Organic Chemistry Chapter 2. Organic Functional Groups R – WHAT??? R – OH C – OH C – C –...
-
date post
20-Dec-2015 -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
0
Transcript of Organic Chemistry Chapter 2. Organic Functional Groups R – WHAT??? R – OH C – OH C – C –...
Organic Chemistry Chapter 2
Organic Functional Groups
R – WHAT???
R – OH
C – OHC – C – OH C – C – C – C – OH
Ohh, I get it – They are all alcohols???
Naming Strait Chains
Substituents
Halogen Substituents - F(Floro) Cl (Chloro) Br (Bromo) I (Iodo)
Naming Rules
1. Find the longest carbon chain
2. Circle the longest chain
3. Number the chain starting at the end with closest substituent
4. Name the substituents
5. Name the longest chain
Naming Tips
• When two or more substituents are on the same carbon, use the number twice.
• When two or more substituents are identical, use prefixes
• When two chains are the same length, use the one with the most substituents on it.
• If substituents are at equall distances from the ends of the chain, go to the next substituent.
• Iso and cyclo are included alphabetically, di, tri, tetra, sec, tert are not
Using Common Names
The alkyl group followed by the name
of the functional groupCH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH – pentyl alcohol
CH3CH2CH2OH – propylalcohol
Notice no space in propyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2 – butyl amine
Degree Designation
Naming Cyclics• Add the prefix cyclo to the name of the
number of carbons• If there are substituents, name them
first with numbers producing the lowest value
• If the carbon chain has more carbons than the cyclic, name it as a substituent
Br1
2
3
4
5
1-bromo-3-ethylcyclopentane
12
34 5 6
7
3-cyclopropylheptane
Naming Ethers
• Name the two alkyl substituents in alphabetical order and then add either.
• If identical use di, tri,…..
• IUPAC – replace yl ending with oxy
OO
butyl hexyl ether
1-butoxy-2,3-dimethylpentane
Degree of alcohol
Naming Alcohols
• Longest chain should include the OH group• Number chain giving the alcohol the lower number• To name, replace e to ol
OH
Br
Br
12
34
5
76
5,6-dibromo-3-heptanol
Br
OH1
2
34
5
7
6
3-bromocycloheptanol
OH
12
34
5 76 8
9
3-propyl-2-nonanol
Degree of Amine
Naming Amines
• List the name of each alkyl group attached to the nitrogen and then add amine
• Name is written as one word• For four groups attached to a nitrogen, use
alkyl groups and then ammonium• IUPAC – replace the e with amine• N – designates the alkyl group is attached to
the N and not a C
Naming Amines
Naming Amines
Structure of Alkyl Halides, Alcohols, Ethers and Amines
• Read through pages 92-93 in book
Boiling Points
• The larger the molecular weight the greater the boiling point
• The greater the number of branches the lower the boiling point
• The greater number of electronegative atoms the higher the boiling point
Intermolecular Forces
Hydrogen bondAttraction between molecules that have a Hydrogen connected to a F, O or NVery strong attractive force – breaks pipes in the winterResponsible for Surface Tension
Dipole Force – Attraction due to different electronegativities
Disperson, london, or van der Waals forceProduced from temporary dipoles
Read through section in book and be familiar
Surface Tension
Melting Points
• Melting points follow the same rules as boiling points with the addition of crystal packing.
• This makes them less predictable
Solubility
• The rough rule for organic solubility is that it takes one polar group for each 4 carbons to get it to dissolve in water
Rotation in Ethane
Rotation in Butane
Cyclohexane
Cis and Trans
Axial / Equatorial