Organic Conversion Demonstration at Kununurra

A Report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation

by Steven McCoy Department of Agriculture Western Australia April 2007 RIRDC Publication No 07/060 RIRDC Project No DAW-112A

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© 2007 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 1 74151 457 6 ISSN 1440-6845 Organic Conversion Demonstration at Kununurra Publication No. 07/060 Project No. DAW-112A The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable regions. You must not rely on any information contained in this publication without taking specialist advice relevant to your particular circumstances.

While reasonable care has been taken in preparing this publication to ensure that information is true and correct, the Commonwealth of Australia gives no assurance as to the accuracy of any information in this publication.

The Commonwealth of Australia, the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), the authors or contributors expressly disclaim, to the maximum extent permitted by law, all responsibility and liability to any person, arising directly or indirectly from any act or omission, or for any consequences of any such act or omission, made in reliance on the contents of this publication, whether or not caused by any negligence on the part of the Commonwealth of Australia, RIRDC, the authors or contributors..

The Commonwealth of Australia does not necessarily endorse the views in this publication.

This publication is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. However, wide dissemination is encouraged. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the RIRDC Publications Manager on phone 02 6272 3186.

Researcher Contact Details Steven McCoy C/- Department of Agriculture Western Australia 3 Baron-Hay Court South Perth, WA, 6151 Phone: 08 9368 3960 email smccoy@agric.wa.gov.au

RIRDC Contact Details Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Level 2, !5 National Circuit BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604 Phone: 02 6272 4819 Fax: 02 6272 5877 Email: rirdc@rirdc.gov.au. Website: http://www.rirdc.gov.au Published in April 2007 Printed on environmentally friendly paper by Canprint

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Foreword A strategic assessment of the potential for organic horticulture in WA identified mangoes, citrus and cucurbits as prospective crops for conversion to organic production in the Ord River Irrigation Area at Kununurra in the far north east of Western Australia. A major impediment to conversion is the limited knowledge and experience in commercial organic production systems in the region. However, growers have expressed increasing interest in moving toward a more biological or organic systems approach to farming. This project aimed to provide a pathway to profitable organic conversion for mangoes and other crops for domestic and export markets. A commercial working model of conversion to organic mango production was established on an existing conventional mango orchard as a means of demonstrating the transition to certified organic production and developing the necessary management protocols. This final report provides details of the process involved in making the transition to certified organic mango production, the management system adopted and indications of productivity, costs and returns. The performance of the organic system established is compared to a matched conventional mango orchard and assessed in terms of soil conditions, tree nutritional status and financial outcomes. Activities undertaken relating to test marketing and promotion of the organic “in conversion” mango product are also reported. A separate publication entitled “Organic mangoes: a production guide” available from the Department of Agriculture Western Australia, provides a useful outline of the underlying principles for organic production, together with details of production methods and key management issues that will assist growers in developing a successful organic mango production operation. This project was funded from RIRDC Core Funds, which are provided by the Federal Government. This report, an addition to RIRDC’s diverse range of over 1600 research publications, forms part of our Organic Systems R&D program, which aims to identify, collate and disseminate information and knowledge for the benefit of organic enterprises and the industry. Most of our publications are available for viewing, downloading or purchasing online through our website: • downloads at www.rirdc.gov.au/fullreports/index.html • purchases at www.rirdc.gov.au/eshop Peter O’Brien Managing Director Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation

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Acknowledgements For their kind and generous contribution and assistance throughout the project, with thanks Jill & Quentin Parker - Parker Poynt Plantations, Kununurra, WA. Chris & Di Robinson - ORIA Farm, Kununurra, WA. Peter Johnson – Department of Agriculture Western Australia, Kununurra, WA Liz Green - Department of Agriculture Western Australia, Kununurra, WA Kununurra Compost, Kununurra, WA.

Abbreviations ACO Australian Certified Organic AQIS Australian Quarantine Inspection Service EU European Union GMO Genetically Modified Organisms HACCP Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points KP Kensington Pride NASAA National Association for Sustainable Agriculture Australia OMP Organic Management Plan ORIA Ord River Irrigation Area PPP Parker Poynt Plantation RPR Reactive Phosphate Rock

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Contents Foreword ..................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... iv Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. iv Executive Summary ....................................................................................................vi Introduction – Project Objective ...................................................................................1 Farm Demonstration Site .............................................................................................1 Site selection considerations........................................................................................1 Assessment Treatments and Measurements...............................................................2 Organic Management Plan ..........................................................................................3 Production System Results ..........................................................................................9

Tree and Soil Health.................................................................................................9 Yields and quality ...................................................................................................14

Test marketing ...........................................................................................................15 Costs, Returns and Gross margins ............................................................................16 Supply Chain Alliance and Marketing ........................................................................19 Key Findings ..............................................................................................................21 Conclusion .................................................................................................................22 Recommended Future Research ...............................................................................23 References.................................................................................................................23 Appendix 1: Treatments Summary.............................................................................24 Appendix 2: Organic mango Promotional Leaflet.......................................................26 Appendix 3: Sample project newsletter update..........................................................27

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Executive Summary What This Project Is About This project demonstrates the conversion of a conventional mango orchard to a certified organic system in the Ord River Irrigation Area (ORIA) at Kununurra in the far north-east of Western Australia. Who This Project is Aimed At This project is aimed at growers who are considering converting to organic production and those who have already converted and considering different treatments. Background Mangoes were identified as a prospective crop for conversion to organic production in the ORIA. The comparative advantages that favour organic mango production in the region are as follows: • low nitrogen requirement • relatively few pests and diseases • early production season • established conventional mango industry and infrastructure • export market opportunities alongside conventional mango exports • existing conventional growers that are progressive and innovative with some interest in an

organic or biological approach. Objectives This project aimed to demonstrate conversion of a conventional mango orchard to a certified organic system in the ORIA at Kununurra in the far north-east of Western Australia. Methods A conversion demonstration site was established on an existing conventional mango orchard. Trees were 10 year old Kensington Pride (KP) variety, in good health on 8m by 4m spacing. A nearby conventional orchard matched for soil type and tree age was selected for comparative assessment. Three treatments were established: organic, organic plus compost and conventional. Measurements were taken to assess soil conditions, plant tissue nutrition, yield and quality. Indicative gross margins for the organic and conventional systems were calculated. The transition to organic production was assisted by a prior shift in management from a chemical intensive approach towards a more biological approach with reduced synthetic chemical inputs. A relatively small area of the operation was converted to organic initially in order to gain knowledge, experience and confidence without significant commercial risk. Choosing a relatively isolated site reduced the risk of contamination from adjacent land use and minimised the area needed for buffer zones between the two systems. Older trees were considered more suitable than younger trees because of their more extensive root system, less weed pressure, ability to cope with mild pest or disease pressure and possibly lower biennial bearing tendency.

