Prof. B. C. GhoshProf. B. C. Ghosh

Agricultural and Food Engineering Agricultural and Food Engineering Department Department

Indian Institute of Technology Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur

Pin -721 302Pin -721 302

Practice of Organic Farming Practice of Organic Farming for Medicinal Plant for Medicinal Plant

Cultivation Cultivation

Prof. B. C. GhoshProf. B. C. Ghosh

Agricultural and Food Engineering DepartmentAgricultural and Food Engineering DepartmentIndian Institute of TechnologyIndian Institute of Technology

Kharagpur - 721302Kharagpur - 721302

Organic Farming: Organic Farming: Organic farming is production management Organic farming is production management

systems which promotes and enhances agro-systems which promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem health including bio-diversity, biological ecosystem health including bio-diversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity.cycles and soil biological activity.

Emphasises management practices on use of off-Emphasises management practices on use of off-farm inputs, consideration of regional conditions farm inputs, consideration of regional conditions and locally adapted system.and locally adapted system.

Using, where ever possible, agronomic, biological Using, where ever possible, agronomic, biological and mechanical methods against using of synthetic and mechanical methods against using of synthetic materials for fulfilling any specifc function within materials for fulfilling any specifc function within the system.the system.

It avoids or largly excludes the use of synthetic It avoids or largly excludes the use of synthetic inorganic fertilizer, pesticidess, growth regulators inorganic fertilizer, pesticidess, growth regulators and livestock feed additives.and livestock feed additives.

Largly depends on crop rotation and organic waste Largly depends on crop rotation and organic waste management, animal manures, green manuring, management, animal manures, green manuring, mechanical cultivation, mineral bearing rocks and mechanical cultivation, mineral bearing rocks and biological pest control.biological pest control.

Organic farming envisaged Organic farming envisaged comprehensive management of biotic comprehensive management of biotic and abiotic components to maintain soil and abiotic components to maintain soil healthhealth

Salient points of organic farming as Salient points of organic farming as per AIFOF and IFOAMper AIFOF and IFOAM

NATIONAL BODY NATIONAL BODY All India Federation of Organic All India Federation of Organic

Farming (AIFOF)Farming (AIFOF) INTERNATIONAL BODYINTERNATIONAL BODY International Federation of Organic International Federation of Organic

Agriculture Movements (IFOAM)Agriculture Movements (IFOAM)

Principles Principles Co - exist with rather than dominate Co - exist with rather than dominate

natural system natural system Sustain or built soil fertilitySustain or built soil fertility Minimum damage to the environmentMinimum damage to the environment Minimize the use of non renewable Minimize the use of non renewable

resourcesresources

PRACTICES OF ORGANIC FARMINGPRACTICES OF ORGANIC FARMING Brought in materialBrought in material – – Fertilizer and Fertilizer and

manures, Pesticides, Seed (source, manures, Pesticides, Seed (source, status and treatment in storage), status and treatment in storage), Seedling/ Plant material (any chemical Seedling/ Plant material (any chemical treatment in germination or treatment in germination or propagation), Cropping history of field propagation), Cropping history of field or land, Animal/ Animal feed.or land, Animal/ Animal feed.

Conversion from conventional Conversion from conventional production systemproduction system – – Monitoring by Monitoring by certification council on annual basis, certification council on annual basis, Checking chemical residue, Previous Checking chemical residue, Previous history of farming, Conversion history of farming, Conversion programme after fertility building phase, programme after fertility building phase, Produce to be sold with AIFOF symbolProduce to be sold with AIFOF symbol

SOIL MANAGEMENTSOIL MANAGEMENT Regular input of organic residueRegular input of organic residue

Microbial and earthworm activity for Microbial and earthworm activity for sufficient decomposition sufficient decomposition

Appropriate tillage operation for soil Appropriate tillage operation for soil texture and structuretexture and structure

