Oral Health Guide 2011

It gives me great pleasure to note that Indian Dentists’ Alliance in kuwait

(IDAK) is coming out with a souvenir titled “Oral Health Basics” coinciding

with the 50th year celebrations of Kuwaiti Independence. It is noteworthy that

IDAK has included Arabic articles too in this issue.

On behalf of Kuwait Dental Association (KDA), I would like to wish all the

members of IDAK the very best and wish for close partnerships with IDAK in

future.

The President,

Indian Dentists’ Alliance in Kuwait

Dr. Ibrahim Ismail Abdulla

Chairman

Kuwait Dental Association (KDA)

State of Kuwait

Best Regards,

For more information contact: Tel +965 2532 5094 Fax +965 2531 6837 kda.org.kw - [email protected]

8 | Indian Dentists’ Alliance in Kuwait

Sitting (L to R): Dr. Peter D'Souza (President), Dr. J. David Gnanasekhar (Immediate Past President).Standing (L to R): Dr. Dileep Thomas (Joint Secretary), Dr. Pooja Nanda (Vice-President),

Dr. Jitendra Ariga (Treasurer) and Dr. Shaheer Malik (General Secretary).

Sitting (L to R): Dr. Javed Parker, Dr Roy Francis, Dr. Abraj Bhat, Dr. Sunil Thomas and Dr. John Joy. Standing (L to R): Dr. Vikas Kathuria, Dr. Dilip George, Dr. Rino Roy, Dr. Jijan Sam Thomas, Dr. Sudeep,

Dr. Laiju Zachariah and Dr. Anil George Philip

Indian Dentists’ Alliance in Kuwait | 9

IDAK OFFICE BEARERS 2010-2011

COORDINATORS OF COMMITTEES

EXECUTIVE MEMBERS

- President

- Vice President

- Immediate Past President

- General Secretary

- Joint Secretary

- Treasurer

- Scientific

- Cultural

- Public Relation

- Finance

- Internet Moderator

- Sports

DR. PETER D’SOUZA

DR. POOJA NANDA

DR. J. DAVID GNANASEKHAR

DR. SHAHEER MALIK

DR. DILEEP THOMAS

DR. JITENDRA ARIGA

DR. ABRAJ BHAT

DR. JOHN JOY

DR. ROY FRANCIS

DR. JAVED PARKER

DR. RINO ROY

DR. ANIL GEORGE PHILIP

DR. ROY FRANCIS - Editor

DR. SUNIL THOMAS

DR. SUDEEP P. T

DR. LAIJU ZACHARIAH

DR. VIKAS KATHURIA

DR. JIJAN SAM THOMAS

DR. DILIP GEORGE

IDAK was formed in October 1996 by a few

philanthropic dentists in order to interact

professionally and socially. Their farsighted

vision gained momentum and a definitive

association known as Indian Dentists’

Alliance in Kuwait (IDAK) was formed. Today

IDAK has more than 150 registered dentists

from India.

IDAK strives to spread the message of

“Prevention of Oral Diseases” among

the school children and general public in

Kuwait. As part of this objective, IDAK has

been actively organizing “Dental Screening

camps” targeting school children as well as

general public.

Another strategy that we have adopted to

create “Oral Health Awareness” among the

population is to bring out our magazine with

articles about oral health targeting general

population. Our first magazine titled “Oral

Health Guide” was released during the year

2007-2008. Almost 10,000 copies of that

magazine were distributed among schools

and other places of interest in Kuwait.

In continuation of this strategy, IDAK is now

coming out with “Oral Health Basics”. We

hope this will provide the reader with basic

information about oral health. A special

feature of this magazine is that all the English

articles have been translated to Arabic for

the benefit of the local reader.

I sincerely wish to thank the members of

the editorial board for having taken lots

of patience to prepare this publication.

My heartfelt thanks go out to the Arabic

translator. All our efforts would not have

been possible but for the timely financial

support by various sponsors, thanks to all of

them. Last, but not the least, I wish to recall

the support and encouragement of the

Embassy of India to Kuwait, Kuwait Dental

Association and Ministry of Health in all our

efforts.

I pray to the Almighty to shower His blessings

on the State of Kuwait which is celebrating its

50th anniversary of Independence and 20th

year of liberation; my hearty congratulations

to one and all on this occasion.

With sincere regards.

Dr. Peter Dsouza

President IDAK.

IDAK PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE

On behalf of Indian Dentists’ Alliance in Kuwait (IDAK)

I extend my greetings to all our readers.

FROM THE EDITOR’S DESK

It is a great privilege and honor for me on behalf of the Indian Dental Alliance in Kuwait (IDAK) to present you with our scientific magazine, Oral Health Basics. It is also an appropriate time to be publishing this magazine as Kuwait is celebrating the Golden Jubilee of its Independence, the 20th anniversary of its Liberation and the 5th anniversary of ascendance of His Highness as Amir of the State of Kuwait, and India is celebrating its 62nd year as a Republic.

There is nothing more beautiful than a smile on someone’s face. This beautiful smile is not just an accident, and for many it needs valuable time and effort to achieve it or maintain it. And the key to this beautiful smile is good oral health.

Dental decay and gum disease have always been considered as the most important global oral health challenges. In recent years the prevalence of dental decay has remarkably increased especially in developing countries. The key challenge is to combat the lack of awareness of preventive oral health care, and to provide appropriate oral health knowledge along with access to good and affordable dental care.

Many people simply do not know how teeth and gums get into trouble. And with this lack of knowledge, it is impossible to provide adequate therapy. Therefore, in order to raise the awareness among the people on the importance of oral care, and also inspired by

the support IDAK received for the first edition of our health guide, which was released in 2007, we have come out with this new edition with Arabic translation of scientific materials to make sure that nobody is left out from getting access to this valuable information. Every effort has been taken to give the basic information on common diseases of teeth (dental decay) and gum (pyorrhea.). Fortunately, dental decay and gum disease are completely preventable, and are reversible if treatment is provided at the appropriate time. Solutions do not come to those who do not understand the problem.

On behalf of IDAK I express my sincere gratitude to the Royal family of Kuwait, its people, Embassy of India in Kuwait, sponsors, office bearers, members of IDAK and all our well wishers. A special thanks to Dr Nafez Al Najjar for his valuable translations of the articles into Arabic. The primary aim of this publication is to benefit all our readers, without whom all our efforts would be fruitless. We also express our sincere thanks to the staff of Response Media, Kuwait for their valuable suggestions and assistance in publishing this magazine.

Once again IDAK salutes and congratulates Kuwait and its residents on the happy occasion of the glorious Independence and Liberation days.

Sincerely,

Dr. Roy Francis

The Editor

DEAR READERS,


CONTENTS

THE MOUTH 171.

HOW TO CLEAN YOUR TEETH 242.

DENTAL CAVITIES 333.

PERIODONTAL (GUM) DISEASES 414.

AMAZING DENTAL FACTS 505.


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The Mouth

Our mouth is a wonderfully designed machine with many different parts

that operate all together to keep you ALIVE, HEALTHY and HAPPY.

It is the first portion of the alimentary canal that receives food.The parts (Figure 1 & 2) of this incredible machine are:

• The upper jaw is a part of the skull. • The lower jaw, connected with the upper jaw and with ability to move up-down and from side to side. • The teeth and gums • The muscles which form the cheeks• The tongue• The saliva

Eating is only one of the most common USES OF MOUTH AND TEETH.

TEETH

The visible PART OF TOOTH (the crown) is covered by one of the DENTAL TISSUES, the enamel. The pink-colored skin around our teeth is the gingiva (gums), one of the PERIODONTAL TISSUES.

The first 20 teeth of a child are called ‘milk’ teeth or PRIMARY DENTITION. Later they are replaced by the 32 teeth of the PERMANENT DENTITION.

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 1


The Mouth

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FIGURE 3

TOOTH ANATOMY

In order to understand the descriptions of dental treatments, it is useful to know more about the anatomy of a tooth. Figure 3 shows cross section of a tooth showing the different components within the tooth.

Crown

The visible part of the tooth above the gum is called the dental crown. The crowns have different appearances according to the function of the tooth. The front teeth (incisors) are sharp and formed as a chisel to be able to take a bite, e.g. of an apple. The teeth in the back of the mouth (molars) have larger and more rugged surfaces, which make them suitable for chewing.