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An organic management plan was developed as the first step in clarifying the management changes required to comply with organic standards and certification procedures. Key management issues requiring attention related to the following:

• Buffer zones and parallel production. • Soil biological development • Source, type and efficacy of nutrients • Trace elements • Compost and orchard floor management • Irrigation management • Canopy management • Disease management • Ant control • Harvest management

Pack house operations and post harvest treatment of fruit were also subject to compliance with the organic standards. Results Results overall indicated no major deterioration in soil conditions or tree health. Management of nitrogen release from compost and mulch together with irrigation frequency is considered important to avoid fruit quality problems. Yield results for 2004 were similar to conventional production. For organic mangoes, production costs were slightly higher and gross margin returns were higher due to an average price premium of $2.00 per tray for the organic mangoes. Implications The current WA market for organic mangoes is relatively small, although expanding rapidly. Market development effort is required to lift demand volumes. Close management of supply volumes is important to maintain orderly market development. Recommendations The following future research areas are recommended: • Longer-term data be would be useful to develop more robust information on the

performance of the organic production system in comparison to the conventional counterpart.

• Verify effective management strategies for mango pests (scale, fruit spotting bug and thrips). Research into giant termite control would also be useful.

• Post harvest treatments for longer-term storage of fruit require investigation, especially for the diseases anthracnose and stem end rot. In-field management techniques and treatments for minimising the spore load of these diseases on fruit may also contribute to effect control.

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Introduction – Project Objective This project aimed to demonstrate conversion of a conventional mango orchard to a certified organic system in the Ord River Irrigation Area (ORIA) at Kununurra in the far north-east of Western Australia. Partners in the project were mango grower Parker Poynt Plantation (PPP) and compost producer Kununurra Compost. The technical feasibility and commercial viability of certified organic production was investigated and reported. The demonstration site was on an existing established commercial mango orchard and provided a practical and realistic example for other growers in the region to scrutinise and consider.

Background Mangoes were identified as a prospective crop for conversion to organic production in the ORIA. The comparative advantages that favour organic mango production in the region are as follows: • low nitrogen requirement • relatively few pests and diseases • early production season • established conventional mango industry and infrastructure • export market opportunities alongside conventional mango exports • existing conventional growers that are progressive and innovative with some interest in an

organic or biological approach.

Farm Demonstration Site The conversion demonstration site was located at Parker Poynt Plantation, a well established and respected mango producer. The manager had been operating under a high-input chemical-intensive management regime. However, for several years prior to considering organic production, the existing mango production system had progressed towards a more biological approach with reduced inputs in response to concerns about increasing chemical use, input costs, decreasing gross margins and the overall sustainability of the high input system. Interest in developing a more integrated and biological approach had resulted in a reduced need for many of the conventional fertilisers and sprays normally used. This meant that the transition into a fully organic certified system was unlikely to require dramatic changes to management practices and that crop quality and yields should remain relatively stable.

Site selection considerations The demonstration site was a 1.2 ha block of 10year old Kensington Pride (KP) mangoes. A small initial block was chosen to reduce the commercial risk in the event of crop failure, while providing a commercially realistic scale to gain knowledge and experience in order to assess the commercial and technical feasibility for future expansion of the organic system. The site was situated at the entrance to the property and was chosen because it was away from most of the other conventional mango, banana and other cropping areas. This relative isolation reduced the risk of contamination from adjacent land use and meant the area needed for buffer zones between organic and conventional crops was minimised.

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The existing mature mango trees were considered healthy and there were no major production problems relating to soil conditions, weeds, or disease - so establishing an organic system was unlikely to face serious existing problems. Choosing mature trees was also seen as an advantage. Older KP’s are considered to have less tendency for biennial bearing, and so benefit less than younger trees from applications of paclobutrazol - a growth regular commonly used to “even out” cropping patterns. This meant that any yield disadvantage from avoiding paclobutrazol (not permitted in organic systems) would be minimised by using more mature trees. Additional advantages of older trees include; a more extensive root system, less weed pressure, and the ability to cope with mild pest or disease pressure.

Assessment Treatments and Measurements An assessment of three treatments was conducted to evaluate management systems, plant tissue and soil conditions. The three treatments were as follows: Treatment 1. = Organic management Treatment 2. = Organic management + compost Treatment 3. = Conventional management Organic certification was commenced in 2003, through the AQIS (Australian Quarantine Inspection Service) accredited certification body NASAA (National Association for Sustainable Agriculture Australia). The management protocols applied to the organic treatments 1 & 2, complied with Australia’s National Standard for Organic and Biodynamic Produce, as reflected in the NASAA Standards for Organic Production. The Organic Management Plan outlined in the following section provides the general details of the organic system established, and was subject to ongoing improvement via review and adjustment according to how the system performed over time. Appendix 1 provides details of each treatment and a summary of the actual inputs and management applied each year. Measurements Soil management evaluation between the three treatments involved the following measurements: • Soil chemistry tests • Soil biological tests • Leaf Tissue tests Soil Samples were taken prior to conversion to organic and at intervals twice per year as follows: • prior to flower initiation (May - June) • immediately after harvest (Oct - Nov) Crop yields and market prices were recorded to compare organic with conventional. The organic crop yield was taken as total yield from both organic treatments 1 and 2. It was not practical to separate the two organic treatments at harvest, so no yield comparisons were made between organic (treatment 1) and organic + compost (treatment 2).

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Organic Management Plan One of the first step steps in the transition to formal organic certification was to write down an Organic Management Plan (OMP). This plan covered the normal management issues faced by producers, such as the management of soil and nutrients, weeds, pests and diseases, water and irrigation, as well other topics like contamination risk, biodiversity and staff awareness. The real value of writing down these details is as the grower said “it forces you to really think about each issue and how you plan to deal with it”. Writing an organic management plan also reveals clearly those issues where satisfactory solutions are uncertain – for example in this case control of termites remains unresolved, and doubts remain about in-field and post-harvest treatments for anthracnose (although anthracnose is rarely a major problem in the ORIA) The plan can be refined and evolved over time, but essentially it provides a written description of the intended production system and can include details of pest, disease and weed management plans, documented recording systems, key management personnel and future plans. To obtain formal organic certification an OMP is usually required. The following example organic management plan for mango production covers topics and issues typical for the ORIA at Kununurra. This OMP is taken from the Organic Conversion Demonstration Site Farm and is adapted from the Organic Management Plan format available from the Australian Certified Organic (ACO) web site. Example Organic Management Plan for Mango Production at Kununurra Documents and Records Provide details of how farming practices (composting, cultivation, weed, pest and disease control measures), inputs, harvest and sales are recorded.

• Farm diary records all activity and operations. • Input materials recorded from purchase receipts and entered into computer

accounting system • Harvest details collected from field pickers dockets and collated each day • Grading pack out details recorded in journal • Sales volumes and prices recorded from dispatch invoice and sales notice from

wholesaler & entered in computer Audit trail Provide details of how produce is traceable from the farm paddock to point of sale i.e., paddock records, packing records, storage records, delivery docket, etc.

• Field picker dockets record gross yield and location • All fruit from same location is batched for washing, grading and packing in trays. • Trays are date coded to correspond to picking date/location. • Market consignments carry a delivery docket with details of destination, tray

numbers and code.

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Parallel Production (certified and non-certified area) How are issues of parallel production addressed within the same production season and production unit?

