organism population community ecosystem biosphere€¦ · every pair has 4 offspring every pair has...
Transcript of organism population community ecosystem biosphere€¦ · every pair has 4 offspring every pair has...
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Population Ecology
population
ecosystem
community
biosphere
organism
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Life takes place in populations
Population
group of individuals of same species in
same area at same time rely on same
resources
interact
interbreed
Population Ecology: What factors affect a population?
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Why Population Ecology? Scientific goal
understanding the factors that influence the size of populations
Practical goal
management of populations increase population size
endangered species
decrease population size
pests
maintain population size
fisheries management
maintain & maximize sustained yield
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Characterizing a Population
Describing a population
population range
pattern of spacing
density
size of population
1937
19431951
19581961
196019651964
1966 1970
1970
1956
Immigrationfrom Africa
~1900
Equator
range
density
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Population Spacing
Dispersal patterns within a population
uniform
random
clumped
Provides insight into the
available resources
& social interactions of
individuals in population
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Clumped Pattern (most common)
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Clumped dispersion
Individuals in patches
Due to resource location
or
social behavior
Figure 52.3a
(a) Clumped. For many animals, such as these wolves,
living in groups increases the effectiveness of
hunting, spreads the work of protecting and caring for
young, and helps exclude other individuals from their
territory.
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Uniform
Clumped patterns
May result from
Territoriality or
scarce, but
Uniform resources
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Random dispersion
Positions independent of other
individuals
Resources not scarce
Figure 52.3c
(c) Random. Dandelions grow from windblown seeds
that land at random and later germinate.
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Density and Dispersion
Density
The number of
individuals per unit
area or volume
Dispersion
The pattern of
spacing among
individuals within
the boundaries of
the population
Births and immigration add individuals to a
population.
BirthsImmigration
PopuIation
size
Emigration
Deaths
Deaths and emigration remove individuals
from a population.
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Ways to Count a Population
Direct Count – Count Every Individual
Indirect Count – count every individual in a hive, burrow,town, etc. and then count the number of hives, burrows, etc. Only works for certain clumped organisms
Quadrat – LETS TRY IT
Mark Recapture – LETS TRY IT
Which way gives the best estimate depends on the type of organism being studied
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Abiotic factors
sunlight & temperature
precipitation / water
soil / nutrients
Biotic factors
other living organisms
prey (food)
competitors
predators, parasites,
disease
Intrinsic factors
adaptations
Factors that affect Population Size
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Life table
Species Survival Strategies
Factors that affect growth & decline of
populations
females males
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Survivorship curves Graphic representation of life table
Belding ground squirrel
The relatively straight lines of the plots indicate relatively constant
rates of death
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Survivorship curves What do these graphs
tell about survival &
strategy of a species?
0 25
1000
100
Human(type I)
Hydra(type II)
Oyster(type III)
10
1
50
Percent of maximum life span
10075
Su
rviv
al
per
tho
usan
d
I. High death rate in
post-reproductive
years
II. Constant mortality
rate throughout life
span
III. Very high early
mortality but the
few survivors then
live long (stay
reproductive)
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Life strategies & survivorship curves
0 25
1000
100
Human(type I)
Hydra(type II)
Oyster(type III)
10
1
50
Percent of maximum life span
10075
Su
rviv
al
per
tho
usan
d
K-selection
r-selection
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Reproductive strategies
K-selected
late reproduction
few offspring
invest a lot in raising offspring
primates
coconut
r-selected
early reproduction
many offspring
little parental care
insects
many plants
K-selected
r-selected
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Trade-offs: survival vs. reproduction
The cost of reproduction
increase reproduction may decrease
survival
age at first reproduction
investment per offspring
number of reproductive cycles per lifetime
Natural selection
favors a life
history that
maximizes lifetime
reproductive
success
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Trade offs
Number & size of offspring
vs.
Survival of offspring or parentr-selected
K-selected
“Of course, long before you mature,
most of you will be eaten.”
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Parental survival
Kestrel Falcons:
The cost of larger
broods to both male
& female parents
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Population growth
change in population = births – deaths
Exponential model (ideal conditions)
G = riN
N = # of individuals
r = rate of growth
ri = intrinsic rate
G = # of new Individuals
growth increasing at constant rate
intrinsic rate = maximum rate of growth
every pair has
4 offspring
every pair has
3 offspring
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African elephant
protected from hunting
Whooping crane
coming back from near extinction
Exponential growth rate Characteristic of populations without
limiting factors
introduced to a new environment or rebounding from a catastrophe
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K =
carrying
capacity
Logistic rate of growth
Can populations continue to grow
exponentially? Of course not!
effect of
natural controls
no natural controls
What happens as N approaches K?
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500
400
300
200
100
0200 10 30 5040 60
Time (days)
Nu
mb
er
of
cla
do
cera
ns
(per
200 m
l)
Maximum population size that environment can support with no degradationof habitat
varies with changes in resources
Time (years)1915 1925 1935 1945
10
8
6
4
2
0
Nu
mb
er
of
bre
ed
ing
male
fur
seals
(th
ou
san
ds)
Carrying capacity
What’s going on with the plankton?
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Regulation of population size
Limiting factors
density dependent
competition: food, mates,
nesting sites
predators, parasites,
pathogens
density independent
abiotic factors
sunlight (energy)
Rainfall
Natural Disasters
swarming locusts
marking territory
= competition
competition for nesting sites
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Changes in Carrying Capacity
Population cycles
predator – prey
interactions
At what population level is thecarrying capacity?
K
K
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Introduced species
Non-native species
transplanted populations grow
exponentially in new area
out-compete native species
loss of natural controls
lack of predators, parasites,
competitors
reduce diversity
examples
African honeybee
gypsy moth
zebra mussel
purple loosestrifekudzu
gypsy moth
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Zebra mussel
ecological & economic damage
~2 months
reduces diversity
loss of food & nesting sites
for animals
economic damage
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Purple loosestrife
1968 1978
reduces diversity
loss of food & nesting sites
for animals
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Bright blue marble spinning in space
Ecology
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biosphere
ecosystem
community
population
Studying organisms in their environment
organism