Enamel

The dental crown is covered by a hard layer of enamel. Enamel is the most solid

material in the human body. As much as 95% of the enamel consists of a mineral called Calcium-hydroxylapatit. Even though the enamel is hard, it can be broken down if the teeth are not kept clean.

Dentin

Only the visible part of a tooth is covered by enamel. The tooth mainly consists of dentin, which consists of calciumhydroxylapatit like the enamel. The mineral only makes up two third of the dentin, which makes this material softer than enamel. Contrary to enamel, dentin is sensitive as it contains a number of channels leading to the nerve system of the tooth.

Pulp

In the heart of the tooth is the dental pulp, which is the nerve of the tooth. The pulp is the only soft tissue in the tooth. It consists of arteries, veins, nerve systems and lymphatic tissue. The pulp is the substance, which makes sure you can feel pain in the tooth when the enamel is broken down by caries.

Root

The root is the part of the tooth, which is hidden under the gum. The root makes up two thirds of the tooth, and serves to fasten the tooth into the jawbone.

TYPES OF TEETH

Incisors

The 8 incisors are the very front teeth with rather flat surfaces, one root and a straight edge for cutting and biting the food. They also provide esthetics to the face(Figure 4).


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FIGURE 5

Canines

The 4 canines are very strong, pointed corner teeth for tearing and shredding (Figure 4).

Premolars

The 8 premolars (Figure 5) behind the canines, with a flat upper surface and 1-2 roots. They are used for the chewing of the food.

Molars

The 12 molars are the back teeth with large and flat upper surface and 2-4 roots (Figure5).They are used for the final chewing and grinding of the food before swallowing. (mola is the latin word for mill).

Wisdom Teeth

• Wisdom teeth are the last molars (one at every side of every jaw) and not another type of tooth.

• Wisdom teeth need special care. Sometimes they don’t erupt properly and they often cause dental problems because of the difficulty to clean them.

USE OF THE MOUTH AND TEETH

In addition to its primary role as the beginning of the digestive system, in humans the mouth also plays a significant role in communication. While primary aspects of the voice are produced in the throat, the tongue, lips, and jaw are also needed to produce the range of sounds included in human language. The mouth and teeth are also used for the expression of our feelings and emotions.

The absence of one or more teeth can cause problems to digesting your food, right

FIGURE 4

The Mouth


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speech and good appearance, affecting your physical and mental health.

The mouth plays an important role in sucking (it is part of the sucking apparatus), facial expression, eating, drinking and breathing.

Eating And Swallowing

The mouth is like a super mincing machine • The front teeth cut the food • The side teeth tear and shred it • The back teeth crush and grind it • The saliva moistens the food and the action of the tongue and the cheeks mix it all up so that it is easy to swallow• Tiny pimples on the surface of the tongue, the ‘taste buds’ tell you what you are tasting.Infants are born with a sucking reflex, by which they instinctively know to suck for nourishment using their lips and jaw.

Speaking And Singing

• From the first yell of a new born baby the mouth mixes the sounds which come up from the vocal chords in your throat. • All the different sounds which people make when they talk and sing depends on the way they use their : LIPS-TONGUE-TEETH

Expression

Whenever you show your feelings you use your mouth for: Smiling - Laughing - Crying - Kissing - Licking - Blowing - Whistling...

(Figure 6)

Another non-digestive function of the mouth is its role in secondary social and/or sexual activity, such as kissing. FIGURE 6

The Mouth


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The Mouth


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Regular cleaning of your teeth is of prime importance in order to maintain

good oral hygiene and keep your teeth free of decay and gum problems.

Why Brush?Brushing your teeth combats plaque, which builds up daily on the teeth. Removing plaque not only makes your teeth feel clean, but also helps to prevent bleeding gums, and makes your breath fresher too.

How to Brush.• Place the bristles of the toothbrush where the teeth and gums meet (Figure 1).

• Then, move the toothbrush back and forth using small, gentle movements to remove plaque from the gum region where it collects. Hold the toothbrush like you would hold a pen, so that you don’t rush too hard. Use a finger grip, not a fist grip.

• Don’t hurry. Make time to clean every tooth surface and make sure you don’t miss anywhere (Figure2-4).

• It is important to clean your tongue either using a tooth brush or a tongue cleaner. (Figure 5)

• Always remove partial dentures and braces before you brush and clean them separately.

Getting your child to brush his teeth regularly is a life-long habit. But young children do not understand the importance of this task. From the time the child has his or her first tooth, start teaching your child about good dental hygiene. Most good habits need to be formed early.

It is very important to take care of “baby” teeth. Decay in these teeth is unsightly and painful, and also being potentially harmful. Early decay can lead to infection and tooth loss that can affect the position of the permanent teeth.

How Often?Try to brush in the morning and last thing at night. In the morning, this will make your mouth feel clean and fresh. At night, brushing is especially important as it protects teeth against acid attack while you are asleep.

TIPS TO HELP YOUR CHILD DEVELOP GOOD DENTAL HYGIENE.

• When the first tooth appears, parents need to start working to keep plaque off the teeth. Wipe teeth and gums with a baby washcloth twice a day, or use a child’s toothbrush to gently clean the teeth. Don’t apply too much pressure because you can push the gums back and damage the teeth.

• When two teeth touch, floss your child’s teeth each day. You must do this job for your child until he/she is about seven or eight years of age. Then you still need to do supervision and checking.

• Bottles at bedtime may be common, but fill the bottle only with water. Other beverages promote tooth decay.

• Let your child get used to a toothbrush early. Try putting a little toothpaste on the brush and let the child practice brushing.

• Take your child to the dentist by atleast age two. You can prepare your child for this experience by playing dentist, and

How To Clean Your Teeth



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FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2

FIGURE 3

FIGURE 4

2. HOW TO CLEAN YOUR TEETH

FIGURE 5


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S reading children’s books about going to the dentist. Don’t wait for a problem to occur before making the trip.

• An ideal place to have your child practice brushing is in the tub. Splatters, drools and gargling messes can be cleaned up easily.

• Make sure that the child can see in the mirror while brushing his teeth.

• Have several different colored toothbrushes and let your child choose the favorite color of the day.

• To encourage thorough brushing, use a timer. The child can brush until the timer rings. Or pick a favorite song of your child’s and have her brush for the length of the song. Two minutes is an ideal length for tooth brushing.

• Practice good hygiene yourself. Floss and brush together.

Make kids to brush.The first thing to do is to understand why kids don’t want to brush:

• Possibly they don’t like the taste of the toothpaste. Change it. Select one with pleasant taste that contains fluoride but no sugar.

• Perhaps the toothbrush is too big

or too hard and annoys children while brushing. Select a toothbrush with small head, soft bristles and anatomic grip.

• Check if they have injured their gums. Wait for the injury to heal and repeat brushing.

• Don’t scare or threaten them for visiting the dentist.

• Explain to them that regular brushing will help them keep their bright smile for many years.

• Give the good example. Brush your teeth with your children for some days.

• Leave a reminder note to the bathroom mirror or on the pillow so that the children are reminded of the morning and before sleep brushing.

• Visit the pediatric dentist. He will help your child to understand the importance of brushing.

GET THE RIGHT TOOTHBRUSH.

In order to provide adequate teeth cleaning a modern toothbrush must:

• Have a head size that you feel comfortable in your mouth and allows you to reach to the back teeth.

• Have an anatomic grip to help the correct brushing moves

• Have a head design that helps cleaning at all the teeth surfaces even at difficult areas as the spaces between the teeth.

• Have nylon bristles (natural bristles wear out easier and allow the growth of bacteria).FIGURE 6



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• Have round ended bristles to avoid damage to the gums.

• Your dentist will advice you for the right toothbrush hardness (soft or medium) and type according to your specific needs, mouth shape and dental problems.

Your Child’s Toothbrush

A children toothbrush must also have:

• Small head size

• Soft bristles

• Big and anatomic grip for easier handling

• Attractive design to make brushing a pleasure for the child

When To Change Your Toothbrush The bristles of the toothbrush wear out during brushing, so after some time they don’t provide adequate cleaning and may injure the gums.

To have always the best results from brushing you must change the toothbrush:

• Every 3-4 months

• Immediately after the bristles start to loose their natural position on the head of the toothbrush. (Figure 7)

• After a cold or flue

• Children toothbrushes have to be changed more often since they wear out easier.

