Organic Chemistry

John Romano

Zack Daniels

Kate Neigish

Jackie Labow

Organic

• Organic refers to compounds containing carbon, and often hydrogen, oxygen, and other non-metal elements

• Three common characteristics:– Bonds are covalent (non-ionic)– Each carbon forms a total of four bonds– Carbon atoms can be bonded to each other or

to other nonmetal atoms (hydrogen, halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, etc)

Hydrocarbons

• Simplest type of organic compound consisting solely of hydrogen and carbon atoms

# Carbons Root Name

1 Meth-

2 Eth-

3 Prop-

4 But-

5 Pent-

6 Hex-

7 Hept-

8 Oct-

Alkanes

• Saturated Hydrocarbons: single bonded carbon atom

• Have the ending “-ANE”

Ethane

Alkenes

• Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: double bonded carbon atom

• Have the ending “-ENE”

Ethene

Alkynes

• Unsaturated Hydrocarbon with a triple bonded carbon atom

• Have the ending “-YNE”

Ethyne

Alkyl Groups

Chains that are added on to hydrocarbons and affect nomenclature, being preceded by numeric indication of their location

Methyl: CH3---

Ethyl: CH3---CH2

Propyl: CH3--- CH2--- CH2

Branched Chains

• When a hydrocarbon is not a straight-chain, the naming is more complex

• The suffix indicates parent chain

• The prefix indicates branching group the number indicates its location

Geometric Isomers

• Same formula but different orientation

• Cis same side of carbons

• Trans different side of carbons

Cis-2-Butene Trans-2-Butene

Joke Time….

• Name this compound:

Answer….

• ¡¡¡TRANSPARENT!!!

Aromatics

• Derived from the single compound of Benzene, C6H6, which is in a hexagonal shape (three single / three double bonds).

• Functional groups bonded to compound are named as a prefix to “-benzene”

Chlorobenzene

Functional Group Orientation

• Isomers of benzene have three prefixes for orientation of dual functional groups

Para- Meta- Ortho-

1,4-dichlorobenzene 1,3-dichlorobenzene 1,2-dichlorobenzene