Managers and Communication BUS 206 Erlan Bakiev, Ph. D. Zirve University Spring 2012.
Organizational Behavior ISLT-644 Instructor: Erlan Bakiev, Ph.D.
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Transcript of Organizational Behavior ISLT-644 Instructor: Erlan Bakiev, Ph.D.
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Organizational BehaviorISLT-644
Instructor: Erlan Bakiev, Ph.D.
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Chapter 12
Power and Politics
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Essentials of Organizational Behavior, 11/e
Stephen P. Robbins & Timothy A. Judge
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After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
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1. Define power and contrast leadership and power.
2. Contrast the five bases of power.3. Identify nine power or influence tactics and
their contingencies.4. Identify the causes and consequences of
political behavior.5. Apply impression management techniques.6. Show the influence of culture on the uses and
perceptions of politics.
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Power12-4
The capacity that A has to influence the behavior of B so that B acts in accordance with A’s wishes (Bass, 1990)
Two facets: Potential: power does not need to be actualized to
be effective Dependency: based on the available alternatives
and their desirability
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Contrasting Leadership and Power
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Differences Leadership PowerGoal Compatibility
Requires goal congruence
Only needs dependence
Direction of Influence
Focuses on downward influence
Concerned with influence in all
directions
Research Emphasis
Emphasizes leadership style
Broader topic: focuses on
tactics used by individuals and
groups
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Formal Bases of Power (French and Raven, 1959)
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Due organizational position: Coercive Power
Complies from fear of the negative results Reward Power
Complies due to desire for positive benefits
Legitimate Power (Ward, 2001) From the formal authority to control and
use organizational resources
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Personal Bases of Power12-7
Stems from an individual’s unique characteristics:
Expert Influence wielded as a result
of expertise, special skill, or knowledge
Referent Based on identification with a
person who has desirable resources or personal traits - charisma
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Effective Power Bases12-8
Expert and referent power are positively related to performance and commitment
Reward and legitimate power are unrelated to organizational outcomes
Coercive power is negatively related to employee satisfaction and commitment (Podsadkoff and Schreisheim, 1985)
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Power Tactics12-9
Used to translate power bases into specific actions that influence others
More immediate than power bases
Can result in the accumulation of a power base
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Nine Influence Tactics12-10
Legitimacy PressureRational persuasion CoalitionsInspirational appealsConsultationExchangePersonal appealsIngratiation
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Influence Tactic Effectiveness12-11
Most effective: Rational Persuasion Inspirational Appeals Consultation
Least effective: Pressure (Yukl, 2002)
Combining tactics increases effectiveness (Falbe and Yukl, 1992)
Direction, sequencing, individual skill, and organizational culture modify effectiveness
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Politics: Power in Action12-12
Politics occur when employees convert power into action
Organizational Politics:
Activities not required as part of one’s formal role in the organization, but that influence, or attempt to influence, the distribution of advantages and disadvantages within the organization (Farrell and Peteren, 1982; Drory and Rom, 1990; Croponzano et al., 1995)
Outside of job requirements Requires the use of power
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Legitimacy of Political Behaviors (Farrell and Petersen,1988)
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Based on sticking to the implied rules Legitimate:
Normal everyday politics – complaining Illegitimate:
“Hardball” activities such as sabotage, whistle-blowing, and symbolic protests
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The Reality of Politics12-14
It is a major part of organizational life (Buchanan, 2008)
Politics arise in organizations because of: Conflicting interests Limited resources Ambiguity in decision making
Politicking: twisting facts to support one’s own goals and interests
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Individual Factors Contributing to Political Behavior
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Traits that encourage political action: High self-monitors High need for power
Situational influences leading to illegitimate political actions (Farrell and Petersen, 1982): Lower organizational investment Greater the number of perceived alternatives Greater expectations of success
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Organizational Factors Contributing to Political Behavior
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Organizational resources declining or distribution shifting (Ferris and Kachmar, 1992)
Opportunity for promotion exists Organizational culture issues:
Low trust Role ambiguity Zero-sum reward allocation High performance pressures Leading by poor example
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Responses to Organizational Politics
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For those unwilling to play, or with modest political skills, the outcomes are negative
Moderated by individual’s understanding of who makes decisions and why they were selected
When perceived as a threat, people respond with defensive behaviors (Ashforth and Lee, 1990)
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Impression Management (IM)12-18
The process by which individuals attempt to control the impression others form of them (Gardenr and Martinlo, 1988)
People may misrepresent themselves in situations of high uncertainty or ambiguity
Misrepresentations may discredit the individuals – seen as insincere or manipulative
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Impression Management Results12-19
Interviews Self-promotion and
ingratiation work well Performance Evaluations
Ingratiation positively related
Self-promotion is negatively related
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The Ethics of Behaving Politically12-20
Questions to consider:1. What is the utility of engaging in the
behavior?2. How does the utility of engaging in
the political behavior balance out any harm it will do to others?
3. Does the political activity conform to standards of equity and justice?
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Global Implications12-21
Perception of Politics: Negative consequences are common
Preference for Power Tactics: Differences exist consistent with cultural values
Effectiveness of Power Tactics: Little evidence for differences
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Implications for Managers12-22
Power can be increased by: Increasing the dependence of
others Gaining unique knowledge or
skills Minimizing one’s own
dependence Acquiring useful bases of
power Using effective power tactics Avoiding coercion
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Keep in Mind…12-23
Informal, expert, and referent power are the most important
Use consultation and inspirational appeals
IM techniques effectiveness depends on the setting
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Summary12-24
1. Defined power and contrasted leadership and power.
2. Contrasted the five bases of power.3. Identified nine power or influence tactics and
their contingencies.4. Identified the causes and consequences of
political behavior.5. Applied impression management techniques.6. Showed the influence of culture on the uses
and perceptions of politics.