapeutic interest and may be potential target for rational designing of small molecules [9].

2.4 TP53 Tumour Suppressor Gene: It has been shown that mutation of TP53 gene occurs in 30-50% of HCC cases. Mutation type and frequency depends upon geographic region of the tumour. Mutation in codon 249 by GT transversion, is induced by afl atoxin B1 resulting in a R249S amino acid substitution [10,11]. Generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species by chronic HBV and HCV infection and oxyradical disorders such as hemochromatosis can cause DNA damage as well as mutation in certain cancer related gene such as TP53 [12].

References:

1. Savino Bruno, Daniela Savojardo, Piero L Almasio, Mario U Mondelli. Critical reappraisal of risk factors for occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C virus. Hepatic Medicine: Evidence and Research 2011; 3:21–28 [PubMed:24367218]

2. Yujin Hoshida, Bryan C. Fuchs, Kenneth K. Tanabe.Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma: potential targets, experimental models.Curr. Cancer Drug Targets. 2012; 9:1129–1159 [Pub Med: 22873223]

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3. Sherman M. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Epidemiology, risk factors and screening. Semin Liver Dis. 2005; 25:143–154 [Pub Med: 24927609]

4. Robert Wong, Catherine Frenette. Updates in the Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2011; 7:16-24 [PubMed:21346848]

5. Yu MC, Yuan JM. Environmental factors and risk for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2004; 127:S72–78 [Pub Med: 15508106]

6. Starley BQ, Calcagno CJ, Harrison SA. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma: a weighty connection. Hepatology. 2010; 51:1820–1832 [Pub Med: 20432259]

7. M. Roncalli, Y. N. Park, L. di Tommaso, Histopathological classifi cation of hepatocellular carcinoma, Digestive and Liver Disease. 2010; 42: 228–234 [PubMed:20547308]

8. SeneWaly Raphael, Zhang Yangde, and Chen YuXiang. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Focus on Different Aspects of Management. ISRN Oncology. 2012; 12:12-14 [PubMed:22655206]

9. Y. Takigawa and A.M. Brown. Wnt Signalling In Liver Cancer. Current Drug Targets.2008; 9:1013–1024, 2008 [PubMed:18991612]

10. J. S. Chen, Q. Wang, X. H. Fu et al. Involvement of PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway in invasion and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma: association with MMP-9. Hepatology Research.2009; 39:177–186 [PubMed:19208038]

11. Y. S. Guan, O. He, and Z. La. Roles of p53 in carcinogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Cancer Molecules. 2006; 2:191–197 [PubMed:19205038]

12. S. P. Hussain, J. Schwank, F. Staib, X. W. Wang, and C.C. Harris. TP53 mutations and hepatocellular carcinoma: insights into the etiology and pathogenesis of liver cancer. Oncogene. 2007; 26:2166–2176 [PubMed:17401425]

64

Lung Cancer- An Emerging Sovereign Carcinoma in the World

Vicky Dahiya & Shruti Mishra

WHAT IS CANCER-?

The body is made up of trillions of living cells. Normal body cells grow, divide into new cells, and die in an orderly fashion. During the early years of a person’s life, normal cells divide faster to allow the person to grow. After the person becomes an adult, most cells divide only to replace worn-out or dy-ing cells or to repair injuries. Cancer begins when cells in a part of the body start to grow out of control. There are many kinds of cancer, but they all start because of out-of-control growth of abnormal cells. Cancer cell growth is different from normal cell growth. Instead of dying, cancer cells continue to grow and form new, abnormal cells. Cancer cells can also invade (grow into) other tissues, something that normal cells cannot do. Growing out of control and invading other tissues are what makes a cell a cancer cell. Cells become cancer cells because of damage to DNA. In a normal cell, when DNA gets damaged the cell either repairs the damage or the cell dies. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA is not repaired, but the cell doesn’t die like it should. Instead, this cell goes on making new cells that the body does not need. These new cells will all have the same damaged DNA as the fi rst cell does. People can inherit damaged DNA, but most DNA damage is caused by mistakes that happen while the normal cell is reproducing or by something in our environment [1]. Cancer cells often travel to other parts of the body, where they be-gin to grow and form new tumors that replace normal tissue. This process is called metastasis. It happens when the cancer cells get into the bloodstream or lymph vessels of our body. Different types of cancer can behave very differently. For example, lung cancer and breast cancer are very different diseases. They grow at different rates and respond to different treatments [1,2].

What are the key statistics about lung cancer?

Most lung cancer statistics include both small cell and non-small cell lung cancers. In general, small cell lung cancer accounts for about 10% to 15% of all lung cancers. Lung cancer (both small cell and non-small cell) is the second most common cancer in both men and women (not counting skin can-cer). Lung cancer accounts for about 13% of all new cancers. The American Cancer Society’s estimates for lung cancer (including both small cell and non-small cell) in the United States for 2014 are: About 224,210 new cases of lung cancer (116,000 in men and 108,210 among women). An estimated 159,260 deaths from lung cancer (86,930 in men and 72,330 among women), accounting for about 27% of all

65

cancer deaths. Lung cancer is by far the leading cause of cancer death among both men and women. Overall, the chance that a man will develop lung cancer in his lifetime is about 1 in 13; for a woman, the risk is about 1 in 16. These numbers include both smokers and non-smokers.

Lung cancer: Start and spread of lung cancer

Lung cancers start in the cells lining the bronchi and in other parts of the lung such as the bron-chioles or alveoli. Lung cancers are thought to start as areas of pre-cancerous changes in the lung. The fi rst changes in the genes (DNA) inside the lung cells may cause the cells to grow faster. These cells may look a bit abnormal if seen under a microscope, but at this point they do not form a mass or tumor. They cannot be seen on an x-ray and they do not cause symptoms. Over time, the abnormal cells may acquire other gene changes, which cause them to progress to true cancer. As a cancer develops, the can-cer cells may make chemicals that cause new blood vessels to form nearby. These blood vessels nourish the cancer cells, which can continue to grow and form a tumor large enough to be seen on imaging tests such as x-rays. At some point, cells from the cancer may break away from the original tumor and spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. Lung cancer is often a life-threatening disease because it tends to spread in this way even before it can be detected on an imaging test such as a chest x-ray [4].

Types of lung cancer

There are 2 major types of lung cancer:

1. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)

2. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

(If a lung cancer has some cells with characteristics of SCLC and other cells with characteristics of NSCLC it is called a combined small cell/non-small cell cancer. This is uncommon.)

These 2 types of lung cancer are treated very differently.

Small cell lung cancer

About 10% to 15% of all lung cancers are small cell lung cancer (SCLC), named for the size of the cancer cells when seen under a microscope. Other names for SCLC are oat cell cancer, oat cell carcinoma, and small cell undifferentiated carcinoma.

SCLC often starts in the bronchi near the center of the chest. It tends to grow and spread quickly, and it has almost always spread to distant parts of the body before it is found.

