Organization of Course
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Organization of Course INTRODUCTION 1. Course overview 2. Air Toxics overview 3. HYSPLIT overview HYSPLIT Theory and Practice 4. Meteorology 5. Back Trajectories 6. Concentrations / Deposition 7. HYSPLIT-SV for s emiv olatiles (e.g, PCDD/F) Overall Project Issues & Examples 9.Emissions Inventories 10.Source-Receptor Post- Processing 11.Source-Attribution for Deposition 12.Model Evaluation 13.Model Intercomparison 14.Collaboration Possibilities
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Organization of Course. Overall Project Issues & Examples Emissions Inventories Source-Receptor Post-Processing Source-Attribution for Deposition Model Evaluation Model Intercomparison Collaboration Possibilities. INTRODUCTION Course overview Air Toxics overview HYSPLIT overview - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of Organization of Course
Organization of Course
INTRODUCTION
1. Course overview
2. Air Toxics overview
3. HYSPLIT overview
HYSPLIT Theory and Practice
4. Meteorology
5. Back Trajectories
6. Concentrations / Deposition
7. HYSPLIT-SV for
semivolatiles (e.g, PCDD/F)
8. HYSPLIT-HG for mercury
Overall Project Issues & Examples
9.Emissions Inventories
10.Source-Receptor Post-Processing
11.Source-Attribution for Deposition
12.Model Evaluation
13.Model Intercomparison
14.Collaboration Possibilities
Mercury Emissions Inventories
For atmospheric modeling, MUST BE SPECIATED
0 - 15 15 - 30 30 - 60 60 - 120 120 - 250
distance range from source (km)
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
hyp
oth
etic
al 1
kg
/da
y so
urc
ede
posi
tion
flux
(ug/
m2-
yr)
for Hg(II) emit
Hg(p) emitHg(0) emit
color of symbol denotes type of mercury source
coal-fired power plants
other fuel combustion
waste incineration
metallurgical
manufacturing & other
size/shape of symbol denotes amount of mercury emitted (kg/yr)
10 - 50
50 - 100
100 – 300
300 - 500
5 - 10
500 - 1000
1000 - 3500
2002 U.S. data from USEPA National Emissions Inventory (NEI); 2002 Canadian data from Environment Canada;1999 Mexican data from inventory prepared by Acosta y Asociados for the Commission for Environmental Cooperation
Elemental Mercury -- Hg(0) -- Emissions to the Air
color of symbol denotes type of mercury source
coal-fired power plants
other fuel combustion
waste incineration
metallurgical
manufacturing & other
size/shape of symbol denotes amount of mercury emitted (kg/yr)
10 - 50
50 - 100
100 – 300
300 - 500
5 - 10
500 - 1000
1000 - 3500
2002 U.S. data from USEPA National Emissions Inventory (NEI); 2002 Canadian data from Environment Canada;1999 Mexican data from inventory prepared by Acosta y Asociados for the Commission for Environmental Cooperation
Reactive Gaseous Mercury – RGM -- Emissions to the Air
color of symbol denotes type of mercury source
coal-fired power plants
other fuel combustion
waste incineration
metallurgical
manufacturing & other
size/shape of symbol denotes amount of mercury emitted (kg/yr)
10 - 50
50 - 100
100 – 300
300 - 500
5 - 10
500 - 1000
1000 - 3500
2002 U.S. data from USEPA National Emissions Inventory (NEI); 2002 Canadian data from Environment Canada;1999 Mexican data from inventory prepared by Acosta y Asociados for the Commission for Environmental Cooperation
Particulate Mercury -- Hg(p) -- Emissions to the Air
color of symbol denotes type of mercury source
coal-fired power plants
other fuel combustion
waste incineration
metallurgical
manufacturing & other
size/shape of symbol denotes amount of mercury emitted (kg/yr)
10 - 50
50 - 100
100 – 300
300 - 500
5 - 10
500 - 1000
1000 - 3500
2002 U.S. data from USEPA National Emissions Inventory (NEI); 2002 Canadian data from Environment Canada;1999 Mexican data from inventory prepared by Acosta y Asociados for the Commission for Environmental Cooperation
Total Mercury Emissions to the Air [ Hg(0) + RGM + Hg(p) ]
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
1965
1970’s - 1990’s: many mercury-cellchlor-alkali plantsconverted to alternateprocesses or closed due to regulatory and other pressures
2002 – Clear Skies Initiative for power plants introduced (ultimately withdrawn)
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 – calls for Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) to regulate hazardous air pollutants; intent is to prohibit emissions trading for these air toxics
1990’s – Hg emissions from municipal and medical waste incinerators fall dramatically due to:closure of some municipal waste incinerators and many medical waste incineratorsMACT-related pollution control requirementsreduction in mercury content of waste (e.g., battery legislation)
2005 – CAIR (Clean Air Interstate Rule) for power plants (Hg reduced as co-benefit of SO2 & NOx controls)
2005 – EPA meets court-ordered deadline and promulgates CAMR (Clean Air Mercury Rule) for power plants – based on Hg emissions trading
2008 – CAMR and CAIR overturned... What is next?