• The organic mango block will be clearly marked with physical sign posts. This block has two sides adjoining non-certified crop. All management and operations on the non-certified block will be similar to the organic block and will involve no prohibited sprays. Therefore the risk of spray drift or other contamination will be nil.

• Staff and pickers will be trained in organic principles and risk management. • Harvest and pack house recording procedures are date /location coded to ensure

accurate trace back to trees. • The pack house and farm operations have full SQF quality assurance certification • The organic mango block is part of a 2 year research project where soil, tree, and

crop performance will be closely monitored and compared to non-certified crops. • New picking crates may need to be purchased if acceptable washing is not possible

Whole Farm Conversion Provide details and approximate timeframes for whole farm organic certification.

• Based on organic crop performance and market response other areas of the property will be progressively converted over to organic certification over 10 year period.

• Reviews of the whole farm management plans and enterprise performance mix will determine the focus and rate of the conversion program.

• It is envisaged, given satisfactory outcomes from the organic mango block that the adjoining mango block may come under certification in 2006.

• Trial melon production using organic methods is planned for 2003 Land Degradation Issues List any issues i.e. erosion, salinity, water quality, etc and current methods used to manage or address these issues.

• Soil structural compaction. – application of compost and mulch and encouragement of beneficial cover-crops. Careful consideration of soil moisture and timing of traffic

Soil and fertility management How do you intend to address soil fertility? i.e. compost, green manure crops, foliar sprays etc.

• Focus on building humus levels and soil structure through use of compost, surface mulch, humates and cover crop mowing.

• Soils are naturally deficient in Bo and Ca. • Based on soil tests, annual application of Ca, P, with seasonal application of Bo

based on soil and tissue tests. • Aim is to use compost formulation and timing as basis for building the macro and

micro nutrient status of the soil to progressively reduce the need for seasonal foliar applications.

• Boron as Boron sulphate, or Borax® • Calcium as Gypflow® • Phosphorus and Calcium as Biophos 3 in 1®

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Brought in materials What measures to ensure that all brought-in materials or contracted equipment are free from potential contaminants.

• Obtain written approval from organic certifier prior to receipt of bought in materials • Compost raw manures prior to use • Verify seeds/vegetative materials are GMO free

Farm Water Supply State water source/s and potential risks associated with the use of this water source? How are these risks monitored and/or reduced

• Ord River Irrigation Scheme – pumped directly from Lake Kununurra supplied from Lake Argyle.

• Three bores draw water from shallow water table and ensure clean supply free from algal problems

• Nil risk of contamination - water is untreated taken directly from dam catchment. • Property is situated at the top of the Ord River Irrigation Area and the water is not

affected by discharge from upstream users • Water quality is monitored periodically and is acceptable for use as potable water

Irrigation Method Describe your method of irrigation and how is water use efficiency maintained?

• Pressurised under tree micro sprinklers. • Irrigation schedule based on industry best practice. • Soil moisture levels monitored regularly by physical inspection

Pest Management What are the main pest problems that you anticipate to occur? How do you intend to manage these pests?

• Improve soil conditions and tree health • Preventative techniques such as canopy management, tree collars • Development and maintenance of habitat for beneficial predators • Regular monitoring and seasonal risk evaluation • Acceptable substances - preferable target specific, but others as last resort.

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Disease Management What are the main disease problems that you anticipate to occur? How do you intend to manage these diseases?

• Soil conditions and tree health • Preventative techniques such as canopy management, water management • Regular monitoring and seasonal risk evaluation • Acceptable substances - preferable target specific, but others as last resort.

Weed Management What are the main weed problems that you anticipate to occur? How do you intend to manage these weeds?

• Improve soil conditions • Timely and periodic mowing • Compost and mulch under tree • Seasonal hand pull creepers

Biodiversity What is the estimated percentage of your whole farm area that is under bushland/ native grassland/ buffer zones/ wetlands/ remnant vegetation etc? Outline how you intend to maintain and/or enhance biodiversity on you farm?

Main Pests Specific management Pink wax scale ant control, white oil Green ants collars around trunk if needed, colony

relocation Termites compost, ground cover, irrigation

Trips, red shoulder beetle, fruit spotting bug

tree health, cover crop habitat for beneficials, last resort pyrethrum

Main Disease Specific management Anthracnose

Good canopy management and tree nutritional/soil management. Close monitoring. Sprays if required Copper hydroxide (Kocide®), Potassium bicarbonate (Ecocarb ®). Researching other monitoring and control measures

Stem end rot Remove dead wood. Good canopy management and tree nutritional/soil management,

Main Weeds Specific management Grasses Mowing and mulching Creeper Seasonal hand pull

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• Retain bushland areas and avoid activities that may disrupt natural behaviours and

processes • Build mixed species cover crops into orchard floor management and maintain

flowering periods to benefit biodiversity. • Retain and manage shelter belts to benefit biodiversity • Retention of organic matter and application of compost to enhance soil biodiversity.

HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points) What are the potential hazards to your production system in terms of maintaining organic certification? i.e. GMO crops and seeds, genetic drift, over spray risks, brought in products and livestock etc. How do you currently address these risks or, intend to address these risks?

Key organic conversion issues affecting management and mango production at PPP • Buffer zones and parallel production - maintaining workable production segregation

between organic and conventional areas as organic area expands. Managing the logistics and audit/records compliance of handling both organic and conventional fruit especially when the same variety is grown as organic and conventional.

• Soil biological development and management - knowledge, understanding, interpretation, manipulation and benefits of a biological approach to soil fertility management i.e. what are the costs and benefits that will inform management decisions?

• Source, type and efficacy of nutrients - reliable information on timing and rates of alternative nutrient inputs. Details on availability and cost of inputs.

• Trace elements – maintaining adequate soil and tissue levels of trace elements, especially Zinc and possibly Copper, Boron and Manganese as indicate by soil and tissue tests.

• Compost and mulch – understanding volumes, cost, timing, benefits and potential problems of using these materials. How to extract greatest benefit and minimise problems.

• Orchard floor management – managing weeds and cover crops and understanding their function to maximise benefits and minimise costs.

• Irrigation management - modifying rates and timing to optimise the impact on biomass production/cycles and nutrient release patterns – especially the timing of organic matter decomposition and nitrogen mineralisation. Manipulating irrigation for yield and fruit quality.

• Canopy management - minimising disease risk and optimising fruit yield and quality.

Main Hazard Specific management Staff awareness and knowledge of organic areas and procedures

Staff training in organic principles and procedure. Clear lines of responsibility

New input products purported to be suitable for organic

Seek written approval from certifier prior to use

Neighbours activities

Notify neighbours in writing and outline risks to be managed and seek co-operation. Buffer zones

Adjoining non-certified land Clear warning sign posts defining the certified organic area. Avoid using non-organic inputs on adjoining land. Buffer zones

Genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) No GMO mangoes in region

Identifying source of contamination Traceability system

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• Disease management (Anthracnose and Stem end rot) - control by maintaining low levels in field to reduce spore load on fruit. Post harvest treatments will be required for long term storage and sea freight export markets.

• Ant control – managing Green Ants if they become a problem. Investigating potential solutions to White Ant control.