Non-small cell lung cancer

About 85% to 90% of lung cancers are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). There are 3 main subtypes of NSCLC:Adenocarcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, Large cell carcinoma

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The cells in these subtypes differ in size, shape, and chemical make-up when looked at under a microscope[4]. But they are grouped together because the approach to treatment and prognosis (out-look) are similar.

Refrences:

1. Fukuoka M, Yano S, Giaccone G, et al. Multi-institutional randomized phase II trial of gefi tinib for previously treated patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (The IDEAL 1 Trial) [corrected]. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:2237-46.

2. Lynch TJ, Bell DW, Sordella R, et al. Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor underlying responsiveness of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefi tinib. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2129-39.

3. Dogan S, Shen R, Ang DC, et al. Molecular epidemiology of EGFR and KRAS mutations in 3,026 lung adenocarcinomas: higher susceptibility of women to smoking-related KRAS-mutant cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2012;18:6169-77.

4. Ettinger DS, Akerley W, Bepler G, et al. Non-small cell lung cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2010;8:740-801. Miller VA, Hirsh V, Cadranel J, et al. Afatinib versus placebo for patients with advanced, metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer after failure of erlotinib, gefi tinib, or both, and one or two lines of chemotherapy (LUXLung 1): a phase 2b/3 randomised trial. Lancet Oncol 2012;13:528-38.

67

Cord Blood Banking: A Promising Future of Regenerative Therapy

Tavleen Singh &

Ashish Kumar Mohapatra

Regenerative medicine is a branch of translational research in tissue engineering and molecular biology which deals with the “process of replacing, engineering or regenerating human cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal physiological function. This therapy for organ dysfunction is a rapidly growing area and involves application of multiple enabling technologies incorporating stem cells, genes and growth factors that can accelerate the recovery of a failing organ through cell and tissue regeneration within the organ [1].

A number of preclinical and small clinical trials have shown that tissue regeneration can be induced when stem cells of various types – embryonic stem cells, stem cells from cord blood and bone marrow, and adult stem cells – are injected into injured or degenerated tissue. In addition, in many tissues they serve as a sort of internal repair system, dividing essentially without limit to replenish other cells as long as the person or animal is still alive.

When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential either to remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialized function, such as a muscle cell, a red blood cell, or a brain cell. Stem cell based therapies are increasingly being utilized with promising results in both malignant and non-malignant disorders [2]. Three sources of cells have been used for haematopoietic reconstitution – bone marrow (BM), peripheral blood (PB), and umbilical cord blood (UCB). UCB, the most recently identifi ed source of stem cells, appears to be as effective as bone marrow stem cell, when an HLA (Human leukocyte antigen)-matched adult donor is not available [3, 4].

Cord Blood Banking:

Cord blood banking is a process of collecting potentially lifesaving stem cells from the umbilical cord and placenta and storing them for future use. This leads to its increased demand in the treatment of many diseases.

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Fig.1 Cord Blood and umbilical cord stem cell (Source: cryo banks international india)

Collection of Cord blood stem cells (CBSCs)

Fig.2 Steps in collecting CBSC

Cryopreservation of CBSCs

A cryopreserving [DMSO + DMEM (Dulbecco’s Modifi ed Eagle Medium) media] is added to the cord blood to allow the cells to survive the cryogenic process. Gradually cooled the unit to −90°C, it can then be added to a liquid nitrogen tank which will keep the cord blood unit frozen at −196°C.

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Types of cord blood banking

Public banks Private banksUse not restricted.

No remuneration collected

Usage subject to availability

For use of the family

Facility paid for by the family

Availability guaranteed

Source: Adapted from LifeCell (2005)

The medical community strongly supports public cord blood banking as it widens the compass of benefi ciaries from medical advances. However, since the estimated probability of a need for cord blood stem cells within a family is 1/1500, private cord blood banking is generally not recommended. Globally, out of 100 cord blood stem cell banks, 75 are public banks.

Advantages and Limitations

Advantages Limitations1. Treatment of several life-threatening diseases, blood and immune system related genetic diseas-es, cancers, and blood disorders.2. Unique advantages over traditional bone mar-row transplantation, particularly in children, and can be life-saving in rare cases where a suitable bone-marrow donor cannot be found.3. Can be used for siblings (75% chance of com-patibility) and other members of your family who have a matching tissue type.4. Cord blood may even be a match for parents (50%) and grandparents.5. Regenerative therapy for patient.6. Shortage of organs available for donation can be solved.7. No problem of organ transplant rejection

1. Only benefi cial in very rare situations2. Blood obtained from a single umbilical cord does not contain as many haematopoietic stem cells as a bone marrow donation: adults are larger and need more HSCs than children.3. In case of genetic defect due to mutation then not possible for future use as the cord blood will contain same genetic information.

Cord blood banking centres in India[4]

Cord blood banking centres in IndiaLifecell International Private limited, a. Stemcyte Indiab. CrayoBanks International India Private limitedc. International Stemcells services limitedd. Reliance life sciences (Relicord)e. Jeevan Cordf.

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Applications

Applications of CBSCs

1. The use of cord blood stem cells in treating conditions such as brain injury and type 1 diabetes is being studied in humans, and earlier stage research is being conducted for treatments of stroke, and hearing loss.

2. The stem cells found in a newborn’s umbilical cord blood can be uses in cardiovascular repair.

3. In children, CB has been used to successfully treat young children with metabolic diseases, such as adrenoleukodystrophy and infantile Krabbe’s disease

4. UCB cells are an attractive choice for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, as these have shown promise for numerous disease states.

References:

[1] Regenerative Medicine, 2008; 3(1): 1–5

[2] Rocha 3. V, Labopin M, Sanz G, Arcese W, Schwerdtfeger R, Bosi A, et al. Transplants of umbilical cord blood or bone marrow from unrelated donors in adults with acute leukemia. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2276-85.

[3] Lusin BH, Shearer WT. American Academy of Pediatrics 7. Section on Hematology/Oncology; American Academy of Pediatrics section on Allergy/immunology. Cord blood banking for potential future transplantation. Pediatrics 2007; 119: 165-70.

[4] David MK & Jayesh S. Umbilical cord blood: Current status & promise for the future. Indian J Med Res 2011; 134: 261-69.

71

How Stress Increases the Alcohol Consumption and Desire“A Scientifi c Approach’’

Prabha Rajput & Kanika Mahajan

It is one of the interesting things to know, why people drink when they are stressed or they are in tension. It has been demonstrated that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the propensity to drink alcohol [1]. Stress is one of the environmental factors that have been thought to increase alcohol drinking behavior and predispose people towards the development of alcoholism [2]. Generally known popular theory is that, stress increases alcohol consumption because alcohol relieves the psychological and physiological consequences of stress such as anxiety or physical pain [3]. Although the other variables such as, genetic factors, history of alcohol consumption and history of stress exposure are responsible for the development of alcoholism [4].