• Toothbrush is a strictly personal item; don’t let anyone else use it.

How To Store Your Toothbrush.The right way of storing your toothbrush will allow you to keep it in good shape for a longer period. To achieve it, after every brushing: (Figure 8)

• Wash and rinse well the toothbrush

• Put it in upright position to help drying

• Store it in a well ventilated area (not in a closet)

• The moisture that remains on the toothbrush may help the growth of bacteria.

TOOTH PASTE

We all know the basics - brushing with toothpaste helps remove plaque - a sticky, harmful film of bacteria and food debris that grows on your teeth and leads to decay and other bad things, but which toothpaste is the best? Or, do we just need a tube of everything?

Which Brand Is The Best?

As long as your toothpaste contains fluoride, it doesn’t matter. Whether you use a gel, paste, or even powder it will

FIGURE 7



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effectively fight plaque and cavities.

Fluoride is the true active ingredient at work in toothpaste. Some prefer tartar-control toothpastes, containing pyrophosphates. Recently, many brands have been promoted offering advanced whitening formulas aimed at removing stains to make teeth whiter and brighter. Unfortunately, as the saying goes, you get what you pay for. You may notice a slight improvement, but nowhere near can the results dentist achieve with professional formulas.

How Much Should I Use?

Contrary to what you’ve seen on commercials, you don’t need to load your entire brush with toothpaste and make that nice little swirl at the end.

The amount of paste or gel needed for effective cleaning is a pea-sized dab on the top half of your brush. Children under six, however, should only be given 1/2 this amount.

It’s enough To Just Brush, Right?

Nope. Although brushing thoroughly after each meal helps, flossing your teeth every day to remove plaque and food particles between the teeth and at the gum line is just as important. Plaque begins to re-grow within a matter of a few hours after brushing, even if your teeth are perfectly clean it’s a constant battle.

Dentists recommended that you floss at least once a day.

DENTAL FLOSS:

Choose a dental floss that does not shred or fray and isn’t so thin it cuts the gum or can’t be guided gently down and around the sides of your teeth. If your teeth are very close together, try dental tape or floss made of Gore-Tex®. Gore-Tex costs a bit more, but it slips more easily between tight teeth and will not tear on sharp edges.

If you have difficulty using floss or have bridgework, a floss threader may help. Special picks, small brushes and other interdental cleaners are handy for wide spaces between teeth.

Standard toothpicks should never be used for regular hygiene.

Proper flossing technique is very important for its effectiveness (Figure 9).

FIGURE 8



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MOUTHWASHESThe only mouthwashes shown to fight plaque are Listerine® and chlorhexidine (Peridex®, PerioGard®). It reduces bacteria, plaque and gingivitis when used for 30 seconds twice a day. Chlorhexidine is even more effective, reducing plaque by 55 percent and gingivitis by 30 percent to 45 percent. Rinses containing chlorhexidine should not be used at the time of brushing to avoid interaction between, and possible

inactivation of, certain chemicals found in both products. Rinses are not a substitute for regular brushing and flossing.

The Bottom-line

• Use fluoride containing toothpaste.

• Use toothbrush with soft bristles.

• Brush your teeth at least 2 times in a day for at least 2 mins each time.

• Use dental floss at least once a day.

FIGURE 9



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Cavities occur as a result of tooth decay. Tooth decay is the destruction of tooth

structure. Tooth decay can affect both the enamel (the outer coating of the tooth) and the dentin layer of the tooth.

Tooth decay occurs when foods containing carbohydrates (sugars and starches) such as breads, cereals, milk, soda, fruits, cakes, or candy are left on the teeth. Bacteria that live in the mouth digest these foods, turning them into acids. The bacteria, acid, food debris, and saliva combine to form plaque, which clings to the teeth. The acids in plaque dissolve the enamel surface of the teeth, creating holes in the teeth called cavities, or caries.

When tooth decay spreads to the nerve and pulp tissues of the tooth, the result can be dental pain, dental abscess, or facial cellulitis.

WHAT CAUSES DENTAL CARIES?• The oral bacteria responsible for dental caries belong to the streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli groups of bacteria.

• These bacteria, which cause dental caries, are able to metabolize sugar, produce a destructive lactic acid, and produce a sticky dental plaque. This destructive acid dissolves the mineral structure (hydroxyapatite crystals) of teeth. If the tooth mineral continues to be lost because of acid attack, the surface of the enamel will eventually be cavitated, producing a cavity (Figure 1).

• The bacteria which cause caries are usually “passed on” from mother

to infant, as early 10 months of age. The danger of infecting an infant’s teeth is increased if the mother already has the tooth decay herself.

• Children who frequently consume refined sugar products, such as candy and soft drinks, have a high risk of developing dental caries. Sucrose, a type of sugar, is therefore an important contributor to dental caries

• The newly erupted teeth of infants are the most susceptible to caries because they are not yet fully hardened (calcified). Calcium and phosphate in the saliva help fight dental caries by gradually “maturing” the tooth enamel.

WHO GETS CAVITIES?

Many people think cavities only affect children, but changes that occur with aging make cavities an adult problem too. Recession of the gums (a pulling away of gum tissue from the teeth), often associated with an increased incidence of gingivitis (gum disease), can expose tooth roots to plaque. Also, sugary food cravings

FIGURE 1

Dental Cavities


Dental Cavities

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The white spot lesions can be “reversed” (remineralized) by the application of fluoride (Figure 3) - if the problem is recognized early enough. Active cavities usually have a golden-brown color.

In advanced stages of tooth decay, you might experience a toothache, especially after consuming sweet, hot, or cold foods or drinks. Other signs of tooth decay are visible pits or holes in the teeth.Your dentist can discover cavities during your regular dental check-up. The tooth surface feels soft when probed by your

in pregnant women can make them more vulnerable to developing cavities.

Decay around the edges of fillings is also common in older adults. Because many older adults lacked the benefits of fluoride and modern preventive dental care when they were growing up, they often have a number of dental fillings. Over the years, these fillings may weaken and can fracture, allowing bacteria to accumulate in the tiny crevices causing tooth decay.

FIGURE 2 : White, chalky areas close to Gum

FIGURE 3 : After Remineralization

Dental Cavities


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dentist with a dental instrument. X-rays can also show cavities before they become visible to the naked eye.

HOW ARE CAVITIES TREATED?Cavities are treated in a number of different ways depending on the extent of tooth decay. If decay is not extensive, the decayed portion of the tooth is removed by drilling and replaced with a filling made of silver alloy, gold, porcelain, or a composite resin (Figure 4-6). Restorative materials used in fillings are considered safe. Concerns have been raised over the safety of mercury-based, silver amalgams in particular, but public health agencies continue to support the safety of this restorative material. Allergies to silver amalgam are rare as are allergies to other restorative materials.

If the decay is extensive and there is limited tooth structure remaining, crowns will be used. If a crown is needed, the decayed or weakened area of the tooth is removed and repaired and a crown is fitted over the remainder of the tooth. Crowns are made from gold, porcelain, or porcelain fused to metal.

ROOT CANAL THERAPY (also called “endodontic therapy”) (Figure 7) is recommended if the nerve (pulp) in a tooth dies (i.e. pulpal necrosis) and the tooth has a functional role in the dentition. Pulpal necrosis can occur as a result of infection of the pulp with decay-causing bacteria as well as from the unavoidable trauma associated with excavation of caries near the pulp. There are also pathologic processes that occur within the supporting bone that may result in death of the pulp. Traumatic injuries to teeth (such as those that might occur while playing contact sports) are also

FIGURE 4 : Silver Amalgam Filling

FIGURE 5 : Gold Inlay

FIGURE 6

3. DENTAL CAVITIES


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S known causes of pulpal necrosis. During a root canal, the pulp of the tooth, including the nerve and vascular (blood vessel) tissue, is removed along with decayed portions of the tooth. The canals in which the pulpal tissue resided are subsequently instrumented with endodontic files (rasps which clean and shape the canals), and are then filled with a rubber-like material called “gutta percha”. The tooth is filled and a crown may be placed over the tooth if needed. Upon completion of a root canal, the tooth is now “non-vital”, as it is devoid of any living tissue.

REMOVAL OF THE DECAYED TOOTH:Extraction is performed if the tooth is too far destroyed from the decay process to effectively restore, or if the tooth is considered non-functional (e.g. wisdom teeth frequently, teeth that lack an opposing tooth, or a tooth in a non-useful position) or the patient does not wish to undergo the expense or procedure of restoring the tooth.

