ORGANISATION OF LIVING ORGANISMTAYYAB AHMAD SULEHRI

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• TO UNDERSTAND THE BASIC PARTS OF CELL.

• TO UNDERSTAND THE OGRANELLES

LECTURE CONTENTS

• SLIDES

• PICTURES

• VIDEOS

• ACTIVITY

• ONLINE ACTIVITY

THE CELL

• ALL LIVING ORGANISMS ARE MADE UP OF UNITS CALLED CELLS.

COMMON FEATURES OF CELLS

ALL CELLS SHARE SOME COMMON FEATURES WHICH ARE:

• CELL MEMBRANE

• CYTOPLASM

• NUCLEUS

DIFFERENT ORGANELLES OF CELL

• CELL MEMBRANE:

• THIS IS THE MEMBRANE WHICH SURROUNDS THE CYTOPLASM.

• IT CONTROLS THE ENTRY AND EXIT OF DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES AND SEPARATES THE CELL’S

CONTENTS FROM ITS SURROUNDINGS.

DIFFERENT ORGANELLES OF CELL

• NUCLEUS:

• NUCLEUS IS THE ORGANELLE IN CELL USUALLY PRESENT AT THE CENTER OF THE CELL.

• IT CONTAINS THE GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA).

• THIS CARRIES THE CODED INSTRUCTIONS FOR CONTROLLING THE ACTIVITIES AND

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CELL.

• THE CHROMOSOMES ONLY BECOME VISIBLE DURING CELL DIVISION.

DIFFERENT ORGANELLES OF CELL

• CYTOPLASM:

• IT IS THE LIQUID AREA PRESENT BETWEEN THE NUCLEUS AND CELL MEMBRANE.

• IT CONTAINS WATER AND DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES SUCH AS SUGAR AND SALTS.

• ALL ORGANELLES ARE PRESENT IN CYTOPLASM.

DIFFERENT ORGANELLES OF CELL

• RIBOSOMES

• THESE ARE GRANULES PRESENT AT THE SURFACE OF ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM.

• PROTEINS ARE MADE IN RIBOSOMES.

• .

DIFFERENT ORGANELLES OF CELL

MITOCHONDRIA:

• MITOCHONDRIA ARE POWERHOUSES OF CELL, THEY PROVIDE ENERGY TO CELLS BY (AEROBIC)

RESPIRATION.

• LARGE NUMBERS OF MITOCHONDRIA IN A CELL INDICATE A HIGH RATE OF METABOLISM.

• HTTPS://WWW.CENTREOFTHECELL.ORG/LEARN-PLAY/GAMES/EXPLORE-A-CELL/

• HTTPS://WWW.PURPOSEGAMES.COM/GAME/716E85A2

END OF LECTURE 1

• DAIRY:

• PARTS OF CELL DONE.

DIFFERENT ORGANELLES OF CELL• CELL WALL:

• IT IS MADE UP OF CELLULOSE.

• IT PROTECTS THE PLANT CELL, GIVE SUPPORT AND SHAPE.

• IT PROVIDES STRUCTURAL SUPPORT AND PROTECT AGAINST DAMAGE CAUSED BY OSMOTIC

INTAKE OF WATER.

• THE CELL WALL IS FREELY PERMEABLE TO WATER AND DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES.

DIFFERENT ORGANELLES OF CELL• CHLOROPLAST:

• IT IS USED TO MANUFACTURE FOOD FOR PLANT BY USING SUNLIGHT.

• IT CONTAIN THE PIGMENT CHLOROPHYLL (FOR LIGHT ABSORPTION) AND THE ENZYMES

NECESSARY FOR THE PRODUCTION OF GLUCOSE BY PHOTOSYNTHESIS.

DIFFERENT ORGANELLES OF CELL• VACUOLES:

• THESE ARE STORAGE ORGANELLE PRESENT IN BOTH ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL.

• IN ANIMAL CELL VACUOLES ARE LARGE IN NUMBER BUT SMALL IN SIZE.

• INVOLVE IN:

• DIGESTION AND EXCRETION

• IN PLANT CELL VACUOLE IS LARGE WITH CENTRAL POSITION.

• INVOLVE IN:

• TURGOR PRESSURE AND STORAGE AND EXCRETION.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL

END OF LECTURE 2

CALCULATION OF THE SPECIMEN

• THE SIZE OF A STRUCTURE OR AN ORGANISM IS MEASURED IN UNITS OF LENGTH.