It has been shown that Stress increases the desire of drinking through genetic disruption of type-1 receptor for corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH), one of the primary hormones that drives the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) response [5]. Repeated exposure of stress causes lack of functional CRH-1 Receptor. Generally the HPA axis maintains the stress-induced desire and balances the CRH release. However, excessive and prolonged HPA axis activation results in wear-and-tear of numerous physiological systems such as Glucocorticoids-cortisol which is secreted by the adrenal cortex under the infl uence of CRH. Cortisol acts on the mammalian brain through two main receptors, mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptors [6]. The MR and GR are the transcription factor that belongs to the super family of nuclear receptors. They modulate target gene transcription after binding to DNA or by interfering with the activity of other transcriptional factors[7].Several stress related neuropeptides (urocortins, nociceptin, Substance-P and neuropeptide-S) have also been identifi ed that plays a putative role in the alcohol consumption and the development of addictive behavior [8]. Alcohol and stressors also infl uences the expression of clock genes such as PER1/Per1 (Period circadian protein-1) gene that targets the glucocorticosteroids receptors in mice as well as in humans [9, 10]. An association has also been discovered between a functional single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter of the PER1 gene and increased alcohol drinking in adolescent exposed to severe adverse life events in early childhood [11]. These changes conclude that the exposure of all kind of stress increases

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the alcohol consumption and desire by modifying numerous physiological as well neurological functions. References:

1. George, F. R. (1987) Genetic and environmental factors in ethanol self-administration. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 27, 379–384.

2. Horton, D. J. (1943) The function of alcohol in primitive societies. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 4, 199–320.and Volpicelli, J., Balaraman, G., Hahn, J. et al. (1999) The role of Uncontrollabl e trauma in the development of PTSD and alcohol addiction. Alcohol Research & Health 23, 256–262.

3. Volpicelli, J. R. (1987) Uncontrollable events and alcohol drinking. British Journal of Addiction 82, 381–392.

4. Conger, J. J. (1956) Alcoholism: theory, problem and challenge. II. Reinforcement theory

5. Pohorecky, L. A. (1991) Stress and alcohol interaction: an update of human research. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 15, 438–459.

6. Sillaber, I., Rammes, G., Zimmermann, S. et al. (2002) Enhance and delayed stress-induced alcohol drinking in mice lacking functional CRH1 receptors. Science 296, 931–933.

7. McEwen, B.S. and Gianaros, P.J. (2011) Stress- and allostasis-induced brain plasticity. Annual Review of Medicin. 62, 431–445.

8. Schank, J.R. et al. (2012) Stress-related neuropeptides and addictive behaviors: beyond the usual suspects. Neuron 76, 192–208.

9. Yamamoto, T. et al. (2005) Acute physical stress elevates mouse period1 mRNA expression in mouse peripheral tissues via a glucocorticoid-responsive element. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 42036–42043.

10. Reddy, T.E. et al. (2009) Genomic determination of the glucocorticoid response reveals unexpected mechanisms of gene regulation. Genome Res. 19, 2163–2171.

11. Dong, L. et al. (2011) Effects of the circadian rhythm gene period 1 (per1) on psychosocial stress-induced alcohol drinking. Am. J. Psychiatry 168,1090-1098.

73

Personalized Medicine: An Overview

Mohmad Amin Dar & Mudasir Maqbool

INTRODUCTIONThe concept of personalized medicine dates back many hundreds of years. It was not until the19th

century, however, that developments in chemistry, histochemistry and microscopy allowed scientists to understand the underlying causes of diseases. Major advancements in science and technology have al-lowed healthcare decisions to become increasingly granular over time. Midway through the century, observations of individual differences in response to drugs gave rise to a body of research focused on identifying key enzymes that play a role in variation in drug metabolism and response and that served as the foundation for Pharmacogenetics. More recently, sequencing of the human genome and the turn of the 21th century set in motion the transformation of personalized medicine from an idea to a practice. Rapid developments in genomics, together with advances in a number of other areas, such as computa-tional biology, medical imaging, and regenerative medicine, are creating the possibility for scientists to develop tools to truly personalize diagnosis and treatment.We have a long way to go in understanding why different individuals experience disease or respond to treatment differently. Our current lack of ability to predict an individual patient’s treatment success for most disease and conditions means that physicians have no choice but to follow a less than optimal approach to prescribing drugs and other treatment options. A patient being treated for high blood pressure, for example, might be placed on one of a number of blood pressure medications. The patient’s doctor makes a decision about what medica-tion to prescribe based on only general information about what might actually work for that particular patient. If the medication does not work after a few weeks, the patient might be switched to another medication. This somewhat “trial- and-error” approach can lead to patient dissatisfaction, adverse drug responses and drug interactions and poor adherence to treatment regimens. The goal of personalised medicine is to streamline clinical decision- making by distinguishing in advance those patients most likely to benefi t from a given treatment from those who will incur cost and suffer side-effects without gaining benefi t [1].

Insight in personalized medicine:

The term “personalized medicine” is defi ned as providing “the right patient with the right drug at the right dose at the right time”. More broadly, “personalized medicine” may be thought of as the tailor-ing of medical treatment to the individual characteristics, needs and preferences of a patient during all stages of care, including prevention, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up [2].

Pharmacogenomics-“the study of variations of DNA and RNA characteristics as related to drug response” is a critically important area of personalized medicine where signifi cant progress has recently been made. Several research strategies and scientifi c fi elds have been developed towards personalized

74

medicine. Pharmacogenetics, studying the genetic associations with drug effi cacy and toxicity has led to the identifi cation of several drug metabolizing enzymes, the most important belonging to the cytochrome p450 family. The aim is to predict adverse effects to guide individualized treatment. Despite overlap with pharmacogenetics, the term pharmacogenomics is distinct because it evaluates the application of genomics to drug discovery. Personalized medicine generally involves the use of two medical products typically, a diagnostic device and a therapeutic product-to improve patient outcomes. A diagnostic de-vice is a type of medical device. Diagnostic devices include both invitro tests such as assays used in measurement of genetic factors and in vivo tests such as electroencephalography, electrocardiography, or diagnostic imaging equipment. While considerable attention in personalized medicine is currently being paid to the use of genetic tests to guide therapeutic decisions, a vast variety of medical devices can be used in a personalized approach to improve patient outcomes. Many medical device therapies are now capable of being tailored to specifi c patient characteristics. These individual characteristics include: patient anatomy, physiology and environment of use[1].

EXAMPLES OF “PERSONALIZED” MEDICAL DEVICES Tinnitus Masker is personalised by the manufacture to patient tinnitus. The tinnitus treatment

custom-tailors the audio signals to suit the individual patient’s hearing requirements. Pedicle screw spinal systems –spinal systems consisting of a rod/ screw /hook/connector kit

are assembled by a surgeon to accommodate a patient’s unique anatomy/ physiology using MRI/CT imaging.

Software based quantitative EEG Analysis-to predict an individual’s response to various psy-chotropic drugs. The device provides the probability of response to various medications to guide clinician in decision making.