NOVEL TREATMENT METHODSTraditionally, a dental drill is used to remove decayed material from a tooth, however, newer painless methods have been developed in recent years. Various surgical lasers such as Erbium:YAG

(2940nm) or Erbium,Cr3+:YSGG (2780nm) lasers have been developed for carious tissue removal, amongst other applications. Also air abrasion devices can be used to remove decayed material from a tooth. These devices offer advantages over the mechanical drill but have certain limitations in removing some pre-existing filling materials.

Several new treatments are under development. One experimental technique uses fluorescent light to detect the development of cavities long before they can be detected by traditional means, such as x-rays or dental examination. In many cases, if cavities can be detected early, the decay process can be stopped or reversed.

Researchers are also working on a “smart filling” to prevent further tooth decay by slowly releasing fluoride over time around fillings and in adjacent teeth.

HOW CAN PARENTS PREVENT DENTAL CARIES IN CHILDREN?

• Parents can modify oral hygiene techniques, depending on the child’s age. For small infants, the gums need to be cleaned once or twice a day with a piece of clean gauze. This will help to establish a healthy oral environment for the baby teeth. Infants should be introduced to the toothbrush around the age of one.

• Parents should not put children to sleep with a bottle containing any liquid other than water. Parents should encourage their infants to begin drinking from a cup around their first birthday.

Figure 7: Root Canal Treatment

Dental Cavities


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• Parents should help brush their children’s teeth every day, after every meal.

• Parents should not let their children drink fruit juice or sweetened drinks from a bottle or “tippy” cup, since this prolongs the exposure of teeth to harmful sugar.

• Parents should provide healthy, balanced meals for children. They should limit the amount of sugar-laden foods and snacks in their diet. Plenty of healthy snacks should be available for children. Cheese products actually fight dental caries.

• Parents can help make children’s teeth more decay-resistant by using an ADA- approved children’s toothpaste. Place only a pea-sized drop of toothpaste on the toothbrush. Until a child is 3 years old, parents should only use baby tooth cleanser - to avoid causing fluorosis discoloration of the adult teeth.

• Children taking oral medications should have their teeth cleansed after each dose of medication. Nearly 100% of children’s medications contain sucrose, which can increase the risk of developing dental caries.

• Children should have their first oral/ dental health evaluation by the age of 12 months, or within 6 months of the eruption of the first tooth.

• Parents should consider providing children with xylitol-containing chewing gum, which can help prevent dental caries.

HOW DOES FLUORIDE PREVENT CARIES?

• Fluoride contacting the teeth forms a layer of calcium fluoride-like material on the surface of the tooth enamel. When acid from oral bacteria accumulates on the teeth, fluoride is released from this protective layer. This released fluoride then aids in hardening (remineralizing) the enamel.

• Fluoride inhibits the ability of bacteria to metabolize sugar, because it interferes with the way bacterial enzymes work.

• Fluoride inhibits demineralization of enainhibits de-mineralization of enamel, because it inhibits the breakdown of carbonated- hydroxyapatite bacterial acid

Future trends in caries prevention: • Chemotheraputic methods of fighting the caries-causing bacteria will be used. These methods include the application of fluoride varnish and chlorhexidine gel on teeth (Figure 8).

Figure 8:Fluoride Varnish Application

Dental Cavities


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• Vaccines against dental caries. The vaccines would function by giving a child an improved IgA or IgG immune response to cariogenic bacteria.

• Molecular probes to measure the level of cariogenic bacteria in a child’s mouth.

• Earlier caries detection, including fluorescence and ultrasonography.

• Laser treatment of teeth. This technique would inhibit the

progression of dental caries by making the enamel surface highly resistant to acid attack.

The good news is that we can prevent dental caries in children! By providing a healthy diet, minimizing the consumption of sweets, cleaning children’s teeth at least twice a day, and getting early dental examinations, children can enjoy a happy, healthy smile.

Figure 9

Dental Cavities


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FIGURE 1

Periodontal (Gum) Diseases

Your teeth are intended to last a lifetime, and they can with proper care. Daily brushing and flossing and regular professional cleanings is the key to avoiding

periodontal diseases, the major cause of tooth loss in adults. Periodontal diseases, including gingivitis and periodontitis, are serious infections that, left untreated, can lead to tooth loss.

“Periodontal” comes from the Greek, meaning “around the teeth.”(Figure 1) Periodontal diseases start as a bacterial infection which attacks the gums, jawbone and ligaments that support the teeth and hold them in the jaw. Periodontal diseases are usually painless and may develop slowly or progress quite rapidly. Unless you have regular checkups, you may not be aware you have a periodontal disease until your gums and bone have been so seriously damaged that tooth loss is inevitable.

Periodontal disease can affect one tooth or many teeth. It begins when the bacteria in plaque (the sticky, colorless film that constantly forms on your teeth) causes the gums to become inflamed.



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In the mildest form of the disease, gingivitis, the gums redden, swell and bleed easily. (Figure 2) There is usually little or no discomfort. Gingivitis is often caused by inadequate oral hygiene. Gingivitis is reversible with professional treatment and good oral home care.

Untreated gingivitis can advance to periodontitis. With time, plaque can spread and grow below the gum line. Toxins produced by the bacteria in plaque irritate the gums. The toxins stimulate a chronic inflammatory response in which the body in essence turns on itself and the tissues and bone that support the teeth are broken down and destroyed. Gums separate from the teeth, forming pockets (spaces between the teeth and gums) that become infected. As the disease progresses, the pockets deepen and more gum tissue and bone are destroyed. Often, this destructive process has very mild symptoms. Eventually, teeth can become loose and may have to be removed

CAUSES OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE Periodontal diseases are caused by

certain types of bacteria in plaque, the sticky, colorless film of bacteria that constantly forms on teeth. (Figure 3 & 4) These bacteria create toxins (poisons) which irritate the gums and break down the attachment of gum tissues to the teeth. Over a period of time, these toxins can destroy the gum tissues allowing the infection to progress to the underlying bone.

In addition, unremoved plaque combines with the other materials and hardens into a rough porous deposit called calculus (tartar.)Calculus on the tooth surface, above the gum line, may not contribute to periodontal diseases, but on the root surface, below the gums, calculus deposits make the removal of new plaque and bacteria more difficult. Only a dentist or a dental hygienist can remove calculus deposits during professional cleaning.

THE FOLLOWING FACTORS CAN AFFECT THE HEALTH OF YOUR GUMS

• Smoking/Tobacco Use

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 3: Red Dye Demonstrates Bacterial Infection and

Plaque Build up that causes Periodontal Disease



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As you probably already know, tobacco use is linked with many serious illnesses such as cancer, lung disease and heart disease, as well as numerous other health problems. What you may not know is that tobacco users also are at increased risk for periodontal disease. In fact, recent studies have shown that tobacco use may be one of the most significant risk factors in the development and progression of periodontal disease.

• Genetics

Research proves that up to 30% of the population may be genetically susceptible to gum disease. Despite aggressive oral care habits, these people may be six times more likely to develop periodontal disease. Identifying these people with a genetic test before they even show signs of the disease and getting them into early interventive treatment may help them keep their teeth for a lifetime.

• Pregnancy and Puberty

As a woman, you know that your health needs are unique. You know that brushing

and flossing daily, a healthy diet, and regular exercise are all important to help you stay in shape. You also know that at specific times in your life, you need to take extra care of yourself. Times when you mature and change, for example, puberty or menopause, and times when you have special health needs, such as menstruation or pregnancy. During these particular times, your body experiences hormonal changes. These changes can affect many of the tissues in your body, including your gums. Your gums can become sensitive, and at times react strongly to the hormonal fluctuations. This may make you more susceptible to gum disease. Additionally, recent studies suggest that pregnant women with gum disease are seven times more likely to deliver preterm, low birth weight babies.

• Stress

As you probably already know, stress is linked to many serious conditions such as hypertension, cancer, and numerous other health problems. What you may not know is that stress also is a risk factor for periodontal disease. Research demonstrates that stress can make it more difficult for the body to fight off infection, including periodontal diseases.

• Medications

Some drugs, such as oral contraceptives, anti-depressants, and certain heart medicines, can affect your oral health. Just as you notify your pharmacist and other health care providers of all medicines you are taking and any changes in your overall health, you should also inform your dental care provider.

