Organic Chemistry

Organic ChemistryOrganic ChemistryPart 1 – The Backbone of O-ChemPart 1 – The Backbone of O-Chem

IntroductionIntroduction

How would you describe a diamond How would you describe a diamond crystal?crystal?

How about graphite (aka pencil lead)?How about graphite (aka pencil lead)?

What about a plastic grocery bag?What about a plastic grocery bag?

These items are all made entirely or mostly of carbon!!

ObjectiveObjective

Describe how carbon can bond to Describe how carbon can bond to form a large variety of molecules form a large variety of molecules ranging from simple hydrocarbons ranging from simple hydrocarbons to complex polymers and to complex polymers and biological molecules.biological molecules.

Why Carbon is Unique Why Carbon is Unique (and therefore (and therefore

Awesome)Awesome) With your model kits, make a single bond and a With your model kits, make a single bond and a

double bond? Which is easier to pull apart?double bond? Which is easier to pull apart?

1) Even a single bond between carbon atoms is pretty strong.• Double bonds and triple bonds are

stronger!


Awesome)Awesome) Discuss: Given the examples of carbon earlier, Discuss: Given the examples of carbon earlier,

would you say carbon is stable or not?would you say carbon is stable or not?

2) Carbon compounds are not extremely reactive under ordinary circumstances.


Awesome)Awesome) Again with your model kits, how many bonds can Again with your model kits, how many bonds can

each carbon atom make? each carbon atom make?

3) Carbon can form up to 4 single covalent bonds, so a wide variety of compounds is possible.

AllotropesAllotropes

Think back to the diamond, graphite, and Think back to the diamond, graphite, and plastic bag.plastic bag.

Guess: Which one of these is an interlocking Guess: Which one of these is an interlocking network, which one is made of sheets of network, which one is made of sheets of carbon, and which one is made of long chains carbon, and which one is made of long chains of carbon?of carbon?

Allotrope – different bonding arrangements of carbon

Some examples are:1) Tetrahedral Network – Diamond2) Sheets of carbon – Graphite3) Chains of carbon – Polymers4) Buckminsterfullerene

Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

Organic compounds have carbon AND Organic compounds have carbon AND hydrogen. Knowing this, could you imagine hydrogen. Knowing this, could you imagine making the diamond or buckminsterfullerene making the diamond or buckminsterfullerene structure?structure?

Organic Compounds – almost all compounds with carbon

Organic Compound Organic Compound TypesTypes

1) Hydrocarbons – organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen

Hydrocarbon SubtypesHydrocarbon Subtypes

Try making different types of bonds with Try making different types of bonds with your model kits using just carbons. How your model kits using just carbons. How many bonds can you put between just two many bonds can you put between just two carbon atoms?carbon atoms?

1a) Alkanes - straight or branched carbon chains containing ONLY single bonds

Names end in –ane

Example: Propane



1b) Alkenes – carbon chains containing AT LEAST ONE double bond

Names end in –ene

Example: Propene



1c) Alkynes – carbon chains containing AT LEAST ONE triple bond

Names end in –yne

Example: Propyne



1d) Rings – carbons are in a ring structure; may have single, double, and/or triple bonds.

Names start with cyclo-

Example: Cyclopropane



1e) Aromatic hydrocarbons – Ringed hydrocarbons with large resonance

Example: Benzene (C6H6)

=


You’ve probably heard of other organic You’ve probably heard of other organic compounds or molecules. What are some?compounds or molecules. What are some?

2) Other organic compounds – organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and at least one functional group


You’ve probably heard of other organic You’ve probably heard of other organic compounds or molecules. What are some?compounds or molecules. What are some?

Functional Groups – portion of an organic molecule that contains other elements: O, N, P, S, and the halogens (F, Cl, Br, I)

These groups usually determine the properties of the substance

IsomersIsomers

Try making CTry making C44HH10 10 with your model kits. Are all with your model kits. Are all of your molecules the same?of your molecules the same?

Isomers – compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structures

Example:

Drawing StructuresDrawing Structures

1.1. Carbon will ALWAYS Carbon will ALWAYS have 4 BONDShave 4 BONDS

2.2. Each atom is Each atom is represented by its represented by its chemical symbolchemical symbol

3.3. Double bonds – 2 Double bonds – 2 lines Triple bonds – lines Triple bonds – 3 lines Single 3 lines Single bonds – 1 lines or no bonds – 1 lines or no lineslines

Structures PracticeStructures Practice

Try drawing structures for the Try drawing structures for the following molecules in your following molecules in your notes:notes:1.1. An alkyne that contains 5 carbon An alkyne that contains 5 carbon

atomsatoms

2.2. Two isomers of CTwo isomers of C44HH1010

3.3. CC44HH66 as a cycloalkene as a cycloalkene

HomeworkHomework

Pp. 686 in Holt, #1-10Pp. 686 in Holt, #1-10

Organic Chemistry

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