Artifi cial Pancreas Device Systemis a device under clinical investigation that automatically monitors patient glucose levels and delivers patient-tailored insulin doses in people with dia-betes. A computer-controlled algorithm connects the continuous glucose monitoring system and an insulin infusion pump to allow continuous communication between both devices and deliver a personalized treatment based on individual glucose patient readings.

CONCLUSIONWith explosion in sequencing technology, important advances and insights into genetic variation and molecular mechanisms underlying human diversity have improved our understanding of the complexity of life and disease heterogeneity. However, the dramatic increase in the number of human genomes and cancer genomes that have been completely sequenced, and the revolution in genomics have together revealed the high complexity and heterogeneity of cancer and other common complex diseases. This suggests the need for an international network of scientifi c collaboration and conceptual innovation to overcome a myriad of problems and the labyrinth of life and disease complexity to achieve personalized medicine.

REFERENCES:(1) U.S. Food and Drug Administration journal-Paving the way for Personalized Medicine; FDA’s

role in a New Era of Medical Product Development; page no.5-20..(2) Francis Kalush; Personalized Medicine Past, Present and Future challenges, university of Vir-

ginia; page no.1-20.

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Current Status of Pharmacovigilance In India

Sukhjinder Singh, Praveen Kumar & Jyoti Saini

“Pharmacovigilance”as per World Health Organization (WHO)is defi ned as the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug related problems[1]. Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) monitoring is a very useful to assure the safety of drugs, risk management and protect the patients from harmful effects of drugs. ADRs are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide[2].ADRs are the fourth leading cause of death in united state and ADRs have recently emerged as leading killers[2]. ADRs monitoring is necessary to make the drugs safer. Some studies have shown that the most of ADRs are preventable[2]. The rationale use of drugs can help to reduce the number of ADRs[2].ADRs monitoring of newly marketed drugs is also essential because clinical trials don’t have the statistical power to detect rare ADRs. The reason behind this is that the number of patients involved in clinical trial is very small as compared to size of original population. Other reason is ethical issues due to which children, women and elderly are not in-cluded in clinical trials [2]. Pharmacovigilance plays a prominent role in establishing the safety profi le of marketed drugs.

In 2010, the Central Drug Standard Organization (CDSO), Director General of Health Services under the aegis of Ministry of Health & family Welfare, Government of India in collaboration with Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC), Ghaziabad have been initiated a nation-wide pharmacovigi-lance programme for assuring the drug safety and protecting the health of patients. The programme is coordinated by IPC, Ghaziabad as a National Coordinating centre (NCC). World Health Organization (WHO) and Uppsala Monitoring Centre (UMC) are working in collaboration with each other to pro-vide technical support to the different countries worldwide. At present it’s providing technical support to more than 94 countries worldwide via vigifl ow and panifl ow. At present, all over Indiathere are 150 ADR Monitoring Centres (AMC) are established under this programme. Out of all these 150 ADR Monitoring Centres 60 centres are established this year (2014).According to AMC’s Progress Report – May 2014 97 centres have been given access to Vigifl ow by UMC, Sweden. Out of 97 AMC’s where the Vigifl ow is functional, 82 centres have provided the ADR’s reports via Vigi Flow in May 2014.The long term objective of Pharmacovigilance Programme of India is to establish a “Centre of Excellence” for pharmacovigilance in India[3, 4].

IPC, Ghaziabad has established number of ADR Monitoring Centres in different parts of coun-try for ADR reporting [3, 4]. ADR reporting is crucial for the protection of health of patients and to

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prevent the occurrence of Adverse Drug Reactions with the drugs. ADRs are predictable and prevent-able therefore ADR reporting can help to reduce the number of ADRs[2]. With the appreciable efforts of IPC, Ghaziabad and appreciable & active participation of some doctors, technical associates working at different ADR Monitoring Centres and some other health care professionals reporting of ADRs has been increased as compared to few past years. The number of Individual case reports (ICSRs) in the PvPI database during July 2011 to June 2012 was 19807 and during the August 2013 to December 2013 was 12024[3, 4].But it isnot suffi cient and still shortcoming of ADR reporting is there.Many factors are responsible for the shortcoming of ADR reporting.

Fig 1: Progress of PvPI database from 2010 to 2014

Lack of awareness among doctors, other health care professionalsand patients is the major factor responsible for the shortcoming of ADR reporting. The doctors have positive attitude towards

ADR reporting but they are unaware about the methodology of ADR reportingwhich affect their practice of pharmacovigilance[5]. The Indian pharmacists have poor knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) towards ADR reporting and pharmacovigilance[6]. Most of Indian pharmacists have low level of education and clinical skills[7]. Most of pharmacists have diploma in pharmacy and they don’t have good clinical skills[7]. The pharmacists with higher education such as PharmD havebetter KAP[6]. The shortcoming of ADR reporting can be removed by overcoming the problems stated above. The training programs on pharmacovigilance for Indian pharmacists working in different sectors Can make them part of ADR reporting system[6].

ConclusionThe aim of this report is to enhance the ADR reporting in India. The ADR reporting can make

the drugs safer and protect the health of nation from the harmfulness of the drugs. By creating awareness among the doctors, nurses, pharmacists, other health care professionals and patients the ADR reporting can be enhanced. By developing clinical skills among the Indian pharmacists the active participation of the pharmacists in ADR reporting can be enhanced.

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References:

[1] http: //www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_ safe… 31/08/14

[2] Dhikav Vikas, Singh Sindhu, Anand KS.Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring In India: Jour-nal, Indian Academy of Clinical Medicine, Vol. 5, No. 1, January-March, 2004.

[3] http: // www.ipc.gov.in/PvPI/pv_adr.html31/08/2014

[4] http: // www.ipc.gov.in/PvPI/pv_home.html31/08/2014

[5] Sanghavi DR, Dhande PP, Pandit VA. Perception of pharmacovigilance among doctors in a ter-tiary care hospital: infl uence of an interventional lecture: Int J Risk Saf Med. 2013;25(4):197-204. doi: 10.3233/JRS-130598.

[6] Ahmad A, Patel I, Balkrishnan R, et al. An evaluation of knowledge, attitude and practice of Indian pharmacists towards adverse drug reaction reporting: A pilot study: Perspect Clin Res. 2013 Oct;4(4):20410.doi: 10.4103/2229-3485.120168.

[7] S. Lincy, Lal, Rao Padam G. Clinical pharmacy education in India: Am J Health-Syst Pharm_Vol 62 Jul 15, 2005.

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List of Recombinant DNA based Drugs Approved in the India (Jan 2010 - Dec 2013)

Islauddin Khan,Vijay Kumar & Mohammad Arfeen

S.N. Name of the molecule approved Company Indication Date of

Approval

1 Pegfi lgrastim (peg-r-hu-GCSF)

Gennova Biopharmaceuticals ltd

For prevention of neutropenia in the patient receiving cancer chemotherapy 29-Jan-10

2 Darbepoetin alfa Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories ltd

Tretament of anemia associated with chronic renal failure, and for the treatment of anemia in patients with non-myeloid malignancies.