FIGURE 4

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• Clenching or Grinding Your Teeth

Has anyone ever told you that you grind your teeth at night? Is your jaw sore from clenching your teeth when you’re taking a test or solving a problem at work? Clenching or grinding your teeth can put excess force on the supporting tissues of the teeth and could speed up the rate at which these periodontal tissues are destroyed.

• Diabetes

Diabetes is a disease that causes altered levels of sugar in the blood. Diabetes develops from either a deficiency in insulin production (a hormone that is the key component in the body’s ability to use blood sugars) or the body’s inability to use insulin correctly. According to the American

Diabetes Association, approximately 16 million Americans have diabetes; however, more than half have not been diagnosed with this disease.

If you are diabetic, you are at higher risk for developing infections, including periodontal diseases. These infections can impair the ability to process and/or utilize insulin, which may cause diabetes to be more difficult to control and your infection to be more severe than a non-diabetic.

• Poor Nutrition

As you may already know, a diet low in important nutrients can compromise the body’s immune system and make it harder for the body to fight off infection. Because



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• Other Systemic Diseases

Diseases that interfere with the body’s immune system may worsen the condition of the gums.

TYPES OF PERIODONTAL DISEASEThere are many forms of periodontal disease. The most common ones include the following.

• Gingivitis

Gingivitis is the mildest form of periodontal disease. It causes the gums to become red, swollen, and bleed easily (Figure 5). There is usually little or no discomfort at this stage. Gingivitis is reversible with professional treatment and good at home oral care.

• Aggressive Periodontitis

This is a form of periodontitis that occurs in patients who are otherwise clinically healthy (Figure 6). Common features include rapid attachment loss and bone destruction and familial aggregation.

• Chronic Periodontitis

A form of periodontal disease resulting in inflammation within the supporting tissues of the teeth, progressive attachment and bone loss and is characterized by pocket formation and/or recession of the gingival (Figure 7). It is recognized as the most frequently occurring form of periodontitis. It is prevalent in adults, but can occur at any age. Progression of attachment loss usually occurs slowly, but periods of rapid progression can occur.

FIGURE 6

FIGURE 5

FIGURE 7



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Warning Signs

Persistent

Bad Breath

Bleeding

Gums

Swollen,

Tender Gums

Shrinking

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Loose

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Spaces

between Teeth

FIGURE 8

• Periodontitis a Manifestation of Systemic Diseases?

Periodontititis, often with onset at a young age, associated with one of several systemic diseases, such as diabetes.

• Necrotizing Periodontal Diseases

An infection characterized by necrosis of gingival tissues, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. These lesions are most commonly observed in individuals with systemic conditions including, but not limited to, HIV infection, malnutrition and immunosuppression.

WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE?

Figure 8 shows the most common symptoms of gum disease. The symptoms of gum disease may resemble other conditions or medical problems. Consult a dentist or other oral health specialist for a diagnosis

PERIODONTAL EVALUATION

Prevention of periodontal diseases begins with an understanding of its causes. A periodontal evaluation performed as part of your regular dental visit permits the dentist or dental hygienist to gather information about your teeth and gums that is not normally performed during a routine examination. During this evaluation, dentist will chart gum size, color and shape, tissue condition, signs of bleeding, plaque and calculus buildup. Dentist will check the bone level, mobility and recession. During the evaluation, and



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FIGURE 10

instrument called a periodontal probe will be used to determine if there is any breakdown in the gum tissue attachment or development of pockets between gums and teeth.The results of this evaluation, coupled with X-rays, will allow the dentist to make an accurate diagnosis, the basis for a treatment plan that best meets your need. (Figure 9 & 10)

TREATMENT PLANThe method of treatment of periodontal diseases depends upon the type of disease and how far the condition has progressed. Options for care usually, but not always, include the following:

• Oral hygiene care performed correctly and consistently

• A proper periodontal program (scaling, root planing, and/or curettage) on a regular basis

• Chemical irrigation with specific mouth rinse and antibiotics

• Periodontal surgery to reduce or eliminate periodontal pockets

• Tissue regeneration to build supporting bone and tissue that was lost during the disease state

• Replacement of the missing teeth and reconstruction of the proper bite.

FIGURE 9



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• The commonly used practice of putting a cap on toothbrush is actually more detrimental. The moisture entrapped in the cap favors bacterial growth.

• You are not supposed to brush within 6 feet of a toilet. The airborne particles from the flush can travel up to a distance of 6 feet.

• People who tend to drink 3 or more glasses of soda/pop daily have 62% more tooth decay, fillings and tooth loss than others.

• The first toothbrushes used to clean the teeth were tree twig fibers. The first toothbrush with bristles was made in China in 1498. The first commercial toothbrush was made in 1938.

• Fluoridated toothpastes when ingested habitually by kids can lead to fluoride toxicity.

• New born babies do not have tooth decay bacteria. Often, the bacteria are transmitted from mother to baby when she kisses the child or blows in hot food/ drink before feeding the baby.

• The snail’s mouth is no larger than the head of a pin, but it can have over 25,000 teeth! The Elephant grinds down its molars and grows new ones. This happens six times in its lifetime!

• Crocodile Birds fly into the open mouth

of a crocodile and clean its teeth for it!• In Egypt, mummies have been found with tooth fillings of resin and malachite. Loose teeth were held together with gold wire.

• In 201 AD the Romans were dental experts - using gold crowns and fixed bridgework, and a paste made of ground eggshell and honey to clean the teeth.

• In 1905 dental assistant Irene Newman was trained to clean teeth. She became the first Dental Hygienist. • An average woman smiles about 62 times a day! A man? Only 8! Kids laugh around 400 times, while grown-ups just 15!

• Smilers in school yearbooks are more likely to have successful careers and marriages than poker faced peers

• If you are right-handed, you will chew your food on your right side. If you are left -handed, you will tend to chew your food on your left side.

• Flossed Facts:-Year commercial floss was first manufactured: 1882 -Material it was first made of: silk -Newest material: Gore-tex -Amount bought per person: 18 yards -Amount that should be bought per person: 122 yards (figuring one foot a day)-Percent who say they floss daily: 28%

Amazing Dental Facts

IDAK ACTIVITIES 2010 - 2011

Meeting with H.E. the Ambassador of India Meet ‘n’ Greet

Meet ‘n’ Greet Release of membership card

Camp with MES and IDF Camp with MES and IDF

IDAK ACTIVITIES 2010 - 2011

IDAK Sports Lecture at Carmel School

Camp at Carmel School

IDAK Cultural Committee IDAK Cultural Committee

Camp at Carmel School


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: »KGQƒdG πeÉ©dG • Gƒfƒμj ób ¢SÉædG øe %30 ‹GƒM ¿G äÉ°SGQódG âàÑKG ºZÈdÉa , áã∏dG ¢VGôeCÉH áHÉ°UEÓd kÉ«KGQh Ú°Vô©e A’Dƒg ¿EÉa º¡jód ¬≤FÉØdG ájƒªØdG ájÉæ©dG äGOÉY øe ±É©°VCG 6 QGó≤Ã ºgÒZ øe ÌcG Ú°Vô©e ¢SÉædG

. ¿Éæ°SCÓd áªYGódG áé°ùfC’G ¢VGôeCÉH áHÉ°UEÓd »KGQƒdG ¢üëØdG ∫ÓN øe ¢SÉædG A’Dƒg ójó– ¿G ¢VGôe’G √ò¡H áHÉ°UE’G äÉeÓY º¡«∏Y ô¡¶J ¿G πÑb ≈∏Y á¶aÉëŸG ‘ óYÉ°ùj ób ôμÑŸG êÓ©∏d º¡Yƒ°†Nh

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. ∂àë°Uh ÚfƒμJ ∂JÉ«M øe áæ«©e äÉbhCG ‘ ∂fCG Úª∏©J pâfCGh ΩÉªàgE’Gh ájÉYôdG øe ójõŸG ∫òH ¤EG áLÉëH

.∂°ùØæH óæY ∫ÉãŸG π«Ñ°S ≈∏Y , Ò«¨àdGh è°†ædG äÉbhCG ‘ ∂JÉLÉ«àMG äÉbhCG hCG ¢SCÉ«dG ø°S hCG Æƒ∏ÑdG ø°S Æƒ∏H

