Organic Chemistry – The Functional Group...
Transcript of Organic Chemistry – The Functional Group...
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Organic Chemistry – The Functional Group Approach
alkane(no F.G.)
non-polar (grease, fats)
tetrahedral
OH
alcohol
polar (water soluble)
tetrahedral
Br
halide
non-polar (water insoluble)
tetrahedral
alkene
non-polar (water insoluble)
trigonal
alkyne
non-polar (water insoluble)
linear
aromatic
non-polar (water insoluble)
flat
aldehyde/ketone
polar (water soluble)
trigonal
imine
polar (water soluble)
trigonal
O NH
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Organic Chemistry – The Functional Group Approach
alkane(no F.G.)
non-polar (grease, fats)
tetrahedral
OH
alcohol
polar (water soluble)
tetrahedral
Br
halide
non-polar (water insoluble)
tetrahedral
alkene
non-polar (water insoluble)
trigonal
alkyne
non-polar (water insoluble)
linear
aromatic
non-polar (water insoluble)
flat
aldehyde/ketone
polar (water soluble)
trigonal
imine
polar (water soluble)
trigonal
O NH
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Organic Chemistry – The Functional Group Approach
alkane(no F.G.)
non-polar (grease, fats)
tetrahedral
OH
alcohol
polar (water soluble)
tetrahedral
Br
halide
non-polar (water insoluble)
tetrahedral
alkene
non-polar (water insoluble)
trigonal
alkyne
non-polar (water insoluble)
linear
aromatic
non-polar (water insoluble)
flat
aldehyde/ketone
polar (water soluble)
trigonal
imine
polar (water soluble)
trigonal
O NH
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Carey Chapter 6 – Addition Reactions of Alkenes
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Carey Chapter 6 – Addition Reactions of Alkenes
R
R
R
R+ X Y X C C
R
R
R
R
Y
Involves addition of atoms or groups to adjacent carbons
X often = H; Y = good nucleophile
Examples of both stepwise and concerted mechanisms
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6.1 Hydrogenation of Alkenes
Needs a precious metal catalyst such as Pt or Pd
(Not covering Mechanism 6.1)
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6.2 Heats of Hydrogenation of Isomeric C4H8 Alkenes
Figure 6.1 (KJ/mol)
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6.2 Heats of Hydrogenation of Alkenes
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6.3 Stereochemistry of Alkene Hydrogenation
H atoms have added to the same face of the alkene ‐ syn addition
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6.3 Stereochemistry of Alkene Hydrogenation
H atoms have added to the same face of the alkene ‐ syn addition
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6.3 Stereochemistry of Alkene Hydrogenation
Figure 6.2
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6.4 Electrophilic Addition of Hydrogen Halides to Alkenes
Stronger acids react faster :
H‐I > H‐Br > H‐Cl >> H‐F
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6.4 Electrophilic Addition Mechanism
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6.4 Electrophilic Addition Mechanism
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6.5 Regioselectivity in Electrophilic Addition
Since the reaction involves formation of cations, the major product arises from
the more stablized intermediate carbocation
Markovnikov’s Rule
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6.6 Mechanistic Basis for Markovnikov's rule
Figure 6.4
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Examples of H-X Addition to Alkenes
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6.7 Cation Rearrangements in H-X Addition to Alkenes
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6.7 Cation Rearrangements in H-X Addition to Alkenes
2o cation undergoes intramolecular rearrangement to more stable 3o cation
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6.8 Free Radical Addition of H-Br to Alkenes
Peroxides = HOOH, ROOR (R = Ph, t‐Bu, etc.)
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6.9 Electrophilic Addition of Sulfuric Acid
Outcome depends upon concentration of H2SO4 used
Sulfonate ester isolated using concentrated H2SO4
Alcohol isolated directly with dilute H2SO4
Markovnikoff Rule applies for nonsymmetrical alkenes
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6.10 Acid-catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes
Note the Markovnikoff regioselectivity
Reaction is exothermic; products favoured (stronger single bonds vs. pi bond)
Use of catalytic acid can avoid decomposition of more complicated substrates
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6.10 Acid-catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes
Related to relative stabilities of intermediate carbocations
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6.11 Thermodynamics of Addition-Elimination
If the alkene is less stable, how can this reaction be useful?
Recall: G = H ‐ TS
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6.11 Thermodynamics of Addition-Elimination
How do you get one product over the other?
In dehydration (elimination) – remove alkene, run at high temperature
In hydration (addition) – use excess water, run at low temperature
Taking advantage of both Le Châtelier’s principle and G = H ‐ TS
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6.12 Hydroboration - Oxidation of Alkenes
Addition
Oxidation
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6.12 Hydroboration – Modern Reagents
H.C. BrownBH BH
“parachute borane”
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6.12 Hydroboration – Regioselective and Stereoselective
Two possible transition states for concerted addition of BH3 to an unsymmetrical alkene
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Left T.S. is more favourable since it avoids the larger CH3 groups and the BH2
group interacting – results in regioselectivity
6.12 Hydroboration – Regioselective and Stereoselective
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6.13 Stereochemistry of Hydroboration
Addition of BH3 is a concerted syn addition – evidence for mechanism
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6.13 Stereochemistry of Hydroboration
H H
OH
NaOH/H2O2BH
B
CH3CH3 CH3
Oxidation step retains the stereochemistry from first step
Important evidence for the mechanism being concerted
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6.14 Mechanism of Hydroboration/Oxidation
CH31. H-BR2, THF
2. NaOH, H2O2
H
OH
CH3
HH
H
H
Step 1 Syn Addition
HBR
R
H
HHH
R2B
H
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Step 2 Oxidation
H O O H + NaOH H O O Na-H2O
CH3
HR2B
H O O
CH3
R2BO
O H
CH3
HOR2B
CH3
HOHH
OH
CH3
OH-
then hydrolyze
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6.15-6.17 Addition of Halogens - Anti addition via cations
No syn addition product formed
Stepwise or concerted mechanism?
Anti addition outcome is easily seen in cycles
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6.15-6.17 Addition of Halogens - Anti addition via cations
Two possibilities for stepwise mechanism, second explains stereochemistry
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6.15-6.17 Addition of Halogens - Anti addition via cations
Two possibilities for stepwise mechanism, second explains stereochemistry
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6.18 Addition of “X-OH” - Halohydrin Formation
Reaction can also result in regioselective outcome:
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6.19 Epoxides from Alkenes
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6.19 Epoxides – Essential Synthetic Intermediates
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6.20 Ozonolysis of Alkenes - Cleavage of the Double Bond
H3C
CH3
1. O3
2. Zn, H2O
CH3
H
CH3
H3C OO
CH3
H
H3C
H3C OO
O
O
OO
CH3
H3C
malozonide ozonide
CH3H3C
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6.21 Synthesis
OH
HH
H
OH
Br
Br2
H
Br
Br
H
Br
or hv
base (E2)
HBr (addition)
neutral (E1)
H2O (SN1)
H+, H2O
H3PO4or H2SO4
heat
HBrperoxides
1. B2H62. NaOH, H2O2
H2, Pd(also BrOH)
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6.22 Reactions of Alkenes with Alkenes - Polymerization200oC
ethylene polyethylene
or peroxides
tetrafluoroethylene teflon
F
F
F
F
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
H
H
H
H
200oC
ethylene plexiglass
or peroxides
CO2CH3
CH3H
H
CH3O2CCO2CH3
CO2CH3
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6.22 Radical Polymerization