23-Mar-10

3 rh-PDGF-BB + β-TCP Virchow Biotech Pvt Ltd

For the treatment of preidontal defects (Intrabony Peridontal Defect, Peridontal Defect, Gingival Recession)

28-Apr-10

4 r-Hu-EPO Lyophilized inj Cadila Healthcare Ltd For maintaining hemoglobin level in chronic renal failure 28-Apr-10

5Recombinant Follicle stimulating hormone (r-Hu-FSH)

Reliance Life Sciences For the treatment of female infertlity 30-Apr-10

6Teriparatide [r-Hu-Parathyroid Hormone(1-34)].

Intas Biopharmaceuticals Ltd

Post menopausal women with osteoporosis who are at high risk for fracture

1-Nov-10

7 Pegfi lgrastim Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories

Reduction in the duration of neutropenia and the incidence of febrile neutropenia in patients treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy .

28-Jan-11

8 Recombinant Interferon Beta 1a Reliance Life Sciences For the treatment of relapsing multiple

sclerosis 4-May-11

9PegINF alfa 2b (lyophilized) (Subcutaneous)

Cadila Healthcare

In the treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B and C patients, in combination with ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in patien with compensated liver disease who have not been previously treated with interferon afa 2b.

21-Jun-11

10 r-Hu-Choriogonadotropin alfa Reliance Life Sciences

In treatment of women undergoing superovulation prior to assisted reproductive techniques such as IVF & anovualtry or oligo-ovulatory after stimulation of follicular growth

22-Jun-11

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11

1. Biphasic Isophane Injection IP, 30% Soluble Insulin and 70% Isophane insulin2. Biphasic Isophane Insulin Injection IP, 50% soluble Insulin and 50% Isophane insulin 3. Soluble Insulin injection IP 4. Isophane Insulin Injection IP

Gland Pharma Ltd Teatment of Type-1 & Type-2 Diabetes 9-Aug-11

12 Erythropoetin (r-HU-EPO) injection

Bioviz Technologies pvt Ltd

Anaemia resulted from reanl function insuffi ciency, including hemodialysis and non-hemodialysis of chronic failure

9-Aug-11

13 Teriparatide USV Limited

for the treatment of post -menopausal women with osteoporosis who are at a high risk of fracture . It increases bone mineral density (BMD) AND REDUCES THE RISK OF VERTEBRAL AND NON- VERTEBRAL FRACTURES

13-Aug-12

14 Rasburicase injection VirchowPrevention and treatment of malignancy associated hyperuricemia (in children and adults )

28-Aug-12

15 Itolizumab (T1hmAb) injection Biocon Limited

For the treatment of patients with active to Moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis .

27-Dec-12

16 Rituximab Zenotech Laboratories for the treatment ofCD20 positive B-cell non-hodgkin’s lymphoma 27-Feb-13

17 Filgrastim Lupin limitedAs an adjunct to Chemotherapy for prevention of Neutropenia in Patients with Non-Myeloid Malignancies

5-Mar-13

18 Abciximab Relaince Life Sciences

Abciximab is indicated in the treatment of:As an adjunct to percutaneous coronary intervention for the prevention of cardiac ischemic complications.In patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. In patients with unstable angina not responding to conventional medical therapy when percutaneous coronary intervention is planned within 24 hrs

23-Apr-13

19 Pegylated Recombinant Human Interferon alfa 2b

Intas Biopharmaceuticals

Pegylated Recombinant Human Interferon alfa 2b injection is indicated for the treatment of Chronic hepatitis C and Chronic hepatitis B, in combination with ribavirin for the treatment of chronic Hepatitis C in patient with compensated liver disease who have not been previously treated with interferon alfa 2b.

25-Apr-13

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20Recombinant human Follicle stimulating hormone (Follitropin alfa)

Intas Biopharmaceuticals

Anovulation(including polycystic ovarian disease, PCOD). 14-May-13

21

Recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (Molgramostim)

Zenotech Laboratories

Recombinant Human Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (Molgramostim/r-hu-GM-CSF) is indication for the treatment of reduction of the severity of neutropenia in patients receiving myelosuppressive therapy (cancer chemotherapy)

15-May-13

22 Recombinant human growth hormone USV Limited

Treatment of Pre-pubertal Children (4 to 12 years) with Growth Hormone Defi ciency

3-Jun-13

23 Pegfi lgrastim Lupin limited

for reduction in the duration of neutropenia and the incidence of febrile neutropeina in patients treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy for malignancy (with the exception of chronic myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes)

3-Sep-13

24 Filgrastim Cadila Pharmaceuticals

for reduction in the duration of neutropenia and the incidence of febrile neutropenia in patients treated with established cytotoxic chemotherapy for non myeloid malignanacy

22-Oct13

25 Trastuzumab 150 mg/vial & 440 mg/vial Biocon limited

For the treatment of pateints with Her2+ metastatic breast cancer 23-Oct-13

26 Human insulin(Rapid) Shantha BiotechnicTreatment of type-I or Type II diabetes mellitus 14-Nov-13

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US FDA Approved Drugs In 2014

Khushboo Choudhary, Palak Dhyawala & Preeti Patel

S.N. Drug Name Active Ingredient Indication Date of Approval

1 Farxiga DapaglifozinTo improve glycemic control, along with diet and exercise, in adults with type 2 diabetes

1/8/2014

2Hetlioz Tasimelteon

To treat non-24- hour sleep-wake disorder (“non-24”) in totally blind individuals. Non-24 is a chronic circadian rhythm (body clock) disorder in the blind that causes problems with the timing of sleep.

1/31/2014

3 Vimizim Elosulfase alfa Treatment for Mucopolysaccharidosis Type IVA (Morquio A syndrome) 2/14/2014

4 Northera DroxidopaTo treat neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (NOH) 2/18/2014

5 Myalept Metreleptin for injection

To treat the complications of leptin defi ciency 2/24/2014

6 Neuraceq Florbetaben F 18 injection

For Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging of the brain 3/19/2014

7 Impavido Miltefosine To treat a tropical disease called leishmaniasis 3/19/2014

8 Otezla Apremilast To treat adults with active psoriatic arthritis (PsA) 3/21/2014

9 Tanzeum Albiglutide

To improve glycemic control, along with diet and exercise, in adults with type 2 diabetes 4/15/2014

10 Cyramza RamucirumabTo treat patients with advanced stomach cancer or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma

4/21/2014

11 Sylvant Siltuximab

To treat patients with multicentric Castleman’s disease (MCD), a rare disorder similar to lymphoma (cancer of the lymph nodes)

4/23/2014

82

12 Zykadia CeritinibTo treat patients with a certain type of late-stage (metastatic) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