‘ . πª◊G hCG ájô¡°ûdG √QhódG πãe á°UÉÿG á«ë°üdG äGÒ¨à∏d ¢Vô©e ∂ª°ùL ¿ƒμj áæ«©ŸG äÉbhC’G √òg ∂ª°ùL áé°ùfCG øe ÒãμdG ‘ ôKDƒJ »àdG á«fƒeô¡dG á°SÉ°ùM íÑ°üJ ¿G øμÁ ∂àãd ¿CG . ∂àãd ∂dP ‘ ÉÃ ≈∏Y ájƒb É¡∏©a IOQ ¿ƒμJ ¿ƒμJ ¿É«MC’G ¢†©H ‘h ¬°VôY ÌcCG ∂∏©éj Ée Gògh á«fƒeô¡dG äÉÑ∏≤àdG √òg

. áã∏dG ¢VGôeCÉH áHÉ°UEÓd ¿G ¤EG Ò°ûJ áãjó◊G äÉ°SGQódG ¿EÉa ∂dòd áaÉ°VE’ÉH ¬°VôY »g ájƒã∏dG ¢VGôeC’ÉH áHÉ°üŸG πeÉ◊G ICGôŸG ¿CÉHh ¿GhC’G πÑb IôμÑŸG IO’ƒ∏d ±É©°VCG 7 QGó≤Ã

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: á«°ùØædG •ƒ¨°†dG • kÉWÉÑJQG §ÑJôJ á«°ùØædG •ƒ¨°†dG ¿G º∏©J ÉÃQ ∂fCG Éªc ´ÉØJQG πãe IÒ£ÿG ¢VGôeC’G øe ójó©dÉH kGÒÑc á«ë°üdG πcÉ°ûŸG øe ójó©dGh ¿ÉWô°ùdGh ΩódG §¨°V »°ùØædG §¨°†dG ¿G ƒg ¬ª∏©J’ ób …òdG øμdh iôNC’G ¢VGôeCÉH áHÉ°UEÓd ¬ÑÑ°ùŸG Iô£ÿG πeGƒ©dG øe ƒg π©éj ¬fCG ¤EG çÉëHC’G Ò°ûJ h ø°ù∏d áªYGódG áé°ùfC’G ∂dP ‘ ÉÃ áHƒ©°U ÌcCG äÉHÉ¡àdEÓd º°ù÷G áehÉ≤e

. ø°ù∏d áªYGódG áé°ùfC’G ÜÉ¡àdEG

: ájhOC’G • ájƒªØdG áë°üdG ≈∏Y ôKDƒJ ób »àdG ájhOC’G ¢†©H ∑Éæg ÜÉÄàcEÓd IOÉ°†ŸG ájhOC’Gh , πª◊G ™æe ájhOCG πãe ÈîJ ∂fCG Éªc kÉeÉ“h , Ö∏≤dG ájhOCG øe áæ«©e ´GƒfCGh É¡dhÉæàJ ájhOCG …CG øY ¢UÉÿG ∂Ñ«ÑW hCG ‹ó«°üdG ∂«∏Y Öéj ¬fEÉa áeÉ©dG ∂àë°U ‘ äGÒ¨J …CG øYh

. ∂dòH ¿Éæ°SC’G Ö«ÑW ÈîJ ¿CG kÉ°†jCG

: ( Iƒ≤H ¿Éæ°SC’G ≈∏Y õμdG ) ¿Éæ°SC’G ôjô°U • ≈∏Y (¢†©J) õμJ ∂fCG óMCG ∑ÈNCG ¿Gh ≥Ñ°S πg

? ∂eƒf AÉæKCG Iƒ≤H ∂fÉæ°SCG …òdG ¿Éæ°SC’G ôjô°U øe ∂ØdG ‘ ⁄CG øe ÊÉ©J πg ‘ ∂jód á∏μ°ûe π– hCG ¿ÉëàeEG Ωó≤J ÉeóæY çóëj ≈∏Y (¢†©dG) õμdG hCG ¿Éæ°SC’G ôjô°U ¿G ? πª©dG

4 πμ°T



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íÑ°üJ ádÉë∏d Qƒ£àch áÑ¡à∏e íÑ°üJ »àdGh ( ø°ùdGh áé°ùf’G Qô°†J ∂dòH OGOõjh kÉ≤ªY ÌcCG Üƒ«÷G √òg ¿ƒμJÉe IOÉY . ÈcCG πμ°ûH á«ª¶©dGh ájƒã∏dG ájÉ¡f ‘h ôcòJ ¢VGôYCG ¿hóH ¬d ájÒeóàdG á«∏ª©dG π°üJ ób áLQód á∏î∏îàe ¿Éæ°SC’G íÑ°üJ ób ±É£ŸG

. É¡©∏≤d Ö°SôJh »eƒKô÷G ÜÉ¡àdE’G ¤EG Ò°ûj ôªM’G ¿ƒ∏dG áªYGódG áé°ùfC’G ÜÉ¡àdE’ áÑÑ°ùŸG á«eƒKô÷G áëjƒ∏dG

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áªYGódG áé°ùfC’G ¢VGôeCG ÜÉÑ°SCG :ø°ù∏d

øe ´ƒf ÖÑ°ùH çó– ø°ù∏d áªYGódG áé°ùfC’G ¢VGôeCG á≤Ñ£dG) á«eƒKô÷G áëjƒ∏dG ‘ IOƒLƒŸG ÉjÒàμÑdG πμ°ûàJ »àdG º«KGô÷G øe ¿ƒ∏dG áÁóYh áLõ∏dG

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. áã∏dG â– IOƒLƒŸG º¶©dG √ÉŒEÉH Ωó≤à∏d ¬dGõe Ò¨dG á«eƒKô÷G áëjƒ∏dG ¿EÉa ∂dòd áaÉ°VE’ÉH

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áã∏dG §N ¥ƒa ø°ùdG í£°S ≈∏Y IOƒLƒŸG í∏≤dG ¿G áªYGódG áé°ùfC’G ¢VGôeCG çhóM ‘ ºgÉ°ùj ’ ÉÃQ áã∏dG â– Qò÷G í£°S ≈∏Y í∏≤dG OƒLh øμdh , ø°ù∏d áHƒ©°U ÌcCG ÉjÒàμÑdGh á«eƒKô÷G áëjƒ∏dG ádGREG π©éj ºØdG áë°U á«æa hCG ¿Éæ°SC’G Ö«Ñ£d §≤a øμÁ . øe ø°ùdG ≈∏Y á©°VƒàŸG í∏≤dG á≤ÑW πjõj ¿G ¿Éæ°SC’Gh

. í«≤∏àdG á«∏ª©H ≈ª°ùjÉe ∫ÓN

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.iôNC’G á«ë°üdG πcÉ°ûŸG øe ójó©dGh Ö∏≤dG ÚæNóŸG ¿G ƒg ¬ª∏©J ¿ƒμJ’ ób …òdG ôeC’G øμdh ¢VGôeCÉH áHÉ°UE’G ô£ÿ ÈcCG πμ°ûH Ú«°Vô©e äÉ°SGQódG ¿G á≤«≤◊G ‘ . ø°ù∏d áªYGódG áé°ùfC’G óMGh ¿ƒμj ób ≠ÑàdG ∫Éª©à°SG ¿G ¤EG Ò°ûJ áãjó◊G ºbÉØJh çhó◊ ¬ÑÑ°ùŸG Iô£ÿG πeGƒ©dG ºgG øe

2 πμ°T 3 πμ°T



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≥«≤– øμÁh IÉ«◊G ióe ≈≤Ñàd ¿Éæ°SC’G äóLh ó≤d ¿G å«M í«ë°üdG πμ°ûdÉH É¡H AÉæàYE’G ” GPCG ∂dP ∞«¶æàdGh ¿Éæ°SC’G §«N ΩGóîà°SGh ¿Éæ°SC’G ¢ûjôØJ ¢VGôeCG øe áeÓ°ùdG ìÉàØe »g »eƒj πμ°ûH º¶àæŸG πμ°ûJ »àdGh ( áã∏dG ¢VGôeCG) ø°ù∏d áªYGódG áé°ùfC’G