• Harvest management – acceptable sap wash substance and post harvest treatments. Organic Certification Application for organic certification was lodged in September 2003. The timing of this was critical to ensure that the farm inspection and associated documentation was competed, signed, paid and valid before harvesting of fruit. The first year, pre-certification period was completed and reinspection conducted in September 2004 without problem, giving the site and the 2004 mango crop organic “in conversion” status.

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Production System Results Three aspects of the production system; tree and soil conditions, yields, and costs and returns were examined and assessed against a conventional counterpart matched for soil type, tree age and variety. Results overall indicate no major deterioration in soil conditions or tree health. Yield results for 2004 were similar to conventional production. Production costs were slightly higher and gross margin returns were higher due to an average price premium of $2.00 per tray for the organic mangoes.

Tree and Soil Health The general appearance of trees on all three treatments appeared good without obvious signs of serious nutrient deficiency. Close examination of soil and tissue test results suggest some elements were possibly outside ideal levels and adjustments may benefit tree health, productivity and fruit quality. Details of selected elements are discussed below. Nitrogen Nitrogen plays an important role in tree growth rate and size, and has a significance influence on yield and fruit quality. Adequate nitrogen is important during the vegetative growth phase and at fruit set and early fruit development. Excessive nitrogen during later fruit growth and especially toward fruit maturity can contribute to poor fruit quality – particularly a number of internal disorders, green fruit, poor ripening and poor storage. The organic fruit was reported to have high brix, nice flavour and looked attractive in the trays. However the issue of green fruit or fruit that was slow to ripen when placed in ripening rooms raised speculation that excess nitrogen during fruit growth may have been a contributing factor. Compost and straw mulch application in December 2003 did result in greater soil microbial activity (Figure 1) compared to the un-mulched conventional plot and this elevated biological activity may have contributed to nutrient availability. The mineralisation of this organic matter may have increased soil nitrogen during the fruit growth period and contributed to excess N accumulation. Over time the elevated soil biology declined. Figure 1: Available nitrogen from soil biological activity

Estimated Plant Available N Supply from Predators

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Note: The estimate of available N is based on release of N from protozoan and nematode consumption of bacteria and fungi. Often protozoa and nematodes compete for food resources (Soil Food Web Inc) Soil organic matter levels increased as expected following the application of compost and mulch in December 2004. Figure 2 below shows the increase in organic carbon levels and subsequent decline over the season. The following year, 2005 no additional compost or mulch

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was applied and organic carbon levels continued to decline for the organic treatments to the point where soil organic carbon level was similar to the conventional plot. This result confirms the difficulty in maintaining elevated organic matter levels in the extreme climatic conditions typical of the dry tropics at Kununurra. Growing an orchard floor cover may be one strategy where organic matter cycles can be maintained while protecting the soil surface from the harsh climatic conditions. Figure 2: Soil organic carbon levels

Soil Organic Carbon Levels

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Soil nitrogen concentration increased following the application of compost and mulch after harvest (before the wet) in December 2003 and then declined as shown in Figure 3. Soil nitrogen levels tended to follow the organic matter levels shown in Figure 2 above. Figure 3: Soil nitrogen levels

Soil Nitrogen Levels

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Figure 4 below shows soil and tissue N levels at flowering and soil N levels after harvest. While tissue N levels at flowering were similar for both organic treatments and conventional, soil N levels at flowering appear higher on the organic treatments and declined during the growing season. This suggests that mineralisation of the organic matter may have released excessive N for plant uptake during the fruit growth period when excessive N should be avoided. In addition, the practice of daily irrigation may also have contributed to this release of organic nitrogen.

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Figure 4: Leaf tissue nitrogen levels and soil nitrogen levels 2004 season Tissue & Soil Nitrogen

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The application rates and timing of organic material inputs must be carefully considered to minimise the risk of elevated soil N levels and subsequent problems during the fruit growth period. Future irrigation management on the organic orchard may also be modified from the current practice of daily shallow watering toward a less frequent, deep-watering program. This approach may need to be refined to ensure adequate plant cover over the orchard floor without excessive growth and organic matter accumulation/decomposition during the critical fruit growth/ripening stage. Phosphorous Phosphorous is important for cell division and growth and is implicated in root development, flowering, fruit ripening and leaf size. Adequate available P allows large leaf size and more production of starch and sugars through photosynthesis. Soil phosphorus levels on the two organic treatments were higher than found on the conventional treatment. Applications of Reactive Phosphate Rock (RPR; BioAgPhos®) in the years prior to the commencement of the study period appear to have persisted and maintained adequate soil P levels. In contrast the conventional treatment had relatively low soil P levels. The rise in soil P levels in the Dec 04 test was evident on all treatments and is difficult to explain - given no P was applied to any of the treatments during 2004. Figure 5: Soil phosphorus levels

Soil Phosphorous levels

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Plant uptake of P as reflected in tissue samples shown in Figure 6 indicate that tissue P levels for all treatments generally remained within the recommended range. The organic treatments were near or above the upper limit suggesting that previous applications of RPR have a residual effect that can last for a number of years.

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Figure 6: Tissue phosphorous levels

Calcium Calcium is important in cell development and strength and can play an important role in improving resilience to fruit diseases such as anthracnose. Low Ca levels have been implicated in slow ripening, fruit breakdown during prolonged storage and poor shelf life. For organic production where acceptable post-harvest disease control treatments have not been established, adequate Ca levels in the fruit can be important in reducing the susceptibility of fruit to breakdown and for extending storage or shelf life. Soils on the ORIA are typically naturally deficient in Ca. Soil Ca levels as shown in Figure 7, were far higher on the conventional treatment than the organic treatments. These levels may reflect the previous and ongoing application of higher levels of gypsum to the conventional site compared to the organic sites. Figure 7: Soil calcium levels

Soil Calcium levels

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Tissue calcium levels shown in Figure 8 indicate that all treatments are around the low end of the recommended range, despite the much higher soil Ca levels for the conventional site.

Tissue Phosphorus Levels

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Figure 8: Tissue calcium levels

The calcium to magnesium ratios is also considered an important factor in tree health and fruit quality. Tissue Ca : Mg ratios are shown in Figure 9. An ideal ratio for Ca:Mg in tissue is 5:1, however this is generally believed to be difficult to achieve in the region and a ratio of 3:1 is considered more realistic. Figure 9: Tissue calcium to magnesium ratio

Trace Elements Soils in the ORIA are generally deficient in zinc, copper and boron. Boron is important for cell wall strength and is involved in the uptake and use of Calcium. Adequate Boron is important for good pollination and fruit development. Zinc is involved in a range of physiological processes including the formation of chlorophyll in conjunction with iron and manganese, the plant growth regulator auxin, and water uptake and use. Tissue levels for the trace elements Boron and Zinc were considered a little low for the organic treatments and physical signs of Boron deficiency (lopsided leaves with ragged edge, holes in leaves) were seen on some trees. Future application of boron sulphate (eg Borax ®) and Zinc sulphate may be beneficial. The high boron levels recorded on the conventional treatment relate to foliar application of boron.