4/29/2014

13 Zontivity VorapaxarTo reduce the risk of heart attacks and stroke in high-risk patients 5/8/2014

14 Entyvio Vedolizumab

To treat adult patients with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis and adult patients with moderate to severe Crohn‘s disease

5/20/2014

15 Dalvance Dalbavancin To treat adults with skin infections 5/23/2014

16 Jublia Efi naconazoleTreat mild to moderate onychomycosis (fungal infection)

6/6/2014

17Sivextro (tab-let) Sivextro (injection)

Tedizolid phosphate To treat adults with skin infections 6/20/2014

18 Beleodaq BelinostatTo treat patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) 7/3/2014

19 Kerydin Tavaborole For the topical treatment of onychomycosis of the toenails 7/7/2014

20 Zydelig IdelalisibTo treat patients with three types of blood cancers 7/23/2014

21 Striverdi Re-spimat Olodaterol

To treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 7/31/2014

22 Jardiance Empaglifl ozinTo improve gylcemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes 8/1/2104

23 Orbactiv Oritavancin To treat adults with skin infections 8/6/2014

24 Belsomra SuvorexantTo treat diffi culty in falling and staying asleep (insomnia) 8/13/2014

25 Plegridy Peginterferon beta-1a

For the treatment of patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis 8/15/2014

26 Cerdelga EliglustatFor the long-term treatment of adult patients with the Type 1 form of Gaucher disease

8/19/2014

27 Keytruda PembrolizumabFor treatment of patients with advanced or unresectable melanoma who are no longer responding to other drugs

9/4/2014

83

Brain Drain

Pawan Kushwah & Sngithiang Mawnai

According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s dictionary Brain Drain is “the movement of highly skilled and qualifi ed people to a country where they can work in better conditions and earn more money”After China (421,100), the country sends the greatest number of students abroad.The Government of India estimated that there are 30 million Indian Diaspora spread across the world. The 30 million Indian human resources which is working for the developed countries are highly skilled. The term brain-drain was introduced by observing the emigration of the various technologists, doctors and scientists, from various developing countries to more developed nations like USA, UK, Germany, England etc. Usually all developing countries including India are suffering from brain drain and developed countries like USA are having brain gain from this phenomenon. India is one of the major nations in the world which is suffering from this brain drain seriously at the present moment .Thousands of Indian scientists, doctors, engineers and other qualifi ed persons have migrated and are staying in other countries Due to high salary and facilities. In one other way globalization has helped in retaining the skilled people within the country, because a person can work for a foreign company sitting at home in India. But in reality he is working for an overseas country not for his own nation.

There are various reasons for the brain drain in India. The reasons usually include two aspects which respectively come from countries and individuals.

In terms of countries, the reasons may be social environment (in source countries: lack of opportunities, political instability, economic depression, health risks, etc.; in host countries: rich opportunities, political stability and freedom, developed economy, better living conditions, etc.).

In terms of individual reasons, there are family infl uence, and personal preference: preference for exploring, ambition for an improved career, etc.

Higher Education:- In the year 2006, of the 1, 23,000 studying outside India, 76,000 have chosen USA (94,563 in 2007-2008, 83,833 in 2006-2007) as a country of their choice followed by UK, Canada and Australia.

Employment: India has skilled and semi-skilled, employed and unemployed human resource. Low salaries and ineffi cient working conditions can be the fi rst motive that triggers the movement to the countries with better living standards and facilities.

84

Lack of opportunities: In developed countries, researchers are provided with funds and necessary equipment to carry out study.

In 2010, India with an estimated stock of 11.4 million emigrants was the second emigration country in the world, behind Mexico (11.9 million). In 2004, the US was the favored destination of 62% of the 71,290 physicians emigrating from India while 32% choose the UK. Another example- 5.5% of the 2.8 million students studying outside their home-country. After China (421,100), the country sends the greatest number of students abroad.

In 2000, India was, for example, the fi rst sending country of physicians with 57,383or 9.9% of the total number of physicians trained in the country going abroad.

According to my view brain drain has to be stopped and this can be achieved only if one is being taught right from the childhood that you’re born in INDIA and your each and every molecule should be dedicated to your motherland.

As we all know that near about 40%-50% employees in Australia are Indians. Also there are many doctors, engineers who work in foreign countries are Indians.

So today if we really feel that the time is come to end the problem of brain-drain in India, their is a need of take an action and change our mind-set & end the fever of foreign countries. It is India where we birth, it is the India where we grown up, it is the India where we study and this is time to serve the India, do work for India which is helpful for the progress of nation because if we do work for foreign countries then why not for our country. If we are not earn so much and not provided with all the facilities as that of foreign country, then what’s the problem with that. That’s are little things, then why we can’t compromise with that. Why we can’t think about our nation. So change our mind set and can take step which is in the favour of our country. Though there is corruption in India, leaving the country for selfi sh benefi ts will not make the condition better. If we have the right to complain, then it is we who must do to rectify the problems. Brain Drain is critical problem and it should be solved by the country government and the country people. Both are the equally responsible for this situation

References:

International Organization for Migration (2010), World Migration Report 2010.

The Indian Diaspora - http://indiandiaspora.nic.in

85

“Success Is A Journey, Not A Destination”

Priyansha Choubey & Surya Narayan Pandey

“Success is a journey, not a destination. The doing is often more important then the outcome” –Arthur Ashe

Life is a word which means a lot in itself. When a baby takes birth he/she does not know about anything but slowly as the time runs baby become children and then teenager. No one want to put them-selves in pain, everyone is interested in the shortcuts. But the shortcut is not the key to success. Success does not happen overnight, it is the result of continuance endurance and hard work. The main thing is that, to achieve any goal in life one should have patience along with confi dence in positive manner but not over confi dence and self-esteem, that is, “For getting success one should have to start from zero just like the spider or a baby learn to walk, talk etc.”

Whenever you come across obstacles in life during journey to success, you should just believe in our self and to the almighty god. Keep in mind that you are nearer to success and so not to give-up. God judges us in a manner irrespective of our ability to cross the obstacles. When any obstacle comes in life then don’t be nervous instead believe in yourself and thanks to god for giving you such a golden opportunity to cleared the obstacle and surely you will achieve that success.

What stops people from succeeding most of the time are not what they think they are but what they think they are not? During your journey when people criticize you never listen, but always put your attention towards your goal. slowly but surely the time will come when people start appreciating you for your work and remember that when you achieve success then everyone will take credit for your work but credit belongs to “U” and only “U”.