. QÉÑμdG …ód ¿Éæ°SC’G ™∏≤d »°ù«FôdG ÖÑ°ùdG ÜÉ¡àdEG øe Óc ø°ù∏d áªYGódG áé°ùfC’G ¢VGôeCG πª°ûJ äÉHÉ¡àdEG »g h ø°ù∏d áªYGódG áé°ùfC’G ÜÉ¡àdEGh áã∏dG ób í«ë°üdG πμ°ûdÉH èdÉ©J ⁄h â∏ªgCG Ée GPEGh IÒ£N

. ø°ùdG ¿Gó≤a ¤EG …ODƒJ »g ø°ù∏d áªYGódG áé°ùf’G ÜÉ¡àdG Periodontal

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πª– »àdG á£HQC’Gh »æ°ùdG ïæ°ùdG º¶Yh áã∏dG ºMÉ¡j ¿ƒμJÉe IOÉY É¡fEG , »ª¶©dG ïæ°ùdG ‘ ø°ùdG âÑãJh ä’É◊G ¢†©H ‘ É¡fEG ’EG A§ÑH Qƒ£àJh áŸDƒe ÒZ

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(2 πμ°T) . â«ÑdG ‘ ájƒªØdG ºbÉØJ ¤EG …ODƒj É¡LÓY ΩóYh áã∏dG ÜÉ¡àdEG ∫ÉªgG ¿G , ø°ù∏d áªYGódG áé°ùf’G ÜÉ¡àdEG ¤EG ÉgQƒ£Jh ádÉ◊G ôKÉμàJh ƒªæJ á«eƒKô÷G áëjƒ∏dG ¿EÉa âbƒdG Qhôe ™e h

. áã∏dG §N â– áëjƒ∏dG ‘ IOƒLƒŸG ÉjÒàμÑdG ÉgRôØJ »àdG Ωƒª°ùdG ¿G ÜÉ¡àdEG πμ°ûJ õØ–h áã∏dG ¢TôîJh è«¡J á«eƒKô÷G ™°VƒdG Gòg ≈∏Y º°ù÷G π©a IOQ ¿EÉa ‹ÉàdÉHh øeõe CGóÑj ¿Éæ°SC’ÉH §«ëŸG º¶©dGh áé°ùf’G ¿G ¤EG …ODƒJ á∏μ°ûe ¿Éæ°SC’G øY áã∏dG ó©àÑJ . ÜôîàdGh QÉ°ùëfE’ÉH áã∏dG ÚH á∏μ°ûàŸG äÉZGôØdG »g) ájƒã∏dG Üƒ«÷G

ø°ù∏d áªYGódG áé°ùfC’G ¢VGôeCG( áã∏dG ¢VGôeCG)

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á«eƒKô÷G áëjƒdG 1

…ƒãd Ö«L 2

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áª«∏°ùdG áã∏dG 4

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á«æ°ùdG QƒîædG


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øe ÉæfÉæ°SCG ójGQƒ∏ØdG »ªëj ∞«c? ¢Sƒ°ùàdG

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. á«°†ª◊G äÉªé¡dG ÒKCÉàd

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≈∏Y kÉ«eƒj ÚJôe ™bGƒH ∫ÉØWC’G ¿Éæ°SCG ¢ûjôØJh Ö«Ñ£d IôμÑŸG ájQhódG IQÉjõdG ≈∏Y ¢Uô◊G h πbC’G

Gƒ©àªàj ÉædÉØWCG π©éj ¿G øμÁ Gòg πc ¿Éæ°SC’G.á∏«ª÷G á«ë°üdG áeÉ°ùàHE’Gh IOÉ©°ùdÉH

8 πμ°T

9 πμ°T



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øμÁ á«FGƒ¡dG (OÈdG) πë°ùdG ádBG ∑Éæg ∂dòc. ¿Éæ°SC’G øe ¢Sƒ°ùàdG ádGREG ‘ É¡eGóîà°SG

ádGREG ‘ á«μ«fÉμ«e äGõ«e Ωó≤J ä’B’G √òg ¿G ¢†©H ≥«≤– øY õé©J É¡fG ¤EG ø°ùdG øe ¢Sƒ°ùàdG áÁó≤dG äGƒ°û◊G OGƒe ádGREG πãe áæ«©ŸG äÉÑ∏£àŸG

. ø°ùdG ‘ IOƒLƒŸG , ¿B’G ôjƒ£àdG QƒW ‘ êÓ©dG ¥ôW øe ójó©dG ∑Éæg

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? ÉæfÉæ°SCG ¢TôØf GPÉŸ áëjƒ∏dG ádGREG ≈∏Y πª©J ¿Éæ°SC’G ¢ûjôØJ á«∏ªY ¿CG

∂dòdh , ¿Éæ°SC’G ≈∏Y kÉ«eƒj Ö°SÎJ »àdGh á«eƒKô÷G πª©J É¡fCG ¤EG áaÉ°VE’ÉH áØ«¶f ∂fÉæ°SCG ¿CÉH ô©°ûJ

. á¡jôμdG ºØdG áëFGQ πjõJh áã∏dG ±õf ™æe ≈∏Y

: ¿Éæ°SC’G ¢ûjôØJ á«Ø«c AÉ≤àdEG á≤£æe ‘ ¿Éæ°SC’G IÉ°Tôa äGÒ©°T ™°V

IÉ°Tôa ∑ôM Égó©H (1πμ°T) áã∏dG ™e ¿Éæ°SC’G ájRGõàgG äÉcôM πª©H ∞∏ÿGh ΩÉeCÓd ¿Éæ°SC’G

á≤£æe øe á«eƒKô÷G áëjƒ∏dG ádGRE’ áØ«£dh áØ«ØN IÉ°Tôa ∂°ùeCG , áëjƒ∏dG √òg ÅÑàîJ å«M áã∏dG

. Iƒ≤H ∑ôØJ ’ å«ëH º∏≤dG ∂°ù“ Éªc ¿Éæ°SC’G. ó«dG áμ°ùe ¢ù«dh ™HÉ°UC’G áμ°ùe πª©à°SEG

ø°ùdG í£°SCG πc ∞«¶æàd É«aÉc Éàbh §YCG πé©à°ùJ’.(4-2 øe ∫Éμ°TC’G) ¿É°ü≤f ¿hóH πeÉc πμ°ûH

á£°SGƒH ¿É°ù∏dG ∞«¶æàH Ωƒ≤J ¿G …Qhô°†dG øe ¬fG (5πμ°T) .¿É°ù∏dG ∞«¶æJ IGOG hCG ¿Éæ°SC’G IÉ°Tôa

Iõ¡LC’Gh ácôëàŸG á«æ°ùdG äÉÑ«cÎdG ádGREÉH ºb kÉªFGO ºK ¢ûjôØàdG á«∏ªY ‘ AóÑdG πÑb ácôëàŸG á«Áƒ≤àdG

. OôØæe πμ°ûH É¡Ø«¶æàH ºb º¶àæe πμ°ûH ¬fÉæ°SCG ¢ûjôØJ ≈∏Y ∂∏ØW ójƒ©J ¿G

QÉ¨°üdG ∫ÉØWC’G øμdh IÉ«◊G ióe ôªà°ùj ¿G Öéj ∫hC’G ø°ùdG ÆhõH òæªa ,ôeC’G ∂dP á«ªgCG ¿ƒcQój ’

ºØdG áë°üH AÉæàYE’G ≈∏Y ¬ª«∏©àH AóÑdG Öéj ∂∏Ø£d πØ£dG …ód ¢Sô¨J ¿’ êÉà– äGOÉ©dG º¶©e ¿C’ ,

á«æÑ∏dG ¿Éæ°SC’ÉH AÉæàYE’G kGóL º¡ŸG øe ¬fCG , kGôμÑe GQÉ°Vh ÉŸDƒeh É©°ûH ¿ƒμj ¿Éæ°SC’G √òg ¢Sƒ°ùJ ¿C’ , …ODƒj ôμÑŸG á«æÑ∏dG ¿Éæ°SC’G ¢Sƒ°ùJ ¿G å«M , kÓ©a ≈∏Y kÉÑ∏°S ôKDƒj Gògh kGôμÑe É¡fGó≤ah É¡HÉ¡àdEG ¤EG

. áªFGódG ¿Éæ°SC’G ™°VƒJh ÆhõH

? ¿Éæ°SC’G ¢TôØf ¿CG Öéj Iôe ºc πÑb kGAÉ°ùeh ìÉÑ°üdG ‘ ∂fÉæ°SCG ¢TôØJ ¿G ∫hÉM

. kIô°TÉÑe ΩƒædG áØ«¶f ∂fÉæ°SCG π©éj ìÉÑ°üdG ‘ ¿Éæ°SC’G ¢ûjôØJ πª©«a kGAÉ°ùe ¿Éæ°SC’G ¢ûjôØJ ÉeCG , É«cR ∂°ùØfh

