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ORCHIDS OF PERU

Photograph by Louis O. Williams

CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH

FIELDIANA:A

BOTANY

Continuation of the

BOTANICAL SERIESof

FIELD

MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

VOLUME

30

CHICAGO,

U.S.A.

1958-1961

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 58-10546

BY CHICAGO

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS

BIOLOGY

oI

ORCHIDS OF PERU^*JJ

CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH

FIELDIANA: BOTANY VOLUME 30, NUMBER 1Published by

CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUMAPRIL9,

1958

ORCHIDS OF PERU

ORCHIDS OF PERUCHARLES SCHWEINFURTHResearch Fellow,Botanical

Ames Orchid Herbariumof Harvard University

Museum

FIELDIANA: BOTANY VOLUME 30, NUMBER 1Published by

CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUMAPRIL9,

1958THE LiBKAHY Or I;.-

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PRINTED WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF

The Frederick R. and Abby K. Babcock Fund

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 58-105^6

BY

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS

CONTENTSGenera IncludedPhragmipediumHabenariaChloraea

inPAGE

Volume

30,

Number

1PAGE

1721

PseudocentrumPterichis

106 107110

36 3942. ..

CranichisBaskervilla

PogoniaVanilla

117118

PonthievaBuchtieniaSpiranthes

EpistephiumElleanthusSobralia.

44 4768 78

127 128150

.

ErythrodesStelis

Wullschlaegelia

163

GomphichisStenopteraAltensteiniaPrescottia..

7884 92

Physosiphon

222 223 224 248

CryptophoranthusMasdevallia

104

Lepanthes

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONSPAGE

Map

of

Peru

3

TEXT FIGURES1.

Phragmipedium caudatumHabenaria parvicalcarata, H. pumiloides, H. avicula var. peruviana and H. dentiferaHabenaria repens Chloraea densipapillosaChloraea multilineolata

20 25

2.

3.

3537 3741

4.5.

6.7.

Pogonia VargasiiElleanthus capitatus

54 82

8. 9.

Gomphichis MacbrideiStenopteraciliaris

8789 90

10.11. 12. 13. 14.

Stenoptera laxiflora Stenoptera montanaAltensteinia elliptica Altensteinia longispicata

9599

Cranichis longipetiolata

114

15. 16.17.

Ponthieva bicornutaPonthievalilacina, P. similis

120 123 133

Spiranthes costaricensisSpiranthes curvicalcarata, S. pumila Spiranthes elata Spiranthes orchioidest

18.19.

135137143

20.21. 22.

Erythrodes marmorata, E. lobatocalcar Erythrodes multifoliata Erythrodes querceticolaStelis affinis

155158161

23. 24. 25. 26. 27.

172

Stelis ascensor Stelis

175177grandibracteata181

breviracema

Stelis concaviflora, S. Stelis curvicarina Stelis diffusa, S.

28.29.

183

minuta

185188vii

30.

Stelis dupliciformis

PAGE31.Stelis Endresii

189

32.33. 34.

Stelis gracilispicaStelis Stelis Stelis

195

leucopogonpunoensis

200208 212

35. 36. 37.

rhombilabia

Stelis triangulisepalaStelis uninervia

218221

38.39.

Masdevallia grandifloraMasdevallia pandurilabia

235241

40.41.

Masdevallia Vargasii

246251

Lepanthes caudatisepala

42. 43.44.

Lepanthes longipedicellata Lepanthes minutipetala Lepanthes pubicaulisLepanthes pumila, L.alticola

253

256

257259

45.

via

Orchids of Peru

INTRODUCTIONThis treatment of the orchids of Peru was prepared in the Orchid of Oakes Ames, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, at the suggestion of J. Francis Macbride of the staff of the then Field Museum of Natural History, as a part of his comprehensive Flora It constitutes the first attempt at a detailed description of Peru. of the orchids of any Andean region, and, as such, will necessarily show the limitations and shortcomings of any pioneer work. Except for the neighboring Republic of Colombia, Peru has the greatest number of orchid species recorded from any Andean country.

Herbarium

It is needless to mention anything about the varied geography of Peru, for this has been adequately covered detailed publications of A. Weberbauer extending from 1911 and particularly by the account given by him in the Flora

phyto-

by theto 1930of

Peru

(Field

Mus. Nat.

Hist., Bot. Ser., 13, pt. 1: 13-81. 1936).

Since the last part of the eighteenth century,

when Ruiz and

Pavon published thevianaeet

results of their explorations (in Florae Peru-

have been numerous to Peru and adjacent regions, but no comprecollecting expeditions hensive flora of that country had been attempted for over 130 years.Florae Peruvianae

Chilensis Prodromus, 1794-1802, and et Chilensis, 1798), there

Systerna Vegetabilium

In 1936, the

first

part of Macbride's

monumental work appeared.

To beregions

sure,

numerous Peruvian

published from time to time

species, including orchids, were together with those of neighboring

in Presl, Reliquiae Haenkeanae (1827), in Humboldt, Bonpland and Kunth, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (1815-16), and especially in Poeppig and Endlicher, Nova Genera ac Species Plantarum (1835-38). These were usually accompanied by line drawings of a more or less inaccurate and misleading nature, but they were often amplified by the more clear-cut descriptions of A. Cogniaux in K. von Martius, Flora Brasiliensis (1893-1906). The elaborate descriptions by Professor Oakes Ames and Dr. D. S. Correll and the accompanying plates in the Orchids of Guatemala

2

FIELDIANA: BOTANY,

VOLUME

30

(1952-53) have been of frequent assistance in the interpretation of the Peruvian material.

be of interest to refer to the recent botanical explorations we are indebted to sundry collectors who have discovered many orchids that have proved to be new to science.It

may

in Peru, for

recent botanical expedition to Peru, under the auspices of Marshall Field, was made by Macbride, assisted by the young The initial trip of six student William Featherstone, in 1922.first

The

months was an attempt to visit the areas of central Peru which had been botanized by Ruiz and Pavon. Macbride followed the Peruvian springtime by rail to Cerro de Pasco and Matucana near Lima at about 8,000 feet altitude, making headquarters near the classic collecting ground of Huanuco. The next year Macbride and G. S. Bryan followed a similar route, collecting at elevations of 8,00015,000 feet, then crossing the mountains and visiting the lower altitudes of Pozuzo at 2200 feet and La Merced in the Departmentof Junin, in the

company

of

an old resident of Peru, Carlos Schunke.

From 1900 to 1929, the great German botanist, A. Weberbauer, explored various regions in Peru, from the southern Departments of Ayacucho and Huancavelica through central Junin to the coastalDepartmentscountry.of Piura

and Tumbes

in the

northwestern part of the

W. Pennell, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, collected extensively in the neighborhood of Arequipa and Cuzco in southern Peru, as well as in the region northeast ofIn 1925, F.

Lima

in the west-central portion.

Intensive collecting on the wet tropical mountains of southern Peru was done by F. L. Herrera of Cuzco, who published a Flora of Cuzco in 1941.

During 1929 and 1930, Llewellyn Williams, of Field Museum, spent a year botanizing in the lowlands of northeastern Peru, in the Department of Loreto, with headquarters at Iquitos. He followedthe tributaries of the

Amazon

to the Brazilian border and thence to

the eastern Cordillera of the Andes.April to October, 1929, the Smithsonian botanists, E. P. collection, starting in the sterile coastal region of La Libertad, proceeding south to Lima, thenKillip

From

and A. C. Smith, made a very rich

more productive Tarma and Huancayo in the Department of Junin, again southward to Huanta in the Department of Ayacucho and northward through La Merced in Junin to Iquitosinland to the

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