88

Creative Section

BittuPeon, NIPER, Guwahati

Athira K.V.Ph.D.,Pharmacology & Toxicology

89

Yogita SharmaMS, Pharmacology & Toxicology

Mukesh BudhaniMS, Pharmacology & Toxicology

90

ADMINISTRATIVE SECTIONDirector in Charge

Dr. K. C. Saikia

Project DirectorDr. B. K. Bezbaruah

Chief Academic CoordinatorDr. (Mrs.) Mangala Lahkar

RegistrarDr. M. Rahman

Deputy RegistrarDr. Nitul Sarmah

Assistant Academic CoordinatorDr. Syed Tanwir Alam

Placement Offi cerDr. Utpal Mohan

Liaison Offi cerMr. Rishi Rup Deka

EXAMINATION SECTIONDeputy Controller of Examinations

Mrs. Sukirti Das

Examination AssistantMr. P.K. Goswami

91

LIST OF FACULTY Dr. (Mrs.) Mangala Lahkar,

Chief Academic Co – Ordinator, NIPER – Guwahati.

Dr. Ranadeep Gogoi, Ph.D Asst. Professor, Dept. of Biotechnology, NIPER – Guwahati.

Dr. Utpal Mohan, Ph.D Asst. Professor, Dept. of Biotechnology, NIPER – Guwahati.

Mrs. Nijara Sarmah, Programme offi cer (IT), NIPER – Guwahati.

Dr. Purnima Bordoloi, Asst. Professor, Dept. Of Pharmacology, GMCH, Guwahati.

Dr. Dipti Devi Asso. Professor, Dept. of Pharmacology.

Dr. Swapna Phukan Asso. Professor, Dept. of Pharmacology.

Dr. Sarmistha Dutta, Asso. Professor, Dept. of Pharmacology.

GEUST FACULTY Dr. C.C.Barua, Ph.D,

Professor, Dept. Of Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Khanapara, Guwahati.

Dr. Bikash Medhi, Professor Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, Punjab.

Dr. Anjan Bhattacharjee, Professor, Dept. of Cardiology, GMCH, Guwahati.

Dr. Suvakanta Dash, M.Pharm, Ph.D

Principal, GIPS,

Azara, Guwahati. Dr. Nitul Sarmah

Asso. Professor, Pharmacy Institute, GMCH.

Dr. Pritam Mohan, Asso. Professor, Dept. of Pharmacology & Toxicology CVSc, Guwahti.

Dr. Abdul Baquei, Asst. Professor, GIPS, Azara, Guwahati.

Dr. Dhritikesh Chakrabarty, Dept. Of Statistics, Handique Girls College, Guwahati.

Dr. Gokul Chandra Das, Professor & HOD, Dept. of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, GMCH, Guwahati.

Dr. Ena Dowerah, Asso. Professor, Dept. of Pathology, GMCH.

Dr. Manjuri Sharma, Asst. Professor, Dept. of Neurology, GMCH, Guwahati.

Dr. Neelakshi Goswami, Professor & HOD, Dept. of Geriatrics, GMCH, Guwahati.

Dr. Barkataki, Asst. Professor, Dept. Of Cardiology, GMCH, Guwahti.

Dr. Priyam Saikia, Asst. Professor, Dept. of Anastheiology, GMCH, Guwahti.

92

LIST OF NON -TEACHING STAFF

· Pabit Chandra BhaishyaSr. Accountant

· Lakshman PaulAccountant

· Girindra DasComputer Operator

· Dualal Chandra DasComputer Operator

· Bipul HojawariOffice Assistant

· Anup Talukdar, M.Lib., LLBLibrarian

· Sarat Chandra SaikiaOffi ce Assistant

· Mohan Lal NuniaPeon

· Bitu NathPeon

· Karuna KalitaChowkidar

· Sadat AliChowkidar

· Dharmendra DekaChowkidar

· Prem LawaSweeper

· Kabita KalitaSweeper

· Mina NathSweeper

· Bhrigu Nath ShahAnimal care taker

93

LIST OF STUDENTS

Ph.D SCHOLARS

PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY

SESSION 20121. Ashok Jangra 2. Lakshmi Narendra Bodduluru3. SR Chandra Shekhar 4. K. Eshvendar Reddy

SESSION 20131. Athira KV 2. Madhana Rajaram Mohanrao

SESSION 20141. Sahabuddin Ahmed 2. Mohit Kwatra BIOTECHNOLOGY

SESSION 20141. Basamsetty Veera Vijaya

PG SCHOLARS

SESSION -2013-2015.

PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY

1. Sudipta Bhattacharjee 2. Mukesh Kumar 3. Surya Narayan Pandey 4. Karnam Kalyani 5. M Ramana Reddy 6. Maramreddy Suseela 7. Durgesh Kumar Dwivedi 8. Neha Mishra 9. Priyansha Choubey 10. Dinesh Kumar 11. Uppulapu Shravan Kumar

12. KM Prabha Rajput 13. Manash Pratim Borgohain 14. Vicky

15. Liakat Chowdhury 16. Panuganti Venkataharsha 17. Nerendumelli Ravikishore 18. Bandari Mohan 19. E Maheswara PHARMACY PRACTICE1. Mona Vallabhaneni 2. Shruti Mishra 3. Prashant Kumar Singh 4. Sandhya Dubey 5. M Praveen Kumar 6. Veeri Rajendra Babu 7. Goskula Naresh 8. Sukhjinder Singh

BIOTECHNOLOGY1. Bethala Durga Apparao 2. Tushar Tukaram Dhumal 3. Avinash Jha 4. Srujana Akkiraju 5. Priya Rajkumar Sharma 6. Marthati Venkateswarlu 7. Zarna Vijay Patel 8. Jyoti Saini 9. Venkatesh Naik V 10. Nathi Hareesh

SESSION -2014-2016.PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY1. Islauddin Khan 2. Kundlik Bhagwan Gadhave

94

3. Palak Dhyawala 4. Ashish Kumar Mohapatra 5. Saurabh Kumar 6. Mohammad Arfeen 7. Abhinav Choubey 8. Yogita Sharma 9. Rajat Pant 10. Tavleen Singh 11. Smti Sngithiang Mawnai 12. Ahire Ashutosh Prabhakar 13. C. Saravanan 14. Gajeshwar Prasad 15. Tridip Jyoti Das 16. Pawan Kushwah 17. Khushboo Choudhary 18. Muhammed KS 19. Preeti Patel

PHARMACY PRACTICE1. Ram Singh 2. Kotni Murali 3. Mohmad Amin Dar 4. Mudasir Maqbool 5. Devipriya J S 6. Karimajji Naresh

BIOTECHNOLOGY1. Bhupinder Kaur 2. Dhyanendra Singh 3. Kanika 4. Rohit Mohan Pardeshi 5. Gangipangi Vijayakumar 6. Dinkar Prasad Jayswal 7. Nallipogu Sireesha 8. Vinay J

95

Sl. No Name of the Committees Name of the Members

1 Souvenir Kasala Eshvender Reddy, Athira K. V, Karnam Kalyani, Mona, Manash Borgohain, Mukesh Kumar, Surya Narayan Pandey, V. Harsha.

2 Sports, quiz and debate SR Chandra Shekhar, Veera Vijay, ManashBorgohain, LiakatChowdhury, Mukesh Kumar, VenkateshNaik, ShrutiMishra, Jyoti Saini, Mona.