Tissue Calcium: Magnesium Ratio

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3 3.5

4

Flowering (Aug 03)

Flowering (May04)

Flowering (Jly05)

Cal

cium

(per

cent

age)

Organic Organic + Compost Conventional

Optimum (upper) Optimum (lower)

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Figure 10: Tissue boron levels

Yields and quality Yield results are presented in Figure 10 for the 2004 season only. Results for the 2003 season were considered invalid as the organic site was hit by a severe storm a few weeks prior to harvest, that resulted in significant loss of fruit and about 30% of trees (77 total) being uprooted. For the 2004 season, fruit yield on the organic plot was calculated at 80 kg/tree (adjusted to not include trees uprooted in 2003). Yield from the matched conventional treatment had a more moderate season with a total yield of 54kg/tree. A more realistic yield for a typical conventional orchard in the region was generally estimated to be about 70 kg/tree. Figure 10: Mango yield results 2004 season

Pack-out grades, based on standard conventional market criteria, were slightly better for the organic treatments compared to the conventional treatment. There was no apparent reason for this difference. Results for Class 1 fruit were 72% and 58% respectively, with 25% and 29% respectively for Class 2 fruit as shown in Figure 11.

Mango Yield 2004(kg / tree)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Organic Treatments

Conventional Treatment

ConventionalTypical

Frui

t Yie

ld k

g/tr

ee

Total Yield

Class 1

Class 2

Thirds (bulk)

Tissue Boron Levels

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Flowering (Aug 03)

Flowering (May 04)

Flowering(Jly 05)

Bor

on (m

g/kg

)

OrganicOrganic + CompostConventional

Optimum (upper)Optimum (lower)

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Figure 11: Mango pack out grade results

Mango Fruit Quality Packout Grades

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

organic conventional

Thirds (bulk) Class 2

Class 1

Fruit size from the organic treatment was considered slightly larger than ideal as preferred by supermarkets. Most fruit (75%) were graded out as 11, 12 or 13 counts (per 7kg tray), whereas supermarket buyers were reported to prefer smaller 13, 14 and 15 count trays. Figure 12: Organic mango fruit size distribution

Organic Mango Fuit Size 2004

0

510

15

20

2530

35

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 20 22 Count

(fruit number per 7kg tray)

Perc

enta

ge o

f tot

al y

ield

Test marketing Mangoes labelled as organic “in conversion” were sent to the Perth Metropolitan Wholesale Markets at Canningvale. General market response was that fruit appearance was very good and comparable to conventional product. Most organic mangoes were presented in a smaller 5kg black tray. This format was new to the market and took buyers a little time to become accustomed to this presentation. Conventional fruit in much greater volume than organic fruit was also presented in the new black 5kg trays. The early consignments of fruit received a very high price typical of the first fruit of the season and most fruit was bought by conventional buyers due to initial early season shortage. Prices soon dropped to more realistic levels as mango supply increased. Figure 13 shows the price pattern for the organic fruit. The price premium over conventional price was about 20 -

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30% as reflected by the 5kg organic fruit achieving around the same price as 7kg conventional fruit. Fruit sold in the last few weeks of the season had been held too long in storage and began to show signs of breakdown - accordingly prices received were heavily discounted. Figure 13: Organic mango wholesale prices

2004 Organic Mango Prices(Net price to grower)

$0.00$10.00$20.00$30.00$40.00$50.00$60.00$70.00$80.00

24/09/2004

1/10/2004

8/10/2004

15/10/2004

22/10/2004

29/10/2004

5/11/2004

12/11/2004

19/11/2004

26/11/2004

Pric

e pe

r tra

y (5

kg)

The total organic mango market volume in WA in 2004, through existing organic retailers and without any serious marketing initiatives, was estimated to be in the order of 3-4 pallets per week. General growth in the organic fresh produce sector in WA is reported at 30-40% per year and together with a marketing campaign for organic mangoes there is an expectation that the WA market could absorb 5-6 pallets per week at premium prices. However, these relatively small volumes highlight the need to expand markets into the eastern Australian states and explore export opportunities especially into EU markets. One marketing strategy for consideration is to establish a set price and volume continuity for the season, rather than going with massive price fluctuations through the season and uncertain price or volumes. This would require negotiating an arrangement in advance with target retailers willing to commit (preferably under contract) and with the support of wholesale/distribution partners. Additionally it is considered important to build the organic mango product range beyond simple fresh product.

Costs, Returns and Gross margins Actual costs returns and gross margins were available for the year 2004 only. Fluctuations in yields and prices for mangoes can vary significantly from year to year and will have a significant influence on gross margins. Therefore the figures presented in Table 14 below must be treated with due caution and must not taken as representative of future outcomes.

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Table 14: Organic vs. Conventional Indicative Gross Margin Assessment (2004 only)

Conventional Organic

per tray

per tray

Notes: organic system

Trees Planted 8m by 4m*

8m by 4m

Area under production (ha) 1 1 Density (trees/ha) 312 312 Yield (av. 7kg trays/tree) 8 8 Yield (av. 7kg trays/ha) 2,496 2,496 similar yield RETURN $/ha $/ha Price ($/7kg tray) $16 $16.0

0 $18 $18.00

$2:00/tray premium Total Income 39,936 44,928

COSTS Variable Costs Field costs Weed control 262 480 hand weeding

creepers Pruning 1755 1755 Regulator 348 0 no growth regulator Fertiliser 418 392 different fertiliser

inputs Insecticide 110 0 no P&D sprays Irrigation 356 356

3249 $1.30 2984 $1.20 Harvest costs Picking 3,823 $1.53 3,823 $1.53 Grading and Packing 2,867 $1.15 2,867 $1.15 Packaging 5,809 $2.33 5,809 $2.33 Transportation 4,586 $1.84 4,586 $1.84 Coolroom/Ripening costs 382 $0.15 382 $0.15 Marketing Commission@15%

5,990 $2.40

6,739 $2.70

Organic certification levy@1%

449 $0.11

23,457 $9.40 24,655 $9.88 Total Variable costs 26,706 $10.7

0 27,639

$11.07 similar total variable costs

GROSS MARGIN 13,230 $5.30 17,289 $6.93 (* adjusted from the 7x9m spacing of the conventional block to allow a direct comparison) In general terms the overall cost structure for the organic mango system was similar to that for conventional production. The lower chemical costs for organic mango production, compared to conventional, were largely offset by higher weed control costs. Fertiliser costs were similar between the two treatments although input materials differed.

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The higher gross margin reported for organic mangoes is due to an average price premium of $2.00 / 7kg tray for the organic fruit. Maintaining this price premium into the future will depend on demand increase relative to supply volumes. However, given that the unit cost structure for organic mangoes appears similar to that for conventional mangoes, the organic product may have an advantage in holding market share during periods when the mango market is oversupplied – assuming organic is preferred over conventional if fruit quality and price is equal.

