Organic

Chemistry

(the study of compounds with

carbon atoms bonded together)

C6

12

K

L

2 4

Carbon Atoms

- carbon would like 4 more electrons

Ways of Describing Chains of Carbons

straight chain

branched chain

ring structure

Single, Double, and Triple Bonds

single bond double bond

triple bond

Macromolecules (extremely large organic compounds)

monomer

polymer

A polymer is any chemical

that is made of similar

units; the similar units are

called monomers.

Polymerization is the

process of making a

polymer from monomers.

Carbohydrates (macromolecules made from simple sugars)

Key Features - contains C, H, and O in a ratio of 1:2:1

- carbohydrates provide energy or are used for short term energy storage

- the macromolecules are called polysaccharides

monomer

polymer

Carbohydrate Monomers

(monosaccharides)

C6H12O6

galactose (milk)

fructose (sweet)

glucose (energy)

Disaccharides – 2 monomers

sucrose (table sugar)

lactose (milk)

galactose

glucose

glucose

fructose

glycogen

(animals only)

(stored in liver)

(short term energy storage)

starch

(energy storage)

(plants only)

cellulose

(plants only)

(support)

Polysaccharides

individual glucose molecules

Lipids

Key Features

- contains C, H, and O but not in ratio of 1:2:1

- many uses: long term energy storage; waterproofing; chemical messengers

- monomers are called fatty acids

- the fatty acids are usually attached to a molecule of glycerol

- the most common lipid in animals in called a triglyceride

(includes fats, oils, waxes, steroids)

Glycerol

Triglyceride

stick figure model

molecular model

glycerol 3 fatty acids

Saturated, Unsaturated, Polysaturated

saturated

(no double/triple bonds between carbon atoms)

unsaturated

(1 double/triple bond between 1 pair of carbon atoms)

polyunsaturated

(more than 1 double/triple bond between carbon atoms)

Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

Key Features - contains C, H, O, N and P

- used to store information and make proteins

- monomers are called nucleotides

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ribonucleic acid (RNA)

(2 sides to molecule) (1 side to molecule)

Nucleotides

- for DNA, the 5-carbon sugar is deoxyribose

- for RNA, the 5-carbon sugar is ribose

Proteins (macromolecules made from amino acids)

protein

amino acids

Key Features - contains C, H, O, N (sometimes S)

- used to make body structures (muscles, bones, cell structures)

- used as enzymes (chemicals that control chemical reaction rates)

- help transport substances in and out of cells

- act as antibodies to fight disease

MACROMOLCULE C H O N P S

carbohydrate

lipid

protein

nucleic acid

Comparing Organic Compounds

Elements in the Macromolecule

Monomers of the Macromolecules

MACROMOLECULE MONOMER NAME

carbohydrate

lipid

protein

nucleic acid

monosaccharide

fatty acid

amino acid

nucleotide

Comparing Organic Compounds

Uses of the Macromolecules

MACROMOLECULE MAJOR USES

carbohydrate

lipid

protein

nucleic acid

energy

long term energy storage/cell membrane

Body structures/enzymes

storing information/code for proteins