Some events in the U.S. regulation and prevention of mercury emissions
“Hot Spot” Controversy -- Many States sue EPA & propose / promulgate more strict regulations
1990 19990
50
100
150
200
250(t
on
s p
er
yea
r)E
stim
ate
d M
erc
ury
Em
issi
on
s
Other categories*
Gold mining
Hazardous waste incineration
Electric Arc Furnaces **
Mercury Cell Chlor-Alkali Plants
Industrial, commercial, institutionalboilers and process heaters
Municipal waste combustors
Medical waste incinerators
Utility coal boilers
* Data for Lime Manufacturing are not available for 1990.** Data for Electric Arc Furnaces are not available for 1999. The 2002 estimate (10.5 tons) is shown here.
Direct, Anthropogenic Mercury Emissions in the United States
(data from USEPA)
426395
297
360
CHINA_1999 US_1999 CAN_2000 GLOBAL_20000
100
200
300
400
500
(mg
Hg
per
pers
on-y
ear)
Ant
hrop
ogen
ic M
ercu
ry E
mis
sion
s
Per Capita Anthropogenic Mercury Emissions
Source of global data: Global Anthropogenic Mercury Emission Inventories for 2000 and 1995: Pacyna, J. and E. Pacyna. Journal of Air and Waste Management Association (in prep. 2005); http://www.amap.no/Resources/HgEmissions/HgInventoryDocs.html 10
utility coal
other coal
other fuel
waste incin
metallurgical cementchloralkali
other manuf
other
U.S. Anthopogenic Mercury Emissions, 1999
utility coal
other fuel
waste incin
metallurgical
cementchloralkali
other manuf
other
Canada Anthopogenic Mercury Emissions, 2000
utility coal
other coal
other fuelwaste incin
metallurgical
cementchloralkaliother manuf
biomass burning
China Anthopogenic Mercury Emissions, 1999
Different patterns of anthropogenic
mercury emissions
11Source: Streets et al., 2005, “Anthropogenic mercury emissions
in China”, Atmospheric Environment 39, 7789-7806Source: Environment Canada
Source: U.S. EPA
Some Current Emissions Inventory Challenges
Re-emissions of previously deposited anthropogenic Hg
Emissions speciation [at least among Hg(0), Hg(II), Hg(p); more specific species if possible]
Reporting and harmonization of source categories
Mobile source emissions?
Enough temporal resolution to know when emissions for individual point sources change significantly Note: Hg continuous emissions monitors now commercially available
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Variations on time scales of minutes to hours CEM’s needed – and not just on coal-fired power plants CEM’s must be speciated or of little use in developing
critical source-receptor information Clean Air Mercury Rule only requires ~weekly total-Hg
measurements, for purposes of trading
We don’t have information about major events e.g., maintenance or permanent closures, installation
of new pollution control devices, process changes Therefore, difficult to interpret trends in ambient data
Temporal Problems with Emissions Inventories
Long delay before inventories released 2002 inventory is being released this year in U.S.;
till now, the latest available inventory was for 1999 How can we use new measurement data?
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Hg from other sources: local, regional & more distant
atmospheric deposition
to the water surface
atmospheric deposition
to the watershed
Measurement of ambient air
concentrations
Measurement of wet
deposition
Resolution: 2.5 min Duration: 11 Days
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
25-Aug 26-Aug 27-Aug 28-Aug 29-Aug 30-Aug 31-Aug 01-Sep 02-Sep 03-Sep 04-Sep 05-Sep
Hg
- (
ug
/m3 )
HgT
Hg0
Hg2
Series 3300 CEM - Continuous Speciated Mercury Data
Resolution: 2.5 min Duration: 11 Days
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
25-Aug 26-Aug 27-Aug 28-Aug 29-Aug 30-Aug 31-Aug 01-Sep 02-Sep 03-Sep 04-Sep 05-Sep
Hg
-
(ug
/m3 )
HgT
Hg0
Hg2
Series 3300 CEM - Continuous Speciated Mercury Data
Thanks to Marty Keller, Senior Applications Engineer, Tekran Instruments Corporation, for providing this graph!
Amortize over 4 yrs: ~$50,000/yr
~$50,000/yr to operate
Speciation Continuous Emissions Monitor (CEM):
~$200,000 to purchase/installCost of Electricity
0.10/kw-hr 0.10001/kw-hr
1000 MW x $0.10/kw-hr = $1,000,000,000 per year
Overall Budget of Power Plant
Total: ~$100,000/yr
$1000/yr $1000.10/yr
95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
1995 Canada
Inventory
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speciated atmospheric Hg measurements at site x
speciated atmospheric Hg measurements at site y
speciated atmospheric Hg measurements at site z
2002 US Inventory
1999 US Inventory
2000 Global
Inventory
2000 Canada
Inventory
New York inventory
? Ontario inventory
?
Hypothetical – just for illustration purposes
For model evaluation, inventory must be accurate and for same period as measurements (a big challenge!)
