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Organic Chemistry Functional groups. 24.4 Functional Group Chemistry Alcohols contain the hydroxyl...
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Transcript of Organic Chemistry Functional groups. 24.4 Functional Group Chemistry Alcohols contain the hydroxyl...
Organic Chemistry
Functional groups
24.4
Functional Group Chemistry
Alcohols contain the hydroxyl functional group and have the general formula R-OH.
Sterols, ethylene glycol
C6H12O6 (aq) 2CH3CH2OH (aq) + 2CO2 (g)enzyme
CH2 CH2 (g) + H2O (g) CH3CH2OH (g)H2SO4
Biological production of ethanol
Commercial production of ethanol
DRINKABLE vs. DENATURED Alcohol
24.4
Functional Group Chemistry
Ethers have the general formula R-O-R’.
CH3OH + HOCH3 CH3OCH3 + H2OH2SO4
catalyst
Condensation Reaction
24.4
Functional Group Chemistry
Aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl ( ) functional group.
O
C
R C H
O
• aldehydes have the general formula
R C R’
O
• ketones have the general formula
H C H
O
H C
O
CH3 C
O
CH3H3C
formaldehyde acetaldehyde acetone
24.4
Functional Group Chemistry
Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl ( -COOH ) functional group.
VINEGAR, ASPIRIN , ANTS, CITRUS FRUITS, PROTEINS, PRESERVATIVES
24.4
Functional Group Chemistry
Esters have the general formula R’COOR, where R is a hydrocarbon group.
CH3COOH + HOCH2CH3 CH3 C O CH2CH3 + H2O
O
ethyl acetate
Banana: isopentyl acetatePineapple: ethyl butanoateApple: methyl butanoatePear: propyl ethanoateOrange: Octyl ethanoateRaspberry: 2-Methylpropyl ethanoateOil of Wintergreen: methyl salycilate
HOW TO MIMIC NATURE: Making synthetic flavoring
• A good cherry is supposed to be tough to formulate. Here is an example of a *minimum* synthetic cherry flavoring:
• ethyl methyl p-tolyl glycidate 16.0 % iso-amyl acetate 12.0 % iso-butyl acetate 12.0 % p-methyl benzyl acetate 11.0 % benzaldehyde 8.0 % vanillin 7.0 % benzyl alkcohol 5.5 % piperonal 5.0 % ethyl caprate 4.0 % cinnamic aldehyde dimethyl acetal 3.0 % p-tolyl aldehyde 3.0 % cinnamyl anthranilate 3.0 % ethyl caproate 2.0 % geranyl butyrate 2.0 % terpenyl butyrate 0.5 %
Functional Group Chemistry
Amines are organic bases with the general formula R3N.
CH3NH2 + H2O RNH3+ + OH-
Urea
Phenylpropanolamine
(Meth)amphetamine
Caffeine
24.4
Blue jeans
• Indigo: an ancient dye, herbal remedy, poison
• Indigofera
• Tyrian purple – 6,6’-dibromoindigo
The sweet life
saccharinaspartame
sucralose
Drugs
aspirin
cocaine
POLYMERS• Poly: Many Meros: Parts• Made up of repeating monomers
• Copolymer is a polymer made up of two or more monomers
• Common biopolymers: Proteins, DNA, RNA, starch, cellulose
( CH CH2 CH2 CH CH CH2 )n
• PET: Polyethylene terephthalate– Plastic bottles
• Polytetrafluoroethylene– Teflon™
• Polypropylene• Polystyrene• Polyvinyl chloride• Nylon (synthetic
polyamide, similar to bonds in proteins)
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/education/plastics/index.html
The stuff of life
• DNA
The stuff of life
• Proteins