3 T-shirt Ashok Jangra, Sahabuddin Ahmed, Surya Narayan Pandey, Dinesh Sharma, Shravan Kumar, PriyanshaChoubey.

5 Invitation Raja Rammohan, SR Chandra Shekhar, Sukhjinder Singh, Avinash Jha, Rajendra Babu, Dinesh Sharma, Neha Mishra.

6 Decoration Lakshmi Narendra, Manash Borgohain, Durgesh Dwivedi, Nathi Harish,Avinash Jha, Zarna Patel, Goskola Naresh.

7 Cultural Eshvender Reddy Kasala, Vicky Dahiya, Mukesh Kumar, Prashant Singh, Rajendra Babu,Manash Borgohain, Prabha Rajput,Jyoti Saini.

8 Felicitation Athira K. V, Neha Mishra, Vicky Dahiya, Mohan Bhandari, Sudipto Bhattacharjee.

9 Food Mohit Kwatra, Prashant Singh, Sudipto Bhattacharjee, Shravan Kumar, Tushar Dhumal, Sandhya Dubey.

10 Certifi cate Lakshmi Narendra, Vicky Dhiya, Sudiptio Bhattacharjee, Ravikishor Neredumalli, Praveen Kumar, Durga Apparao.

11 Video & Background music Maheswara Prashad, Praveen Kumar, Mohan Bhandari.

12 Accounts Raja Rammohan, Sahabuddin Ahmed, Manash Borgohain, Venkatesh Naik, Durga Apparao.

Committes for 6th Foundation Day celebration, NIPER, Guwahati

96

BUDGET 2013-2014

( Actual Expenditure)S. No. Head Amount (Rs.)A Recurring

Salary 71,10,690/-Honorarium 6,25,250/-Stipend 95,58,571/-Vehicle Rental 35,74,478/-Lab. Consumables 53,70,043/-TA/DA 7,88,670/-Printing & Publicity 9,20,027/-Hostel Rent 27,27,200/-Contingency / Misc. 7,00182/-_________________________________________________________________

Sub Total Rs. 3,13,75,111/-

10% institutional overhead ( F.Y. 2013-14) at last year recurring expenditure 25,00000/-______________________________________________________________________

Total expenditure including overhead –A Rs. 3,38,75111/-

B Non- Recuring

AC/ Computer / Xerox 3,78,249/-

Furniture / fi xtures 54,480/-

Book & Journals 1,87,281/-

Lab. Equipments 23,93,840/-

Small Assets 26,959/-_________________________________________________________________________________

Total –B Rs. 30,40,809/-

GRAND TOTAL (A+ B) Rs. 3,68,15,920/-

(Rupees Three Crore Sixty Eighty Lakh. Fifteen Thousand Nine Hundred Twenty Only)

97

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a K

alita

, Lak

shm

an P

aul,

Sara

t Cha

ndra

Sai

kia,

Bip

ul H

ojaw

ari,

Giri

ndra

Das

, Pre

m L

awa,

Dua

lal C

hand

ra D

as, P

abit

Cha

ndra

Bha

ishy

a, B

itu N

ath

98

1st Y

ear

Stud

ents

Firs

t Row

(Lef

t to

Rig

ht):

Yog

ita S

harm

a, D

evi P

riya

J.S,

N. S

irees

ha, K

hush

boo

Cho

udha

ry, P

reet

i Pat

el, B

hupi

ndar

Kau

r, Pa

lak

Dha

yaw

ala,

Kan

ika,

Sm

gith

iang

Maw

nai,

Din

kar J

aisw

al,P

awan

Kus

hwah

, Ash

utos

h Pr

abha

kar A

hire

.Se

cond

Row

(Lef

t to

Rig

ht) :

D

hyan

endr

a Si

ngh,

K. M

ural

i, M

uham

mad

Am

in D

ar, M

udas

ir M

aqbo

ol B

hat ,

Moh

amm

ad A

rfee

n,

Ash

ish

Kum

ar M

ohap

atra

.T

hird

Row

(Lef

t to

Rig

ht):

Moh

amm

ad K

S, A

bhin

av C

houb

ey, G

ajes

hwar

Pra

sad,

Vin

ay J,

Kun

dlik

Gad

have

, R

ajat

Pan

t, Sa

rava

nan

C,

Islla

uddi

n K

han,

Trid

ip Jy

oti D

as, R

ohit

Pard

eshi

, Sau

rabh

Kum

ar, T

avle

en S

ingh

, Vija

y K

umar

, Ram

Sin

gh.

99

2nd Y

ear

Stud

ents

Firs

t row

(Lef

t to

Rig

ht):

Man

ash

Pr.

Bor

goha

in, D

urga

Bet

hala

, Kar

nam

Kal

yani

, Zar

na P

atel

, Priy

ansh

a C

houb

ey, P

riya

Shar

ma,

Pra

bha

Raj

put,

Neh

a M

ishr

a, S

hrut

i Mis

hra,

Mon

a Va

llabh

anen

i, Jy

oti S

aini

, Pra

shan

t Kr.

Sing

h, V

icky

.Se

cond

Row

(Lef

t to

Rig

ht):

Suk

hjin

der S

ingh

, P. V

. Har

sha,

Avi

nash

Jha,

Din

esh

Shar

ma,

V. R

ajen

dra

Bab

u, N

. Har

ish,

U

. Shr

avan

Kum

ar, S

urya

Nar

ayan

Pan

dey,

Sud

ipto

Bha

ttach

arje

e, D

urge

sh D

wiv

edi,

Muk

esh

Kr.

Bud

hani

, Ven

kate

sh N

aik.

FAC

ULT

IES

WIT

H P

H.D

SC

HO

LA

RS:

Facu

lty m

embe

rs:

Fron

t row

(Lef

t to

righ

t): D

r. Pu

rnim

a B

ordo

loi,

Dr.

M. R

ehm

an, D

r. G

ayat

ri B

ezba

rua,

Dr.

Man

gala

Lah

kar,

Dr.

B. K

. Bez

baru

ah,

Dr.

Dee

ptim

oyi D

ev, D

r. Sa

pna

Phuk

an, D

r. Sa

rmis

tha

Dut

ta, D

r. En

a D

uwer

ah.

Seco

nd r

ow (L

eft t

o R

ight

): M

rs. N

ijara

Sar

mah

, Dr.

Nitu

l Sar

mah

, Dr.

Ran

adee

p G

ogoi

, Dr.

Utp

al M

ohan

.

Ph.D

. Sch

olar

s:(L

eft t

o ri

ght)

Sah

abud

din

Ahm

ed, M

. Raj

aram

Moh

anra

o, B

. Lak

shm

i Nar

endr

a, A

shok

Jang

ra, M

ohit

Kw

atra

, Vee

ra V

ijay,

SR

Cha

ndra

She

khar

, K. E

shve

ndar

Red

dy, K

risha

n K

. Tha

kur,

Ath

ira K

.V.

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE - Welcome to NIPER...

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