Order Lepidoptera Butterflies and Moths ppt by Dr. J. Snyder, Professor Emeritus, Furman University.
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Transcript of Order Lepidoptera Butterflies and Moths ppt by Dr. J. Snyder, Professor Emeritus, Furman University.
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Order Lepidoptera
Butterflies and Mothsppt by Dr. J. Snyder, Professor Emeritus, Furman University
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Among our best known insects
• Some are large, showy, not hiding• Some are agriculturally important: either as
eaters of our food or as pollinators
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Evolutionary Placement
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• Panorpoida = those with sucking mouth parts (not biting)
• Two closely related orders within Panorpoida: Trichoptera and Lepidoptera
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Trichoptera, Lepidoptera
Among their closest relatives, these two are the ones with sucking mouth parts, not biting mouthparts
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Brief look at Trichoptera
• Common English name = caddisflies• Exclusively aquatic as larvae• Larvae build a protective case of pebbles, etc.
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Fossil evidence of Lepidoptera
• Embedded in rock or amber • Best guess now = first ones around 40 to 50
million years ago
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Characters of the Lepidoptera
• Name: “wings covered by scales”• Almost microscopically small objects, in layers
like shingles on roof
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Have “complete” life cycle
• Egg to larva (“caterpillar”) to pupa to adult• Holometabolous = a sign of advanced
evolution • Most busy at eating host plant = caterpillar
stage• Pupa: radical re-molding of body• Adult’s only function = reproduction– Typical adult lifetime = a week or two
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Okay, what’s the difference?
• Between butterfly and moth adults, that is– Antennae: best thing to differentiate– Day-flying vs. nocturnal– Thickness of body– Drab vs. brightly colored wings
• BUT, exceptions to all of these:
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Antennae: usually works
• Club at end, or hook at end, or anything else Butterfly Skipper Moth
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Day-flying moths
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Thickness of body
Moth Moth Butterfly Skipper
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Drab vs. Bright
All of these are moths
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And these drab insects are butterflies or skippers
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So, don’t separate moths from others
• Checklists of Lepidoptera place skippers and true butterflies in middle of the list
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Number of species
• Moths far out-number others• Worldwide numbers (known species): about 150,000
total (20,000 are butterflies, skippers)• North America: ~11,000 total (~750 non-moths)
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Placing a critter within its proper family
• Look at many close details– Proboscis: present or absent– Shape and position of antennae– Pattern of wing veins– Wing shape– Etc.
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After awhile, recognize by sight
Usually works, not always. Some real foolers.
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Identifying one species from a closely related other one
• Might come down to shape of genitalia• Coming along as a tool: DNA analysis
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Most common non-moth families
• Hesperiidae: the skippers. – Perhaps hardest to identify at species level– Usually have those hooked antennae– Usually drab brown, small to medium wingspan– ~290 North American species
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Papilionidae
• In eastern North America, all have “swallow tails” on hind wings, pretty large wingspan
• 33 species in North America
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Pieridae
• Yellow or white wings, small to medium wingspan
• ~60 species in North America
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Lycaenidae
• Blues, Coppers, and Hairstreaks• Small wingspan• ~135 North American species
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Nymphalidae
• Large, diverse family: ~200 N.A. species• Called “brushfoot” butterflies: 4 walking legs,
front two legs are “brush feet—not walking. Used to “taste-test” plants
• Small to large wingspan
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Some local Nymphalids
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A famous Nymphalid: the Monarch
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A word of warning
Some experts pull out a number of Nymphalids, give them their own families (“splitters”)
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Now, the moth families
• Perhaps as many as 63 families, or more, or less
• Some moths as small as mosquitoes, others are the largest of all Lepidoptera
• Number of South Carolina documented species = more than 1,888 (still counting!)
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Just the most prominent or largest moth families
• Family Sesiidae: pretending to be stingers
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Family Limacodidae
• Caterpillars can irritate skin if touched
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Families Crambidae and Pyralidae
• Formerly lumped as Pyralidae• Large family: ~1400 N. A. species• Small adults, many shapes and colors
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Family Geometridae
• The “inchworm” moths• Over 1400 N. A. species: very diverse• Very small to medium wingspan
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Family Saturniidae
• Small group (~65 N. A species), but very prominent
• The “silkworm” moths—make big cocoon
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Family Sphingidae
• Sphinx moths or hawk moths• Large wingspan, wide and narrow• ~125 N. A. species
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Remember this slide? Sphingids
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Family Noctuidae
• Largest Lepidopteran family: ~3400 N. A. species
• Extremely diverse size, shape, colors• Very small to large wingspan• Now includes two previously separate
families: Notodontidae and Arctiidae
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Just a few Noctuids
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Arctiinae: previously a separate family (Arctiidae): typically brightly
colored