• WHEN DIAGRAM IS MADE, OR A PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN, IT MAY NOT BE EASY TO DIRECTLY

SHOW THE CORRECT SIZE-FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN THE STRUCTURE IS EXTREMELY SMALL OR VERY

LARGE.

• THE CORRECT(OR TRUE) SIZE OF AN ORGANISM CAN BE CALCULATED USING A COMBINATION

OF ACTUAL MEASUREMENT AND A KNOWN MAGNIFICATION.

• 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

MEASUREMENT OF ACTUAL SIZE

• 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 (𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒) 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

END OF LECTURE 3 AND 4

RED BLOOD CELL

• IT TRANSPORT OXYGEN FROM THE LUNGS TO THE TISSUE WHERE AEROBIC

RESPIRATION OCCURS.

• IT HAS NO NUCLEUS AND ARE VERY FLEXIBLE.

• CYTOPLASM FILLED WITH PIGMENT HAEMOGLOBIN, WHICH CARRIES OXYGEN.

MUSCLE CELL

• IT CONTRACTS SO THAT STRUCTURES CAN BE BROUGHT CLOSER TOGETHER.

• MUSCLES ARE LONG, AND HAVE MANY PROTEIN FIBERS IN THE CYTOPLASM.

• THESE FIBRES CAN SHORTEN THE CELL WHEN ENERGY IS AVAILABLE.

CILIATED CELL

• IT HAS A LAYER OF TINY HAIRS WHICH CAN MOVE AND PUSH MUCUS FROM ONE PLACE TO

ANOTHER.

• THE MUCUS CAN TRANSPORT TRAPPED DUST AND MICROBES WHEN IT IS PUSHED BY THE CILIA

MOTOR NERVE CELL• IT CONDUCTS NERVE IMPULSE.

• THE CELL HAS LONG FIBRE CALLED AN AXON ALONG WHICH IMPULSES TRAVEL, A FATTY

SHEATH WHICH GIVES ELECTRICAL INSULATION AND A MANY-BRANCHED ENDING WHICH

CAN CONNECT WITH MANY OTHER CELLS.

ROOT HAIR CELL

• IT ABSORBS MINERAL AND WATER FROM THE SOIL WATER.

• THE CELL HAS A LONG EXTENSION (A ROOT HAIR) WHICH INCREASES THE SURFACE AREA FOR

THE ABSORPTION OF MATERIALS.

XYLEM VESSEL:• IT TRANSPORTS WATER AND SUPPORTS THE PLANT.

• THE CELL HAS NO CYTOPLASM (SO WATER CAN PASS FREELY), NO END WALL (SO THAT MANY

CELLS CAN FORM CONTINUOUS TUBE) AND WALLS STRENGTHENED WITH A WATERPROOF

SUBSTANCE CALLED LIGNIN.

WHAT I AM ?

WHAT I AM ?

WHAT I AM ?

WHAT I AM ?

WHAT I AM ?

WHAT I AM ?

END OF LECTURE 5

LEVELS OF ORGANISATION

ATOM

• THESE ARE THE SMALLEST PARTICLES THAT ATTAIN THE PROPERTIES OF SOME ELEMENT

• LIKE: HYDROGEN, OXYGEN.

MOLECULE

• TWO ARE MORE ATOMS ARE JOINED TO FORM MOLECULE.

• THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF MOLECULES

Micromolecules Macromolecules

Which have few number of atoms

Like:

Water, glucose, carbon dioxide

These molecules have so many atoms

Like:

Protein, DNA.

TISSUE

• TISSUE IS A GROUP OF CELLS WITH SIMILAR STRUCTURE WORKING TOGETHER TO PERFORM A

SPECIFIC FUNCTION.

• LIKE:

ORGAN

• ORGAN IS A GROUP OF TISSUES THAT WORK TOGETHER TO PERFORM A SPECIFIC AND

SPECIALIZED FUNCTION.

ORGAN SYSTEM

• RELATED ORGANS ARE FUNCTIONED TOGETHER TO PERFORM A RELATED FUNCTION.

• ONE ORGAN CAN BE A PART OF MORE THAN ONE SYSTEMS

• LIKE:

INDIVIDUAL

ALL SYSTEM ARE COMBINED TO MAKE A WORKING BODY WHICH WE CALLED INDIVIDUAL

ACTIVITY

ACTIVITY

https://www.texasgateway.org/node/1059

LECTURE 6