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Supply Chain Alliance and Marketing The 2004 season saw the first organic “in conversion” mangoes from Kununurra on the Perth market. Prior to harvest contact was made with wholesalers at the central fresh produce market at Canningvale, Perth, WA. Arrangements were made with one wholesaler to ripen the mangoes and act as the principal wholesale agent for the organic “in conversion” fruit. Other wholesalers who specialise in organic fresh produce were notified of the arrangement and invited to negotiate directly with the principal wholesaler to secure supply schedules required to meet their anticipated demand volumes. Reports from Perth wholesalers and retailers indicated that fruit quality was excellent. The usual early shortage of new season mangoes meant that irrespective of their special organic status, the organic product was snapped up by eager buyers. For the first few weeks the early season organic fruit returned no premium over the very high price ($40 - $60/tray) achieved for conventional mangos. As the season progressed the conventional market price progressively fell to around $20/tray (7kg) while the organic fruit maintained a premium of around 20%, selling for $25/tray (7kg equivalent). Later in the season as supplies began to arrive from other regions the conventional mango price dropped to around $15/tray while organic mangoes achieved $20/tray. An attractive price premium remained for the organic product as conventional mango supplies increased. The wholesaler reported that when ripening with ethylene gas, the organic fruit appeared to maintain greenness longer than conventional fruit. This characteristic had been noted in the past with mangoes from the same block at PPP and may be related to excess nitrogen, soil type, the irrigation program or other factors. The last of the organic fruit tended to show signs of stem end rot and anthracnose breakdown. As a consequence fruit was moved at clearance prices. The main cause of this problem was excessive storage time due to poor communication between the participating wholesale agents and supply schedules not being adjusted accordingly. However the issue did highlight the risk associated with storing mangoes that have no post harvest treatment for the breakdown fungal pathogens. The development of suitable post-harvest treatments for organic mangoes will be important where the risk of supply chain inefficiencies are problematic and for future development of export markets. Preliminary static trial tests were conducted with two products; potassium bi-carbonate (Ecocarb ®) and Citrofresh ® as post harvest dips. Results indicated these products were not as effective as the standard conventional treatment using Sportak ®. Further research into management of post harvest fungal disease for organic mangoes is required. Product packing and presentation All mangoes (conventional and organic) packed by PPP were presented for the first time in a new smaller 5 kg tray with distinctive black colour. These trays were generally well received by the market after some initial reservations. Various retailers found that sales on a whole tray (5kg) basis were popular with consumers when the peak supply arrived and prices were low. However, the organic product did tend to lose distinction due to these new novel trays being used for both organic and conventional, so consumers may have been a little confused identifying the organic product. A different colour tray for the organic fruit may be useful to create a clear distinction.

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Promotion and marketing of organic mangoes As part of the Department of Agriculture’s annual display at the Perth Royal Agricultural Show, arrangements were made for promotional leaflets and organic mango taste samples to be offered to the public at the show. The organic mangoes received a very positive response from the general public with fruit flavour and appearance overall rated as excellent. In conjunction with the Royal show tasting the promotional leaflet was also distributed (Appendix 2). This leaflet provided information about the product and linked to an in-store feature display of organic mangoes at a leading suburban supermarket. Arrangements were made with a select supermarket to install a prominent in-store display of the organic mangoes together with the promotional leaflets. This promotion was successful in raising consumer awareness, however low sales volumes reflected the very high price of early season mangoes. Project extension and industry development A number of extension events were successfully conducted throughout the project. An initial seminar entitled “Prospect for Organic Mangoes’ was held in conjunction with the Kimberly Primary Industry Association, Kununurra and was attended by about 20 people. Three field walks were conducted on the conversion demonstration site and were attended by about 50 people. Follow-up visits to interested growers provided individual assistance and information relating to adoption of more a biological approach to farming system developments, organic certification, preparation of organic management plans and contacts relating to organic trade and market development. A total of six newsletter updates were produced by the project and circulated to 36 people who had expressed interest in organic mango industry developments. See Appendix 3 for example newsletter update. Resulting from the above activities, three growers formally entered organic certification for the production of mangoes. A further two growers have expressed interest in organic certification for a range of crops including mangoes, grapefruit, cucurbits and possibly a range of grain crops. Contact has been made with a number of organic mango growers in other regions of Australia. The prospect of forming an organic mango development group, for the purpose of providing a network of information and experience to enhance production methods, and to explore opportunities for market development through supply alliances and promotional activity, is recommended for further investigation.

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Key Findings 1. Moving toward a more biological approach with less synthetic chemical inputs prior to

organic conversion made the decision to adopt formal organic certification less dramatic in terms of management changes and reduced the commercial risk of crop failure.

2. No major technical production problems were encountered for the organic system. However contingency management plans for use in the event of a severe outbreak of some pests or diseases have not been tested, e.g. for fruit spotting bug and fruit fly.

3. Soil conditions and fertility were maintained without obvious nutrient deficiency apparent

in the trees, apart from some occasional Boron deficiency. Tissue and soil levels of some elements were marginally outside optimal range. Levels should continue to be monitored periodically.

4. Periodic application of nutrient supplements (P & Ca -as phosphate rock and lime or gypsum) and trace elements (B, Zn, Cu, Mn as sulphate forms) is likely to be required to maintain adequate soil nutrient levels.

5. The use of compost and mulches may require careful attention to the rates and timing of

application. The decomposition of these materials and subsequent release of nitrogen through mineralisation must be considered to avoid possible excessive N availability during the fruit ripening period.

6. Weed management on the orchard floor requires timely mowing. Irrigation lines need to be

positioned to facilitate mowing. 7. Tree pruning to remove internal dead wood and to provide an open canopy is likely to be

an important preventative strategy to reduce the risk of stem end rot and anthracnose disease pressure.

8. Post harvest treatment for anthracnose control in longer-term storage (for export) requires

further investigation. 9. Yield after two years of organic management was comparable to that of conventional trees. 10. Variable costs for organic mangoes were similar to those for conventional. 11. Profitability was equivalent or better than the conventional counterpart due to a price

premium received for organic mangoes. 12. Markets for organic mangoes are relatively small but expanding rapidly. Close

management of supply volumes is important to maintain orderly market development.

13. A change in management approach (biologically based) and skills is required. 14. Record keeping and maintaining a trace back audit trail is required.

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Conclusion The overall aims, outcomes and deliverables of the project as defined in the project proposal are listed below with a brief summary of achievements. (i) Objectives/aims of the proposed research – To establish on farm demonstration sites

displaying organic conversion for mangoes to assist Kununurra growers develop organic production systems for mangoes and other crops.

The project successfully established a commercially realistic demonstration site of conversion from conventional to certified organic mango production. A number of growers now have a better understanding of the different approach involved, management changes required, techniques that work, regulatory system involved and prospects that organic production offers. (ii) Outcomes of the proposed research – working model of conversion to organic system

for mangoes. Grower working group and demand chain alliance to markets. Trial organic management systems for citrus and melons.

The demonstration site is now seen as a model example of organic mango production. Interested growers can view the site and speak with the owners of the property regarding organic management techniques and conversion issues. The region has a number of growers who are developing a biological approach to their farm management and three growers have progressed to formal organic certification. One grower has entered organic certification for grapefruit and cucurbit (pumpkin) production. A common pack-house is being used for washing, grading and packing the organic fruit and this offers the prospect for collaboration among these organic producers in developing new (export) markets as well as ensuring orderly supply on domestic markets. (iii) Deliverables/outputs of the proposed research – documented protocols for conversion

to organic system, grower group with demand chain alliances with organic “in conversion” product for test marketing. Ongoing organic industry development via direct links to a proposed larger project. Knowledge toward organic systems for citrus and melons.

