Organic Chemistry & Acids/Bases

Welcome

To

The GowerHour

I. PolymersI. Polymers: A polymer is a compound with a repeating unit, called a

___________, and contains a ______ molar mass.A. Types of Polymers1. Natural polymers:(a) Rubber (______________)(b) Biological compounds:(i) (ii)(iii)(iv)2. Synthetic polymers:(a)(b)(c)(d)

monomer high

polyisoprene

ProteinsNucleic acids (DNA & RNA)

CelluloseStarch

NylonPolyesterPVCPlexiglass

B. Reaction Types

1. Addition reaction: One molecule _____ to another molecule.Monomer: _________

Example: Polyethylene

H

H H

HCC

CC CC CC CC

CC CC CC CC

addsethylene

Addition Reaction

Monomer: _____________

Example: Polyvinyl chloride (____)

Vinyl chloride

H

H Cl

HCC

CC

Cl

CC

Cl

CC

Cl

CC

Cl

CC CC CC CC

Cl Cl Cl Cl

PVC

The simple repeating unit of a polymer is the monomer.

Homopolymer is a polymer made up of only one type of monomer

( CF2 CF2 )n

Teflon

( CH2 CH2 )n

Polyethylene

( CH2 CH )n

Cl

PVC

ester

2. Condensation reactions: A ____ molecule is formed in the reaction.

Amine group (amino):

Carboxylic acid group (carboxyl):

Example: Polyester

NH2 or N HH··

COOH

H2O

or

O··O

C H··

O··O

O··O

CH ··

C H··

+ H O CH2 CH2 OH

H2O Dehydration synthesis vs Hydrolysis

ester

OO··O

CH ··

C

O CH2 CH2 OH····

Example: Proteins (Alanine + Glycine)

H2N C C OH + H2N C C OH

H

CH3

H

H

O O

H2N C C N C C OH + H2O

H

CH3

H

H

O O

H

Alanine Glycine

R group H2O (Dehydration Synthesis)

Peptide bond

Amino acids are the basic structural units of proteins. An amino acid is a compound that contains at least one amino group (-NH2) and at least one carboxyl group (-COOH)

Peptide bond = _______ group : ______________dipeptide = ___ amino acidstripeptide = ___ amino acidspolypeptide = ______ amino acids = _______

amide carboxyl group 2

3 many protein

Example: Glycogen, cellulose, and starch (Polysaccharides)

Monomer: _________glucose

Complex carbohydrates

C

C C

C

O C

CH2OH

HO

OH

OH

OH

or

Glycogen: Animals store energy in the form of glycogen & turn it back into glucose as needed.

Cellulose: The most common organic compound on Earth (ie. cotton)

Hydrogen Bonds (Cross-linking) Plants use cellulose for strength. The cellulose chains are all stretched out, and like to stay right next to each other, like raw spaghetti that's all stuck together. That's why cellulose can hold up the tallest trees!

Starch:

Starch is a compact way to store a lot of glucose in a small space. Our bodies break the starch down into glucose, which can be used for energy.

Even though starch and cellulose are both made from the same sugar (glucose), they act very differently (because the glucose molecules are joined together differently). Starch will dissolve in water, but cellulose won't. So we make food from starches and we build things and make clothing out of cellulose.

Acids & BasesA. Properties of acids and bases:

1. Acids 2. Bases

(a) (a)

(b) (b)

(c) (c)

(d) (d)

(e) (e)

Sour Bitter

Changes the color of acid-base indicator.

Some react w/metals Slippery React w/bases to form salts React w/acids to form salts

Conducts electric current Conducts electric current

Changes the color of acid-base indicator.

Blue Litmus Paper: Blue to Red Acid

Red Litmus Paper: Red to Blue Base

Contains both a H+ and charge.

B. Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

1. Acids: H+ ________

Example:

2. Bases: H+ ________

Example:

3. Amphoteric substances: Can behave like an _____ and a _____.

Example:

Donor

HCl (aq) H+ + Cl

HCN (aq) H+ + CN

H+OH +

Acceptor

CN + H+ HCN

H2O

acid base

H2CO3 HCO3 H+ + CO3

2H+

H+

List of strong acids: HNO3, H2SO4, HCl, HClO4, HBr, HI

List of strong bases: LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2, Sr(OH)2

C. Acid-Base Reactions (Conjugate acid-base pairs)

1. HNO2 + ClO

2. H2SO3 + OH

3. H2CO3 + BrO2

4. H3PO4 + C2O42

HClO + NO2

(CA)

(CB)

H2O + HSO3 (CA)

(CB)

HBrO2 + HCO3

(CB)

H2PO4 + HC2O4

(CA)

(CB)

(CA)

Acid Base

Acid Base

Acid Base

Acid Base

(Differ by only a H+)

C. pH Scale:

0 7 14

Neutral

Acidic Alkaline/Basic

1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13

High quality

H2O

H2SO4

NaOHLye

Acid Rain

D. In impure water (contains an acidic or basic substance):   If [H+] > 1.0 x 10-7 M, solution is _______.

If [H+] < 1.0 x 10-7 M, solution is _________________.If [H+] = 1.0 x 10-7 M, solution is _________.

acidicbasic or alkaline

neutral

1.0 x 10−7 = pH 7

pH < 7 = acidpH > 7 = basepH = 7 = neutral

1.0 x 10−2 =

1.0 x 10−5 =

1.0 x 10−11 =

pH 2

pH 5

pH 11

The End !!!!