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Organization Of TheTHE SKELETAL SYSTEM Exercise #9 Page # 73 Laboratory Manual for Anatomy and...
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Transcript of Organization Of TheTHE SKELETAL SYSTEM Exercise #9 Page # 73 Laboratory Manual for Anatomy and...
Organization Of TheTHE SKELETAL SYSTEMExercise #9 Page # 73
Laboratory Manual for Anatomy and Physiology. Custom edition for Miami Dade College-Kendall Campus. BSC2085L by Michael G. Wood.
Fundamentals of anatomy & physiology by martini, 88h edition
1
Competency 4: The Skeletal System
– Upon successful completion of this laboratory, the student will be able to identify the microscopic and macroscopic structure of bones and the structural and functional classification of selected articulations by:
– Distinguishing between compact and spongy bone.– Identifying the components of the osteon or Haversian
system. – Locating the major anatomical structures of a long bone.
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FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
• STRUCTURE SUPPORT- IT IS A FRAMEWORK FOR ATTACHEMENT OF SOFT TISSUE & ORGANS
• • STORAGE MINERALS & LIPIDS- CALCIUM (THE MOST
ABUNDANT), FAT IN YELLOW MARROW• • BLOOD CELLS PRODUCTION- (RBC & WBC) IN RED MARROW• PROTECTION- TO SURROUND DELICATE TISSUE & ORGANS,
EX RIBS • EX: RIBS (HEART & LUNGS) SKULL (BRAIN) VERTEBRAE (SPINAL CORD) PELVIS (DIGESTIVE & REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS)
• LAVERAGE- TO PROVIDE SITE FOR MUSCULAR ATTACHEMENT, POINT OF • SUPPORT AND BODY MOVEMENT•
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PARTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
• THE SKELETON (206 BONES)
• MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE: OSSEOUS TISSUE• MACROSCOPIC STRUCTURE: AXIAL AND APPENDICULAR • SKELETON
• THE JOINTS• THE PLACE WHERE TWO OR MORE BONES CONNECT
04/21/23 DR. ALFONSO A PINO 4
OSSEOUS TISSUE• ORGANIC MATER:• CELLS: OSTEOBLAST- BONE FORMING CELLS• OSTEOCLASTS- BONE DISSOLVING CELLS• OSTEOCYTES- BONE MAINTAINING CELLS• POLISACCARIDES- TO FORM GROUND SUBSTANCE • COLLAGEN FIBERS- TENSILE STRENGHT
• INORGANIC MATER:• HYDROXYAPATITE- CALCIUM + PHOSPHATE SALTS • THAT MAKE THE BONE HARD
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TYPES OF BONE CELLS
Bone Textures
Classification of Bones• Bone Shapes
– Long bones
• Are long and thin
• Are found in arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers, and toes
– Flat bones
• Are thin with parallel surfaces
• Are found in the skull, sternum, ribs, and scapulae
– Sutural bones
• Are small, irregular bones
• Are found between the flat bones of the skull
Classification of Bones• Bone Shapes
– Irregular bones• Have complex shapes • Examples: spinal vertebrae,
pelvic bones – Short bones
• Are small and thick• Examples: ankle and wrist
bones– Sesamoid bones
• Are small and flat• Develop inside tendons near
joints of knees, hands, and feet.• Patella
Classification of Bones• Structure of a Long Bone
– Diaphysis • The shaft • A heavy wall of compact bone, or dense bone• A central space called medullary (marrow)
cavity– Epiphysis
• Wide part at each end• Articulation with other bones• Mostly spongy (cancellous) bone • Covered with compact bone (cortex)
– Metaphysis • Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet
Classification of Bones
• Structure of a Flat Bone– The parietal bone of the skull
– Resembles a sandwich of spongy
bone
– Between two layers of compact bone
– Within the cranium, the layer of
spongy bone between the compact
bone is called the diploë
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin
Cummings
Bone (Osseous) Tissue• Characteristics of Bone Tissue
– Dense matrix, containing• Deposits of calcium salts• Osteocytes (bone cells) within lacunae organized around blood vessels
– Canaliculi • Form pathways for blood vessels• Exchange nutrients and wastes
– Periosteum • Covers outer surfaces of bones • Consists of outer fibrous and inner cellular layers
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PERIOSTEUM & ENDOSTEUM(MARTINI)
• COMPACT BONE It forms the walls & outer surfaces of the bones • Osteon- functional unit of the compact bone It is thickest where angular stress is applied. • Lamella- the layers of the matrix that makes the bone ( thin
plate)• Central canals (Harvesian canals)• F-they contain blood vessels that carry blood to
& from the Osteon.
Perforating canals (Canals of Volkmann) They extend perpendicular to the surface F- they connect central canals of adjacent osteons
to each other• Lacuna- thin holes that contains an osteocyte It is a pocket sandwiched between layers of matrix • Canaliculus- narrow pathway that penetrates the lamellae
Function- to deliver nutrients and removal of waste
products to and from osteocytes. 04/21/23 14
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Compact and spongy bone
HISTOLOGY OF COMPAC BONE(MARTINI)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Compact and Spongy Bone• The Structure of Spongy Bone
– Does not have osteons– The matrix forms an open network of
trabeculae– Trabeculae have no blood vessels– The space between trabeculae is filled
with red bone marrow:• Which has blood vessels• Forms red blood cells• And supplies nutrients to osteocytes
– Yellow marrow• In some bones, spongy bone holds
yellow bone marrow• Is yellow because it stores fat
SPONGY BONE
• It makes the inner layer(s) of bones• It is formed by trabeculae (bony
bars or plates)• It has spaces for blood cell
formation• Trabeculae contains lacuna with
osteocytes
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LONG BONES STRUCTURE
• Periosteum: structure that surrounds the bone formed by fibrous connective tissue.
• It has 2 layers: a fibrous outer layer and a cellular inner layer• Sharpey’s fibers- collagen fibers that penetrate into the bone
tissue from tendons & ligaments• Epiphyses- enlarge area at both sides of a long bone. • It’s internal part is made of spongy bone that contains the • medullary cavity• Articular cartilage- thin layer of hyline cartilage covering the
surface of the •
epiphysis• Diaphysis- tubular shaft in long bones extending between the
epiphysis• Epiphysial plate or cartilage (textbook fig 6-9)- it is a • cartilaginous disk that join the epiphyses of inmature bone to • diaphysis• Epiphysial line- joins the epiphysis to diaphysis in matute bone• it remains after epiphysial growth has ended04/21/23 19
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LONG BONE(MARTINI)
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PERIOSTEUM & ENDOSTEUM(MARTINI)
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EPIPHYSEAL PLATES AND LINES
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REMEMBER, GO TO THE TUTORING ROOM AND PRACTICE WITH MODELS!
ROOM 3326
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