A bulletin on organic mango production is being published by the Department of Agriculture Western Australia entitled “Organic mangoes: a production guide”, and is available free of charge. Links have been established between organic mango producers and a specialist organic wholesaler at the Perth fresh produce wholesale markets at Canningvale. Through this link retail traders are now familiar with the product. The proposed larger project “Advancing Organic and Sustainable Agriculture in Northern Australia’ did not eventuate, therefore ongoing organic industry development via that project was not possible. The successful production of organic mangoes has opened up the prospect of exploring export trade particularly to EU destinations where the ORIA mango industry has been actively developing new markets for conventional fruit. Organic production systems for grapefruit and pumpkins are under development with the expectation that certified organic “in conversion” product may be available in season 2006.

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Recommended Future Research The production results of this study are for the year 2004 only. Longer-term data would be useful to develop more robust information on the performance of the organic production system in comparison to the conventional counterpart. Several mango pests (scale, fruit spotting bug and thrips) were not present at economically damaging levels during the project. While preventative management techniques may have been effective, acceptable sprays or other control treatments were not tested for their effectiveness. Verifying effective management strategies would be a useful exercise, especially in case a severe pest outbreak occurs. Research into giant termite control would also be useful. Post harvest treatments for longer-term storage of fruit require investigation, especially for the diseases anthracnose and stem end rot. In-field management techniques and treatments for minimising the spore load of these diseases on fruit may also contribute to effect control.

References Mango Information Kit. 1999 Agrilink, Queensland Department of Primary Industries. Mango Growing in Western Australia. Bulletin 4348. Department of Agriculture Western Australia.

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Appendix 1: Treatments Summary Inputs and management applied each year.

Treatment 1. Organic Management Treatment 2. Organic management + compost Treatment 3. Conventional management

Locations & Description Treatments 1 & 2 - Organic Parker Poynt Plantation., Jabiru Rd, Packsaddle Plain, Kununurra. Mango block 3A (approx 1.2 ha) Soil type : Red Kununurra clay Variety : Kensington Pride Tree spacing : 8m by 4m Total trees : 214 Tree age: planted 1994 Assessment plot trees • Organic Treatment 1. - without compost 44 trees (sample two rows, 3 trees per row,

total 6 trees) • Organic Treatment 2. - with compost 170 trees (sample two rows, 3 trees per row,

total 6 trees)

Canopy management: Dec (post harvest) annual mechanical skirt prune, light internal prune to open and remove dead wood. Periodic height reduction, Av. height 4-5m Irrigation: high pressure single micro sprinkler. Irrigation program: daily water one hour, all year, additional from flowering to fruit fill as required Fertiliser program: • 2002 (prior to organic conversion), Ca & P (as BioPhos 3 in 1®), Boron (as Borax®)

broadcast over entire orchard floor. Ca (as Gypflow®) through irrigation.) Note: all the above were allowable organic inputs. Rates were unknown.

• 2003 Dec (post harvest) compost (20m3/ha) banded along canopy line (treatment 2 only), plus surface mulch 20m3/ha application banded along canopy line

• 2004 May (post wet) straw mulch.(2 small bales/tree)

Tree regulator: nil Weeds: regular mowing, occasional hand pull of creepers. Pest control: nil Disease control: nil

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Treatment 3 - Conventional management ORIA Farm. Packsaddle Rd, Packsaddle Plain. Kununurra. (approx 2 ha) Mango block: B block Soil type: Red Kununurra clay Variety: Kensington Pride Tree spacing: 7m by 9m Total trees: 189 Tree age: planted 1995 Assessment plot trees • conventional treatment. (sample two rows, 3 trees per row, total 6 trees)

Canopy management: annual mechanical prune top and bottom. Hand prune to tidy up edges, some internal dead wood pruning. Periodic height reduction, Av. height 4m. Irrigation: high pressure single micro sprinkler. Irrigation program: once per week 500 litres per tree. From flowering to fruit fill up to 3 times per week = 1500 litres per tree. Dry down post harvest Dec – July. Fertiliser program: conventional fertilisers. Double Super Zinc®, Gypsum, LigCalcium®, Zinc Sulphate+Iron. • 2003 – Dec 02, Double super zinc® (200 kg/ha), Gypsum as MicroGyp® (50 kg/ha),

Gypsum as LiquidGyp® (25 l/ha), Ca+B as LigCalcium® (15 l/ha). July 03, Zn as Zn sulphate (7 kg/ha), Fe as Iron Chelate (300 g/ha).

• 2004 Dec 03 Gypsum as Micro Gyp® (300 kg/ha). Dec03 & Jly 04, Gypsum as Gypflow® (20 l/ha), July 04, Ca+B as LigCalcium® (5 l/ha).

Tree regulator: Cultar® once after harvest. Weeds: herbicide in rows, regular mowing between rows. Pest control: Red shoulder leaf beetle – spot spray affected tree with Carbaryl®. Disease control: Anthracnose – one spray with Sportak® in Dec, one with Octave® in July/Aug.

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Appendix 2: Organic mango Promotional Leaflet

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Appendix 3: Sample project newsletter update Organic Mango Conversion Demonstration Project - Kununurra Update Number 3 - Looking Forward to a Normal Season 10-5-03 The poor season last year for mangoes in the Ord Valley, compounded with a natural disaster in the form of an intense storm that ripped through the organic demonstration site are well behind us. The trees have recovered well and even those that were blown over (requiring severe lopping and pulling back upright) have a good healthy canopy. As a consequence of these events, yield data from the demo site is of little value. Fruit that did make it to maturity was mostly hail damaged. Indications to date suggest a more normal season may be likely this year …so fingers crossed! INPUTS APPLIED TO THE ORGANIC MANGO SITE Compost In early December, compost supplied by Kununurra Compost, was spread in bands about 2m wide under the canopy down the tree lines at a rate of about 20t/ha. Two rows of trees were left without compost to provide a control to assess to impact and value of this compost. A mature compost was used with a Carbon: Nitrogen ratio of about 20:1 - this means there would be little nitrogen down-draw so N stress would not be a problem. (Note composts with high C:N ratios [above 30:1] can cause microbes to compete for soil N, causing an initial soil N deficiency). No fertilisers or trace elements (…. so far this season) The plan was to apply nutrients such as Phosphorous, Zinc, Manganese and Boron prior to compost being spread. The aim was to allow the biological decomposition of the compost to assist the mineralisation and availability of these nutrients. However, a decision was made to not apply any nutrients or trace elements. Previous tissue and soil chemistry tests indicated Manganese and possibly Zinc and Boron were a bit low. So it will be interesting see if these remain low in the next tissue tests. Hay The only other input has been a recent application of hay. This material was cut from an adjacent paddock and applied down the rows in a similar fashion to the compost. Roughly 250 small bales were used on 1.3ha. The aim here is partly to suppress weeds but mainly to provide a mulch cover to buffer the soil surface from extremes of temperature and moisture fluctuations. WEED MANAGEMENT Weeds have been managed by periodic mowing using a ride-on mower. Observation of weed growth indicated that where compost had been applied, the weed growth was more vigorous than without compost. This additional weed growth can provide greater organic matter and assist soil biological activity, which can improve soil structure and nutrient availability. However, the cost of additional mowing and excessive competition on young trees are issues to consider.

