Organic Chemistry Branch of chemistry dealing with carbon molecules.
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Transcript of Organic Chemistry Branch of chemistry dealing with carbon molecules.
![Page 1: Organic Chemistry Branch of chemistry dealing with carbon molecules.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062306/5a4d1aef7f8b9ab05997d585/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Organic Chemistry
Branch of chemistry dealing with carbon
molecules.
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Hydrocarbons
Compounds containing only carbon & hydrogen
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Why can carbon form so many compounds?
It can form up to 4 covalent bonds with other carbon atoms.
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What is the maximum # of bonds between any 2 C
atoms?
A triple bond (3 pairs or 6 electrons)
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Properties of hydrocarbon molecules
• Molecular• Low melting points• Low boiling points• Low Hf
• Low Hv
• High evaporation rate• High vapor pressure• May be gases,
liquids, or solids
• Decompose on heating• Poor conductors of
heat & electricity• Nonpolar (vdw forces)• Dissolve in nonpolar
solvents• React slowly• Solids may be soft or
brittle
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Bonding capacity of H?
1
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Bonding capacity of O?
2
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Bonding capacity of the halogens (F, Cl, Br, I)?
1
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Bonding capacity of S?
2
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Bonding capacity of N & P?
3
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Bonding capacity of C?
4
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The 4 single bonds of a carbon atom are directed to
…
the corners of a regular tetrahedron.
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Saturated hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon containing only single carbon-
carbon bonds
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Unsaturated hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon containing at least 1 double or triple carbon-carbon
bond
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Chemical or Molecular Formulas
Tell the kind & number of atoms in a
molecule.
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Structural Formulas
Tell the kind & number of atoms in a molecule. Also
attempt to show approximate shapes & bonding patterns of
molecules.
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Homologous Series
A group of related compounds in which each member differs from the one before it by the
same additional unit. Properties vary in a predictable
way.
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Alkanes
•Homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons. with the general formula CnH2n+2.
• Ratio of C to H is n:2n+2
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Alkanes
Release energy when burned: fuels.
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Naming Alkanes
•Prefix: depends on # of carbon atoms in longest continuous chain.
•Suffix: ane
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Properties of Alkanes
•Nonpolar.
•Boiling point as # of carbon atoms . (van der Waals forces increase with size).
•Insoluble in water. (Like dissolves like.)
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Nonpolar
•The electron cloud of the molecule is fairly evenly distributed. Either:
–Molecule has atoms with similar electronegativities–Molecule has high symmetry
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Isomers
•Molecules with the same chemical formula but different structural formulas.
•Different chemical & physical properties. Different names.•Same formula mass & percentage composition.
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Isomers
•# of possible isomers as # of C atoms
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Alkenes
Homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons
containing 1 double carbon-carbon bond.
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General formula of alkenes
CnH2n
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Naming Alkenes
•Prefix: depends on # of carbon atoms in longest continuous chain.
•Suffix: ene
•# in front may give location of double bond.
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Properties of Alkenes
Slightly more reactive than the alkanes. Double bond is site of reactivity.
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Alkynes
Homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing 1 carbon-carbon triple bond.
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General formula of alkynes
CnH2n-2
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Naming alkynes
•Prefix: depends on # of carbon atoms in longest continuous chain.
•Suffix: yne
•# in front gives location of triple bond.