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Organic Chemistry•The chemistry of carbon compounds
•Sometimes called carbon chemistry
Organic Chemistry
•The backbone element in the molecules of all living things is carbon
Carbon Chemistry•Carbon is one of the only elements that can form long chains
•Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds
Organic Chemistry•Carbon forms covalent bonds with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and the halogens
Carbon Bonding•Carbon has 4 valence electrons which can hybridize in many ways
Carbon Bonding•To determine the hybridization, draw the Lewis Dot Diagram of the carbon compound
Hybridization•sp3 4-single bonds
•sp2 2-single bonds &
1-double bond
•sp 2 doubles or T + S
Multiple Bonds•To make multiple bonds, p-orbitals are required
Hybridization•sp3 no p-orbitals
•sp2 1 p-orbital
•sp 2 p-orbitals
Single bonds & the first bond in
multiple bonds involve end-to-end
overlap:
Multiple Bonds•After the 1st bond, any others are
bonds: side-to-side p-overlap
AX4 or sp3
HH-C-H
H
AX3 or sp2
H C=OH
AX2 or sp
O=C=O
H-C N
Carbon Bonds•sp3 4 bonds
•sp2 3 & 1 bonds
•sp 2 & 2 bonds
•sp 2 & 2 bonds
Carbon sp3 Shapes•AX4 tetrahedral
•AX3E trigonal
pyramidal
•AX2E2 v-shaped
AX4 or sp3
HH-C-H
H
AX3E or sp3
..R-N-H
H
AX2E2 or sp3
..R-O:
H
Carbon sp2 Shapes•AX3 trigonal
planar
•AX2E v-shaped
AX3 or sp2
H C=OH
AX2E or sp2
O S:R
Carbon sp Shape•AX2 linear
AX2 or sp
O=C=O
H-C N