CROP ROTATIONCROP ROTATION Balance between exploitative Balance between exploitative

cropping and fertility buildingcropping and fertility building Differential root system in cropsDifferential root system in crops Inclusion of leguminous cropInclusion of leguminous crop Dissimilar behavior in disease, pests Dissimilar behavior in disease, pests

and weedsand weeds Prohibited continuous cropping of Prohibited continuous cropping of

onion, mustard, cabbage, cauliflower onion, mustard, cabbage, cauliflower in same fieldin same field

MANURE MANAGEMENTMANURE MANAGEMENT Approval of manure by certification Approval of manure by certification

councilcouncil Composting for use of organic matter Composting for use of organic matter 

Brought in organic waste/ manure Brought in organic waste/ manure should be composted for three months should be composted for three months 

Prohibited organic source – from Prohibited organic source – from unknown source, mushroom compost, unknown source, mushroom compost, municipal compost, sewage sludge and municipal compost, sewage sludge and poultry manure poultry manure

  Limit No3- N level in food stuffLimit No3- N level in food stuff

HEAVY METALHEAVY METALHeavy metal level should not exceed (mg/ Heavy metal level should not exceed (mg/

Kg)Kg)

Heavy Metal (mg/ Heavy Metal (mg/ kg)kg)

In soilIn soil In manureIn manure

MercuryMercury 11 22LeadLead 100100 250250

CadmiumCadmium 22 1010NickelNickel 5050 100100

ChromiumChromium 150150 10001000CopperCopper 5050 400400

ZincZinc 150150 100100

SUPPLEMENTARY NUTRIENTSSUPPLEMENTARY NUTRIENTS Quick dissolving fertilizers like urea not Quick dissolving fertilizers like urea not

allowed, slow and balanced uptake of allowed, slow and balanced uptake of nutrient is aimed for: nutrient is aimed for:

PERMITTEDPERMITTED Rock phosphate, calcium sulphate, Rock phosphate, calcium sulphate,

gypsum, limestone, dolomite, basic gypsum, limestone, dolomite, basic slag, wood ash, meat bone horns slag, wood ash, meat bone horns meals, fish meal. meals, fish meal.

RESTRICTEDRESTRICTED Proprietary organic fertilizer and liquid Proprietary organic fertilizer and liquid

feed without symbol, dried blood meal, feed without symbol, dried blood meal, leather meal. leather meal.

WEED CONTROLWEED CONTROL Suppression than elimination of weed population Suppression than elimination of weed population Limiting growth by manual, mechanical or thermal Limiting growth by manual, mechanical or thermal

operationsoperations

RECOMMENDEDRECOMMENDED Cultural practicesCultural practices Mechanical weedingMechanical weeding

PERMITTEDPERMITTED Plastic mulching, thermal operation Plastic mulching, thermal operation

RESTRICTEDRESTRICTED Long term use of plastic mulch Long term use of plastic mulch

PROHIBITEDPROHIBITED All synthetic chemical and hormonal herbicides All synthetic chemical and hormonal herbicides

within and around crop field within and around crop field

PEST AND DISEASE CONTROLPEST AND DISEASE CONTROL

PRINCIPLEPRINCIPLE – – “Prevention than cure”“Prevention than cure”

RECOMMENDEDRECOMMENDED Crop rotation and cropping system Crop rotation and cropping system Resistant varietiesResistant varieties Planting time and balanced nutritionPlanting time and balanced nutrition

PERMITTEDPERMITTED Pheromones, herbal preparations, biological Pheromones, herbal preparations, biological

controlcontrol

RESTRICTEDRESTRICTEDUse of the following after councils Use of the following after councils approval- pyrethrum, derris, quassia, approval- pyrethrum, derris, quassia, bordeaux mixture, Sulphur, steam bordeaux mixture, Sulphur, steam sterilization of soil, non mercurial seed sterilization of soil, non mercurial seed dressing.dressing.

PROHIBITEDPROHIBITEDBiocides like nicotine, all other synthetic Biocides like nicotine, all other synthetic pesticides, mercurial seed dressing, pesticides, mercurial seed dressing, methyl bromides formaldehyde, phenols methyl bromides formaldehyde, phenols for soil sterilization. for soil sterilization.

