ORGANIC WASTE DIVERSION STRATEGIES AND POLICIES IN …...2018-12-05 Naturvårdsverket | Swedish...

2018-12-05Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency 1

ORGANIC WASTE DIVERSION STRATEGIES AND POLICIES

IN EUROPE, PERSPECTIVE FROM SWEDEN

Åsa Bergérus Rensvik,Remediation and Waste unit

Swedish Environmental Protection Agency

Für Mensch & Umwelt

Organic waste diversion strategies and policies in Europe, Perspective from Germany

Kuala Lumpur, 24.10.2018

Anja SchwetjeUmweltbundesamt - German Environment AgencyIII 2.4 Waste Technology, Waste Technology Transfer

305.12.2018 German Environment Agency / ISWA World Congress 2018, Kuala Lumpur

The waste hierarchy – basicprinciple for waste management

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Prevention

Reuse

Preparation for reuse

Recycling

Energy recovery

Disposal

Treatment of household waste, 1975-2016


2017: 33,8 %

2017: 15,5 %

2017: 50,2 %

2017: 0,5 %

Material recycling

Biological treament

Energy recovery

Landfilling

Used instruments


Extended producer responsibility since 1994

Local waste management planning since 1979

Tax on landfilling since 1999

Ban on landfilling combustible waste (2002) and organic waste (2005)

Government investment grants 1998-2005

No tax on biogas (when used as vehicle fuel)

Material recycling

Biological treament

Energy recovery

Landfilling

Important factors for a our success - A mix of policy tools


• Legal instruments (Waste hierarchy, National Waste Management Plan, Mandatory recycling targets, bans on landfilling of combustible waste and organic waste etc.)

• Economic instruments (Tax on landfilling, municipal charges, investment grants etc.)

• Engineering instruments (spatial planning, sustainable planning of infrastructure )

• Informative instruments (education, awareness-raising, communication, knowledge exchange)

Waste Management + Instruments / Germany / 1990 - 2016


Source: adapted fromhttps://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesamtwirtschaftUmwelt/Umwelt/UmweltstatistischeErhebungen/Abfallwirtschaft/Abfallwirtschaft.html;jsessionid=7932509700875DE6FD392EB6B4247BEA.InternetLive1

Recycling (separately collected waste)

Incineration

Mechanical –Biological TreatmentLandfill

2005: Landfill ban for untreatedhousehold &similiar waste

1991: Extended Producer Responsibility

Biological Treatment (separately collected biowaste)

1995: Polluter-Pays Principle, 3-tier Waste Hierarchy

2015: Separate collection of biowaste mandatory

Inhabitants: 2000: 82,25 Mio. / 2015: 82,18 Mio.

Methane Emission Reduction from Landfills


0

500

1000

1500

2000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Strict legal limitation for landfilling of waste: Total Organic Carbon TOC: < 1 % landfill class I; < 3 % landfill class II (both classes: non-hazardous waste)Special criteria for landfilling of waste from bio-mechanical treatment facilities: TOC: < 18 %, Respiration Activity AT4 < 5 mg/m3, Gas Formation Rate GB21 < 20 ml/g

Landfill banfor untreated householdand similiar waste in effect

Source: Wolfgang Butz/ Umweltbundesamt

1000

tons

CH

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Source separation of waste in households in Sweden


• An average household is required to source separate between 10-15 different waste fractions

Example on fractions that households source separate:

- Food waste- Garden waste- Packaging of metal, plastic, paper

and glass- Electronics- Newspapers- Hazardous waste- Pharmaceuticals - Tires- Batteries- Bulky waste- Etc…

Collection schemes for food waste in Sweden• Source separation in paper bags and separate bins is the most common

collection scheme

• Source separation in biodegradable bags and separate bins • Source separation in green plastic bags and optic sorting

• Home composting

• Collection of windfall-fruit in big 1 m³ bags


Municipal collection of food wastein Sweden• 73 % of municipalities offer some form of collection system for food

waste

• In most municipalities it is voluntary for households to source separate food waste

• Most of the food waste is treated trough anaerobic digestion

• Some municipalities have started to collect windfall- fruit waste for anaerobic digestion

• Communication and information important instruments!


National target regarding food waste in Sweden

Target: By 2018, at least 50 percent of food waste from households, institutional kitchens, shops and restaurants must be sorted and processed biologically so that plant nutrients are utilized, with at least 40 percent being processed so that energy is also utilized.


Year Target By composting By anaerobic digestion

Target 2018 50 % 10 % 40 %

In 2014, 47 % of food waste was biologically treated…However!

Not all plant nutrients in treated food waste were recycled

Year Result By composting By anaerobic digestion

2014 38 % 11 % 27 %

Biological treatment of food waste in 2014 in Sweden


935 000 tons food waste generated from households, institutional kitchens, restaurants and shops

439 000 tons of food waste was biologically treated trough anaerobic digestion and composting

• 338 000 tons was anaerobically digested• 101 000 tons was composted (incl. home

composting)

100 %

47 %

36 % anaerobic d.

11 % compost

How biogas and bio-fertilizer are used as resources in Sweden


2000 city buses run on biogas

21 % of fuel that municipal garbage trucks run on is biogas

80 % of the biogas produced from food waste is upgraded to vehicle fuel

1,7 million ton bio-fertilizer is used in agricultural farm land.

