Orders, Missions, America
Transcript of Orders, Missions, America
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NEW ORDERSMISSIONS
CHURCH IN AMERICA
Continuing 4.2
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NEW RELIGIOUS ORDERS
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Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) Injured as soldier Soldier for Christ Military background chain of command
Fourth Vow– absolute personal obedience to Pope
“The Spiritual Exercises” Intellectuals, theologians, missionaries
Practical, this-world … not withdrawal, sacrifice
Task for “soldiers”: Combat Protestantism
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Vincentians/Charitys
Vincent de Paul (1581-1660)Focus on the poor; preach to, teach
commoners Louise de Marillac Daughters of
CharityBypass cloister rules by taking private
annual vows
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Christian Brothers
John Baptist de La Salle (1652-1719)Educate poor children escape poverty,
crimeBegan classroom teaching (not private
tutors)Considered a founder of modern education
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Elizabeth Ann Seton
1774-1821 First American-born saint (canonized
1975) Convert; began Baltimore school Sisters of Charity (Emmitsburg) – first
religious order begun in the U.S. Credited with beginning the parochial
school system
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MISSIONARIES
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Exploration Begins
Events of 1492 1493 ~ Pope Alexander VI draws line,
dividing the AtlanticSpain gets West; Portugal gets East
1522 ~ Magellan sails around the world, so a second line is needed
Catholics travel to spread the faith; Protestants for trade
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Methods
Religious Orders ~ Franciscans, Dominicans, and especially Jesuits
“Hard” vs. “Soft”“Hard” ~ by force & destruction“Soft” ~ missions; settlements & teach;
accommodation/adaptation In the Americas
French in the North; Spain in the South
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Challenges
Conquistadors & ColonizersEnslave the “savages”Educated Christians humanMissions protected the natives
Danger of SyncretismTo what extent do you “adapt” the faith to
local customs, religious practices, etc., before it no longer is Christianity?
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CATHOLICISM IN THE COLONIES
AND U.S.
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The American Colonies
Established for “religious freedom”?Freedom of OUR, “perfect” religion!
11 of the original 13 colonies had official state religion; only two safe for CatholicsMaryland ~ begun as safe haven for Catholics
○ 1649 Act of TolerationPennsylvania ~ Quaker acceptance
Constitution ~ God not mentionedNo influence in EITHER direction
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John Carroll
1735-1815; elected bishop in 1789 (American Catholics feared foreign bishop)
Balanced democracy with Vatican loyalty
Began St. Mary’s Seminary (Baltimore), Georgetown College (DC), dioceses
1790 – 30,000 American Catholics1815 – 200,000 American Catholics
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Anti-Catholic Sentiment
Nativism & Know-Nothing Party “Public” Schools
Isolation vicious cycle Politics/Presidental Candidates
1929 ~ Al Smith1960 ~ John F. KennedyJohn KerryPaul Ryan & Joe Biden