Organic Chemistry ! ! !. Alkanes Simplest organic compounds - ane ending Hydrocarbons Compounds made...
-
Upload
doreen-james -
Category
Documents
-
view
220 -
download
1
Transcript of Organic Chemistry ! ! !. Alkanes Simplest organic compounds - ane ending Hydrocarbons Compounds made...
![Page 1: Organic Chemistry ! ! !. Alkanes Simplest organic compounds - ane ending Hydrocarbons Compounds made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms Saturated vs. unsaturated.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56649e625503460f94b5e0b6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Organic Chemistry ! ! !
![Page 2: Organic Chemistry ! ! !. Alkanes Simplest organic compounds - ane ending Hydrocarbons Compounds made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms Saturated vs. unsaturated.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56649e625503460f94b5e0b6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Alkanes
Simplest organic compounds
- ane ending
HydrocarbonsCompounds made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms
Saturated vs. unsaturated
General formula pattern (CnH2n + 2)
Ex. Methane (CH4) and propane (CH3)
![Page 3: Organic Chemistry ! ! !. Alkanes Simplest organic compounds - ane ending Hydrocarbons Compounds made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms Saturated vs. unsaturated.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56649e625503460f94b5e0b6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Hydrocarbons
Carbon atom—up to 4 bonds
Hydrogen atom—forms 1 bond
Carbon and hydrogen bonds can form chains, branches, or ring structures
Ex. Glucose, amino acid, octane
![Page 4: Organic Chemistry ! ! !. Alkanes Simplest organic compounds - ane ending Hydrocarbons Compounds made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms Saturated vs. unsaturated.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56649e625503460f94b5e0b6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
IsomersChemical compounds with the SAME molecular formula but DIFFERENT structure/arrangement
Different compounds
Many molecular formulas have several different structural arrangements.
Few—assign prefixes
Many—use systematic naming system
![Page 5: Organic Chemistry ! ! !. Alkanes Simplest organic compounds - ane ending Hydrocarbons Compounds made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms Saturated vs. unsaturated.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56649e625503460f94b5e0b6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Functional Groups
Atom/groups of atoms hanging off a hydrocarbon chain or ring structure
Gives chemical compound its unique properties, part of compound participating in chemical reaction.
Compounds with same functional group—similar chemical properties.
![Page 6: Organic Chemistry ! ! !. Alkanes Simplest organic compounds - ane ending Hydrocarbons Compounds made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms Saturated vs. unsaturated.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56649e625503460f94b5e0b6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
1. Alkyl Group
Hydrocarbon branch hanging off a carbon chain or ring
Originally an alkane, one hydrogen atom removed
Cyclo—compounds with ring structure
Ex. 1 Methane (CH4)— Methyl (--CH3)
Ex. 2 Ethane (CH3CH3)— Ethyl (--CH2CH3)
![Page 7: Organic Chemistry ! ! !. Alkanes Simplest organic compounds - ane ending Hydrocarbons Compounds made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms Saturated vs. unsaturated.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56649e625503460f94b5e0b6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
2. Alcohols
Identified by the presence of a hydroxyl group(--OH)
Hydrocarbon with an –OH hanging off
Can have more than one hydroxyl group
General formula: R—OHR = hydrocarbon
Ex. 1 methane --- methanol (CH3OH)
Ex. 2 ethane --- ethanol (CH3CH2OH)
![Page 8: Organic Chemistry ! ! !. Alkanes Simplest organic compounds - ane ending Hydrocarbons Compounds made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms Saturated vs. unsaturated.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56649e625503460f94b5e0b6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
3. Carboxylic Acids
Identified by the presence of a carboxyl group (--COOH)
Gives acidic properties to organic compounds
Generic formula: R—COOH
Ex. 1 Methanoic acid/formic acid
Ex. 2 Ethanoic acid/acetic acid
![Page 9: Organic Chemistry ! ! !. Alkanes Simplest organic compounds - ane ending Hydrocarbons Compounds made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms Saturated vs. unsaturated.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56649e625503460f94b5e0b6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Organic Nomenclature
![Page 10: Organic Chemistry ! ! !. Alkanes Simplest organic compounds - ane ending Hydrocarbons Compounds made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms Saturated vs. unsaturated.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56649e625503460f94b5e0b6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Nomenclature 1) Find the longest continuous chain—(carbon backbone)
• Stem name = identity of carbon backbone.
2) Number carbons so the functional groups are at the lowest carbon, want lowest possible numbering.
-prefixes indicate functional groups hanging off backbone
3) Double and triple bonds trump functional groups in naming with lowest possible numbering.
4) Use di-, tri-, tetra- , etc. for identical groups on carbon backbone. List position with number even if on the same carbon.
5) List groups in alphabetical order
![Page 11: Organic Chemistry ! ! !. Alkanes Simplest organic compounds - ane ending Hydrocarbons Compounds made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms Saturated vs. unsaturated.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56649e625503460f94b5e0b6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Ex. 1
![Page 12: Organic Chemistry ! ! !. Alkanes Simplest organic compounds - ane ending Hydrocarbons Compounds made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms Saturated vs. unsaturated.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56649e625503460f94b5e0b6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Ex. 2
![Page 13: Organic Chemistry ! ! !. Alkanes Simplest organic compounds - ane ending Hydrocarbons Compounds made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms Saturated vs. unsaturated.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56649e625503460f94b5e0b6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Alkenes
Contain double bonds to carbon
--ene ending
![Page 14: Organic Chemistry ! ! !. Alkanes Simplest organic compounds - ane ending Hydrocarbons Compounds made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms Saturated vs. unsaturated.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56649e625503460f94b5e0b6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Alkynes
Contain triple bonds to carbon
--yne ending
![Page 15: Organic Chemistry ! ! !. Alkanes Simplest organic compounds - ane ending Hydrocarbons Compounds made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms Saturated vs. unsaturated.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56649e625503460f94b5e0b6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Ex. 4 3-heptyne
![Page 16: Organic Chemistry ! ! !. Alkanes Simplest organic compounds - ane ending Hydrocarbons Compounds made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms Saturated vs. unsaturated.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56649e625503460f94b5e0b6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Ex. 5 3-methyldecane
![Page 17: Organic Chemistry ! ! !. Alkanes Simplest organic compounds - ane ending Hydrocarbons Compounds made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms Saturated vs. unsaturated.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56649e625503460f94b5e0b6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Ex. 6 2-chloro-3-octene
Draw carbon skeleton first
Numbers indicate where functional groups and bonds are located.
![Page 18: Organic Chemistry ! ! !. Alkanes Simplest organic compounds - ane ending Hydrocarbons Compounds made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms Saturated vs. unsaturated.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56649e625503460f94b5e0b6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Homework
Read pp. 59-64, A22-A25
Complete Organic Nomenclature worksheet