Organic farming system can be described as:Organic farming system can be described as:

Biological FarmingBiological Farming : It allows to use selected : It allows to use selected fertilizers and adoption of low input approaches to fertilizers and adoption of low input approaches to use of herbicides and insecticides. Diagnotics use of herbicides and insecticides. Diagnotics instruments are used to monitor plant and soil instruments are used to monitor plant and soil condition.condition.

Nature FarmingNature Farming:: This system is developed in This system is developed in Japan by Mokichi Okada (1930). Special emphasis on Japan by Mokichi Okada (1930). Special emphasis on soil health through compost rather than organic soil health through compost rather than organic fertilizers. Kyusei nature farming emphasises use of fertilizers. Kyusei nature farming emphasises use of microbial preparation in addition to traditional microbial preparation in addition to traditional nature farming in California and Hawaii.nature farming in California and Hawaii.

PermaculturePermaculture:: It is a contraction of permanent It is a contraction of permanent agriculture defined by Bill Mollison and forest agriculture defined by Bill Mollison and forest ecologists. It is not a production system but a land ecologists. It is not a production system but a land use planning philosophy, thus any site-specific use planning philosophy, thus any site-specific ecological farming system is amenable to ecological farming system is amenable to permaculture.permaculture. It is concerned with designing It is concerned with designing ecological humanecological human habitat and food production habitat and food production system.system.

Ecological AgricultureEcological Agriculture:: Eco-farming implies a farming Eco-farming implies a farming region and individual farms that must be treated as region and individual farms that must be treated as ecological system. In this context environment is not ecological system. In this context environment is not confined to natural condition (soil and climate) but it confined to natural condition (soil and climate) but it encompass the entier complex of physical, economic, encompass the entier complex of physical, economic, social and cultural conditions which affect the growth and social and cultural conditions which affect the growth and development of organic systemdevelopment of organic system. . It match the crop, soil and It match the crop, soil and climate of a region for gaining economy and efficiency of climate of a region for gaining economy and efficiency of input. It reduces the pressure on land, water and input. It reduces the pressure on land, water and biodiversity without adverse effect on agricultural biodiversity without adverse effect on agricultural production and nutritive value of food and maximising production and nutritive value of food and maximising ecological production efficiency. Ecological balance is ecological production efficiency. Ecological balance is attained by use of organic inputs like compost, attained by use of organic inputs like compost, vermicompost, botanical and microbial pesticides and vermicompost, botanical and microbial pesticides and beneficial organisms. Group and community endeavour beneficial organisms. Group and community endeavour holds the key for the successful implementation of holds the key for the successful implementation of ecological farming over large areas. ecological farming over large areas.

Low External Input Supply Agriculture (LEISALow External Input Supply Agriculture (LEISA):): It is a It is a production system that uses synthetic fertilizers, pesticides production system that uses synthetic fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides below rates normally recommended. and herbicides below rates normally recommended. Stability of yield is maintained emphasising on cultural Stability of yield is maintained emphasising on cultural practices,practices, INM, IPM, and utilization of locally available on INM, IPM, and utilization of locally available on farm resources and management. farm resources and management.