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SOIL BIOLOGICAL TESTS Two weeks after the compost had been applied, soil samples were analysed by for soil biological condition. The tests were conducted by Soil Food Web Pty Ltd in NSW, and involved estimating populations of bacteria, fungi, protoza and other soil microorganisms. Results indicated the organic site in general had greater biological activity than the conventional site. Soil Food Web suggests that for perennial trees like mangoes, soil fungi have greater importance than soil bacteria. Boosting soil fungi populations can be achieved by woody mulch materials - rather than soft easily decomposed material. At present no site was considered fungal dominant. There was a high count for protozoans on the organic sites, which was reported to indicate high soil nitrogen. It will be interesting to see if this is confirmed by standard soil chemistry tests, and if so, what management changes may be required to keep N levels optimal. Interpretation of the soil biological test results and the implications this has for soil and tree management is a relatively new field of science - especially for mangoes in the dry tropics at Kununurra. With support from Soil Food Web, further soil biological tests are planned in order to build a picture of any changes that occur. This may lead to an understanding of whether these soil biological indicators have any management implications of relevance to soil conditions, mango tree health, yield and fruit quality. ORGANIC CERTIFICATION PROGRESS Following the lodgement of documents in early October 2003, the first on site inspection took place in December 2003. The organic site now officially has "Pre-Certification" status with NASAA. No major issues were raised at the inspection - thanks to Jill and Quentin's careful thought and attention to detail when developing an organic management plan. The second inspection is scheduled for early October 2004. This inspection is planned to coincide with harvest so the operation of the pack house can be inspected. All going well, fruit from the 2004 harvest should qualify for "in conversion" status and can be sold into organic markets. It is important to note that Parker Poynt Plantation now has both organic and conventional mango production on the one site. This "parallel production" as it is known, requires special attention to production, handling and post harvest operations to ensure the risk of contamination is carefully managed and there is no product mixing. A formal HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) system is preferred in this situation. Record keeping also must be of a high standard in order to trace product back through the system should a problem occur. START YOUR CONVERSION PROCESS NOW FOR 2005 HARVEST If you have interest in converting some mango area over to organic, now is the time to begin the certification process. A realistic time frame would be as follows: May 04 - read and understand the organic standards. June 04 - draft an organic management plan July 04 - make application to an organic certifier Aug 04 - complete the organic questionnaire and return signed documents.

Receival of these documents by the certifier forms the STARTING DATE of your formal certification status.

Sept - Oct 04 - first inspection. Status is "pre-certification" Fruit cannot be sold into organic markets. Sept - Oct 05 - second inspection. Status is "in conversion" to organic. Fruit can be sold into organic markets labelled as "in conversion".

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Many growers start with a small area to gain knowledge and experience. This can minimise commercial risk while developing and refining an organic system that works in your specific situation. Those growers that have already moved toward a biological approach for mango production may find the move to an organic system requires relatively few management changes. ORGANIC MANAGEMENT PLAN - SOME EXAMPLES The organic management plan is a simple way of enabling you to consider the key management issues and outline changes you will make to the current management system. Below is an example of some issues and plans based on the demonstration site at Kununurra. Soil and fertility management - How do you intend to manage soil fertility Focus on building humus levels and soil structure through use of compost, surface mulch, humates and cover crop mowing. • Soils are naturally deficient in Bo and Ca • Based on soil tests, annual application of Ca, P, with seasonal application of Bo

based on soil and tissue tests. • Aim is to use compost formulation and timing as basis for building the macro and

mirco nutrient status of the soil to progressively reduce the need for seasonal foliar applications.

• As required use Bo as Borax®, Ca as Gypflow®, P and Ca as BioPhos 3 in 1®. Pest management - List the main pest problems you anticipate to occur and how you intend to manage these. Key management techniques relate to minimising susceptibility to pests by optimising soil conditions and tree health Preventative techniques such as canopy management, tree collars Development and maintenance of habitat for beneficial predators Regular monitoring and seasonal risk evaluation Acceptable substances - preferably target specific, but others as last resort. • Pink wax scale - ant control, white oil • Mastotermies termite - compost, • Green ants - silicon strip collars around trunk if needed • Trips, red shoulder beetle, Ambelapelta fruit spotting bug – tree health, covercrop

habitat for beneficials, last resort pyrethrum Disease management - List the main disease problems you anticipate to occur and how you intend to manage these. Key management techniques relate to minimising susceptibility to disease by optimising soil conditions and tree health Preventative techniques such as canopy management, water management Regular monitoring and seasonal risk evaluation Acceptable substances - preferably target specific, but others as last resort. Anthracnose – good canopy management and tree nutritional/soil management, close monitoring, Ecocarb, researching other monitoring and control measures Stem end rot - good canopy management and tree nutritional/soil management

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Weed management - List the main weed problems you anticipate to occur and how you intend to manage these. • Grasses • Creeper Timely and periodic mowing Compost and mulch under tree Seasonal hand-pull creeper as required Parallel Production (between certified and non - certified areas) - how are issues of parallel production addressed within the same production season and production area? The organic mango block will be clearly marked with physical sign posts. This block has two sides adjoining non-certified crop. All management and operations on the non-certified block will be similar to the organic block and will involve no prohibited sprays. Therefore the risk of spray drift or other contamination will be nil. Staff and pickers will be trained in organic principles and risk management. Harvest and packhouse recording procedures are date /location coded to ensure accurate trace back to trees. The packhouse and farm operations have full SQF quality assurance certification The organic mango block is part of a 2 year research project where soil, tree, and crop performance will be closely monitored and compared to non-certified crops. New picking crates may need to be purchased if acceptable washing is not possible Note: the Organic Management Plan is not set in concrete, but rather is subject to periodic revision as experience, knowledge and new technologies develop. ORGANIC MARKETS CONTINUE TO EXPAND Organic markets in WA continue to grow at an estimated 15-20% per year. The two major supermarkets are increasing their range of organic products. Several wholesale traders are providing an increased range of pre-packed organic fruits and vegetables. A new market development initiative involves the independent supermarket Dewsons Wembley. This store has developed an excellent range of organic product across all food categories and has been actively promoting the benefits of organic foods. In conjunction with Dewsons Wembley, plans are being developed to feature organic mangoes with a range of promotions including advertising and in-store tastings. Last season there were no early season organic mangoes in WA. Wholesalers indicate an urgent need for good quality early season organic mangoes. A number of regional export opportunities have also arisen and these will be investigated further to assess feasibility for organic mangoes. Organic Mango Conversion Project For further information and assistance contact Steve McCoy, Department of Agriculture, phone 9368 3960 or email smccoy@agric.wa.gov.au