Separate Collection of MSW / Germany


0

50

100

150

200

250

RemainingHousehold

Waste + BulkyWaste

SeparatelyCollectedOrganicWaste

SeparatelyCollected

RecyclableWaste

Other Waste

Household Waste Generationin total 455 kg per Inhabitant

Source: https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesamtwirtschaftUmwelt/Umwelt/UmweltstatistischeErhebungen/Abfallwirtschaft/Abfallwirtschaft.html

2015

kg per capita

http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/daten/abfall-kreislaufwirtschaft/abfallaufkommen

https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesamtwirtschaftUmwelt/Umwelt/UmweltstatistischeErhebungen/Abfallwirtschaft/Abfallwirtschaft.html

Household Waste Management / Germany

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Separately-collected Waste

Re-use

Mixed/Residual Waste

Household and similar waste

Bulky Waste

Sorting…Treatment

Mechanical -Biological

Treatment (MBT)

Recycling + Energy-Recovery

(Co-) Incineration

Biological Processes

DisposalLandfill

Photos: Mülltrennen_Martina_Berg / Fotolia.com, Biotonne_eyetronic / Fotolia.com, Recyclinganlage_azthesmudger / Fotolia.com, und UBA: Bernd Engelmann, Tim Herrmann, Anja Schwetje


Energy-Recovery + Recycling

BackyardComposting

Food- / Bio- / Green Waste


Germany: Backyard Composting

Separate Collection & Treatment of Biowaste> 60% Agriculture+Forestry17% Landscaping20% Private use

97% Agriculture+Forestry3% Landscaping

Mechanical-Biological Treatment (MBT)

MBT plants are a combination ofmechanical processing • to separate the high calorific fractions of the residual

waste to be used as RDF • to separate the recyclablesandbiological treatment of the fine fraction for stabilization in order to achieve of the criteria for landfill

MBTs process only mixed / residual waste

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Mechanical-Biological Treatment + Incineration Plants / Germany


44 MBT/MBS Plants – Capacity: About 4.5 mil. tons/year 66 MSW-Incinerators - Capacity: About 20 mil. tons/year32 Thermal Treatment Plants (RDF) - Capacity: 5.7 mil. tons/year

Financing of waste managementTwo main financing streams for household waste:

• Municipal waste management fees- Covers costs for collection, treatment, information…- Non-profit!- Can be differentiated to motivate households to source separate food waste

• Extended Producers Responsibility

-Financing own systems trough product fees and revenue from sold material

Government

- Government investment grants for biogas production 1998-2005)

- No tax on biogas when used as vehicle fuel


Governmentalassignments to reduce food waste in Sweden

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Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency

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I: 2013-2015

II: 2017-2019

National Food AgencySwedish Board of Agriculture Environmental Protection Agency

Government commission I: 2013-2015The assignment included:• Analyze opportunities and obstacles for reducing food waste• Promote increased cooperation between stakeholders• Implement targeted information activities for consumers• Disseminate information on best practice• Encourage greater use of inevitable food waste for biogas production

Government commission II: 2017-2019• “…develop action plan for reduced food waste that will guide

the work until the year 2030”• in close collaboration with relevant players

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Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency

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Food Waste Prevention - Germany


Background:- one out of eight food items bought ends up as waste; - Private households throw away about 6.7 million tons of food per year;- Approx. 82 kilos of food waste per person annually,

equivalent to about 230 €.

Food Waste Prevention - GermanyToo good for the bin - an initiative of the Federal Government to avoid food waste

Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL):- Public information and participation campaign launched in spring 2012

Website of the initiative www.zugutfuerdietonne.de (only in German) offers - background information and useful tips how to better buy, store and eat food- large database for recipes with leftovers contributed by top chefs and celebrities - interactive test to find out how to reduce food waste best;- Experts’ advice and information from trade, politics and science;- nationwide days of action against food waste "Wir retten Lebensmittel!" ("We save Food!")

with the highlight of a long table in a central square of each city

- Development of Indicators, Studies

German Environment Agency- Developing tools and guidance (for and with private sector)https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/prevention-of-food-waste-in-the-catering-sectorhttps://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/development-of-tools-to-prevent-food-waste


https://www.zugutfuerdietonne.de/

https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/prevention-of-food-waste-in-the-catering-sector

https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/development-of-tools-to-prevent-food-waste

Food Waste Prevention- GermanyTAFELN• First Tafel in Berlin in 1993, currently more than 930 Tafel• Large volunteer based non-profit organizations • Only food, which is donated, is distributed • Rent, transport and administrative costs are covered by private donations and the business

community

The Tafel are working on bridging the gap between excess on the one hand and lack on the other

Good food that would go the waste is collected and distributed for free or a symbolic amount to socially and economically disadvantaged people. All the involved parties benefit: • Grocers and producers take on social responsibility;• more than 1.5 million people in need receive

high quality groceries;• Food waste is reduced protecting the environment

and valuable resources.

https://www.tafel.de/english-information/05.12.2018 / German Environment Agency / ISWA World Congress 2018, Kuala Lumpur 27

2018-12-05Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency 28

Thank you for your attention!

Åsa Bergérus Rensvik

[email protected]

Pictures used in this presentiation come from: The Swedish EPA, Avfall Sverige, Batteriåtervinningen, Envac, El-Kretsen.

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Thank youfor your attention!Anja Schwetje

UmweltbundesamtWoerlitzer Platz 1 - 06844 Dessau-Rosslau - [email protected] http://www.umweltbundesamt.de

ORGANIC WASTE DIVERSION STRATEGIES AND POLICIES IN …...2018-12-05 Naturvårdsverket | Swedish...

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