Integrated Intensive Farming System (IIFS)Integrated Intensive Farming System (IIFS) :: It denotes agricultural It denotes agricultural intensification, diversification and value addition through intensification, diversification and value addition through intregrated farming involving animal husbandry , fishery and agro-intregrated farming involving animal husbandry , fishery and agro-forestry. IIFS involves intensive use of farm resources following the forestry. IIFS involves intensive use of farm resources following the techniques which is knowledge intensive and replace market techniques which is knowledge intensive and replace market purchased chemical inputs with farm grown bilogical inputs.purchased chemical inputs with farm grown bilogical inputs.The strategy is value addition to every part of plant and animal The strategy is value addition to every part of plant and animal biomass through the establishment of bio-refinary. On-farm and off-biomass through the establishment of bio-refinary. On-farm and off-farm employment can be linked in a symbiotic manner. IIFS helps farm employment can be linked in a symbiotic manner. IIFS helps both producer and consumer involving a pro-nature, pro-both producer and consumer involving a pro-nature, pro-employment, pro-women and pro-poor orientation to technology and employment, pro-women and pro-poor orientation to technology and dissemination. It leads to labour diversification. Success of IIFS lies dissemination. It leads to labour diversification. Success of IIFS lies on human centered rather than mere tachnology-drive programmer. on human centered rather than mere tachnology-drive programmer. The ecotechnogies and public policy measures are need to make IIFS The ecotechnogies and public policy measures are need to make IIFS a mass movement. It can bring ever green revolution by reinforcing a mass movement. It can bring ever green revolution by reinforcing packages of technology, training, techno-infrastructure and trade. packages of technology, training, techno-infrastructure and trade. Finally a synthesis of traditional wisdom and ecological prudence of Finally a synthesis of traditional wisdom and ecological prudence of tropical agriculture with advance technology will help higher input tropical agriculture with advance technology will help higher input use efficiency and maximisation of sustainable crop yield. In US both use efficiency and maximisation of sustainable crop yield. In US both LISA (Low Input Sustainable Agriculture) and SAREP (Sustainable LISA (Low Input Sustainable Agriculture) and SAREP (Sustainable Agricultural Research and Education Programme) have widely Agricultural Research and Education Programme) have widely pomoted. pomoted.

Collection of Organic WastesCollection of Organic Wastes

Cellulolytic & Lignocellulolytic Cellulolytic & Lignocellulolytic microorganisms microorganisms

Mixing of Partial Decomposed Organic Mixing of Partial Decomposed Organic

Wastes with Animal DungWastes with Animal Dung

Transfer of Mixed Material to Transfer of Mixed Material to Decomposition Tank Decomposition Tank

Transfer of Pre-decomposed Materials Transfer of Pre-decomposed Materials to Vermicompost Bedto Vermicompost Bed

Introduction of Earthworms to Introduction of Earthworms to Vermicomposting Bed Vermicomposting Bed

Earthworm Earthworm speciesspecies

EARTHWORM

Eisenia foetidaEudrilus eugeniaePerionyx excavatusLampito mauritii

Commercial vermicompost Commercial vermicompost shadeshade

Multi-tier Vermicomposting BedMulti-tier Vermicomposting Bed

MICROSPRINKLER

Irrigation System for Irrigation System for VermicompostingVermicomposting

Harvesting of Mature Vermicompost from Harvesting of Mature Vermicompost from the Beds the Beds

Manual screening of earthwormsManual screening of earthworms

Sun Drying of Vermicompost Sun Drying of Vermicompost

Quality control and Products Ready for Quality control and Products Ready for MarketMarket

Tea +Horticulture +Spices

Stevia Stevia

Aloe veraAloe vera

Amla + Aloe vera intercropping Amla + Aloe vera intercropping

Development of Aloe Vera Gel Extraction MachineDevelopment of Aloe Vera Gel Extraction Machine( ( B.Tech ProjectB.Tech Project ) )

From From HandleHandle

To and fro To and fro MovementMovement

RollerRollerFixedFixedPipePipe

SpringSpring

FixedFixedPipePipeBladeBlade

Rough SurfaceRough Surface

Fixed Fixed to boardto board

SpringSpring

From MotorFrom Motor

BevelBevelGearsGears

SplineSpline

Bixa orellanaBixa orellana L. L.

Citronella grassCitronella grass

Hydro distillation unit for aromatic oil extractionHydro distillation unit for aromatic oil extraction

Eucalyptus oil (2 % - 4 %), Eucalyptus oil (2 % - 4 %),

Citronella (0.8 % to 1.2 %), Lemon grass (0.4 % to 0.6 %)Citronella (0.8 % to 1.2 %), Lemon grass (0.4 % to 0.6 %)

Andrographis paniculataAndrographis paniculata

THANK YOU THANK YOU

““THINK THINK ORGANIC” ORGANIC”