≈∏Y »Ñ∏°ùdG ¢VÉªMC’G ôKCG øe ¿Éæ°SC’G ájÉªM ≈∏Y. ΩƒædG AÉæKCG ¿Éæ°SC’G

∫ƒ°ü◊G ≈∏Y ∂∏ØW IóYÉ°ùŸ íFÉ°üf: Ió«L ájƒªa áë°U ≈∏Y

∫hC’G »æÑ∏dG ø°ùdG ÆhõH òæe øjódGƒdG ≈∏Y Öéj • øY √ó«©H á«eƒKô÷G áëjƒ∏dG π©L ≈∏Y πª©dG

¿Éæ°SCG í°ùe ≥jôW øY ∂dPh πØ£dG ¿Éæ°SCG hCG kÉ«eƒj ÚJôe ™bGƒH π∏Ñe ¢TÉ°ûH πØ£dG áãdh ∞«¶æàd ∫ÉØWC’G ¿Éæ°SCG IÉ°Tôa ΩGóîà°SEÉH §¨°†dG ΩGóîà°SG ¿hóHh ∞«£d πμ°ûH ¿Éæ°SC’G

™LGôJh ¿Éæ°SC’G ∫Éë°ùfEG ¤EG …ODƒj Gòg ¿’ …ƒ≤dG .áã∏dG

Öéj ¢†©H QGƒéH Ú≤°UÓàe Úæ°S ÆhõH óæY • ∂°ùØæH ¿Éæ°SC’G §«N ΩGóîà°SEÉH AóÑdG Éæg äGƒæ°S ¿ÉªKhCG ™Ñ°S ø°S πØ£dG Æƒ∏H ≈àM kÉ«eƒj

±Gô°TE’G ‘ øjódGƒdG ôªà°ùj ¿G Öéj ∂dP ó©Hh . ¬°ùØæH ∂dòH πØ£dG ΩÉ«b ≈∏Y á©HÉàŸGh

ΩƒædG óæY áYÉ°Vô∏d πØ£dG ΩGóîà°SEG ¿G • Öéj ∂dòd á©FÉ°ûdG QƒeC’G øe »g

É¡àÄÑ©J ¿C’ §≤a AÉŸÉH áYÉ°VôdG áÄÑ©J ¢Sƒ°ùJ ¤EG …ODƒj ájôμ°ùdG πFGƒ°ùdGh ôFÉ°ü©dÉH

. ¿Éæ°SC’G ∫hÉM , kGôμÑe ¬fÉæ°SCG ¢ûjôØJ ≈∏Y ∂∏ØW OƒY • IÉ°Tôa ≈∏Y ¿Éæ°SC’G ¿ƒé©e øe π«∏≤dG ™°†J ¿G

. ¬°ùØæH ¬fÉæ°SCG ¢TôØj ¬∏©LEGh ¿Éæ°SC’G ôªY ¬Zƒ∏H πÑb ¿Éæ°SC’G Ö«ÑW ¤EG ∂∏ØW òN •



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ΩÉ©£dG º°†≤J á«eÉeC’G ¿Éæ°SC’G •ΩÉ©£dG ™£≤Jh ¥õ“ á«ÑfÉ÷G ¿Éæ°SC’G •ΩÉ©£dG ≥ë°ùJh øë£J á«Ø∏ÿG ¿Éæ°SC’G •

ΩÉ©£dG ÖWôj ÜÉ©∏dG • êõeh §∏N QhO OhóÿGh ¿É°ù∏dG Ö©∏j Éªc •

É¡©∏H π¡°ùj å«ëH ΩÉ©£dG äÉª«∏M) ¿É°ù∏dG ≈∏Y IOƒLƒŸG á≤«bódG äÉª«∏◊G•

¥hòàdG ¢SÉ°ùMG øY ádhDƒ°ùŸG »g ( ¥hòàdG Iõjô¨dÉH ¢üŸG IOÉY º¡jódh ¿hódƒj ™°VôdG ∫ÉØWC’G •

ºgOhóN á£°SGƒH AGò¨dG ¢üŸ º¡©aóJ »àdG »gh º¡gGƒaCGh

: AÉæ¨dGh ΩÓμdG ¿EÉa IO’ƒdG »ãjóM ∫ÉØWC’G …ód IO’ƒdG áNô°U òæe á£°SGƒH äGƒ°UC’G øe èjõŸG QGó°UEG ‘ ôªà°ùj ºØdG äGƒ°UC’G ™«ªL ¿G Éªc , Iôéæ◊G ‘ á«Jƒ°üdG ∫ÉÑMC’G ¿ƒª∏μàj ÉeóæY ¢UÉî°TC’G øY Qó°üJ »àdG áØ∏àîŸG É¡«a ¿ƒeóîà°ùj »àdG á≤jô£dG ≈∏Y óªà©J ¿ƒæ¨j hCG

. ¿Éæ°SC’Gh ¿É°ù∏dGh ÚàØ°ûdG

: á«¡LƒdG ÒHÉ©àdG ΩGóîà°SG øe óH’ ¬fEÉa ∑ôYÉ°ûe øY È©J ÉeóæY

(6 πμ°T) : á«dÉàdG QƒeC’G ‘ ºØdG ïØædG , ≥©∏dG , π«Ñ≤àdG , AÉμÑdG , ∂ë°†dG ,ΩÉ°ùàHE’G ÒZ ºØ∏d iôNCG ∞FÉXh kÉ°†jCG ∑Éæg , ÒØ°üàdG á«YÉªàLE’G äÉ«dÉ©ØdÉH …ƒfÉK QhO ¬d å«M á«ª°†g

.π«Ñ≤àdG πãe á«°ùæ÷Gh

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. ΩÉ©£dG ≠°†e É¡àØ«Xhh ¿GQòLhCG óMGh QòL

: ( ÚMGƒ£dG ) AÉMQC’G

≈MQ 12 ÉgOóYh á«Ø∏ÿG ¿Éæ°SC’G øY IQÉÑY »g IÒÑch áë£°ùe á«bÉÑWCG ìƒ£°S äGPh ÒÑc É¡ªéMh Ωóîà°ùJ »gh QhòL á©HQCG ¤EG ¿GQòL øe É¡d ¿ƒμjh ¬©∏H πÑb ΩÉ©£∏d »FÉ¡ædG ≥ë°ùdGh øë£dG á«∏ªY ‘ á¨∏dG »g ( ÚMGƒ£dG) MOLAR áª∏c π°UCG)

(5 πμ°T) .(øëW »æ©J »àdGMOLA á«æ«JÓdG

: π≤©dG ¢Sô°V øe ÖfÉL πc ‘ ø°S ôNBG) ≈MQ ôNBG ƒg π≤©dG ¢Sô°V êÉà– É¡æμdh AÉMQC’G »bÉÑc ≈MQ Èà©J »gh ( ∂a πc ó«L πμ°ûH ÆõÑJ’ ä’É◊G ¢†©H ‘h á°UÉN ájÉæY ¤EG áHƒ©°U ÖÑ°ùH á«æ°S πcÉ°ûe ÖÑ°ùJÉe IOÉYh Ö°SÉæeh

.ä’É◊G √òg πãe ‘ É¡Ø«¶æJ

: ¿Éæ°SC’Gh ºØdG ΩGóîà°SG áeó≤e πμ°ûj ¬fƒμd πcC’G ‘ »°SÉ°SC’G √Qhód áaÉ°VE’ÉH π°UGƒàdG ƒgh ôNBG º¡e QhO ºØ∏d ¿EÉa »ª°†¡dG RÉ¡÷G èàæJ äƒ°ü∏d á«°SÉ°SC’G äÉØ°üdG ¿ƒc øe ºZÈdÉa øe ΩÉg QhO ∂ØdGh IÉØ°ûdGh ¿É°ù∏d ¿EÉa Iôéæ◊G øY ájô°ûÑdG äÉ¨∏dG ‘ IOƒLƒŸG äGƒ°UC’G áYƒª› êÉàfEG

. øY ÒÑ©àdG ‘ kÉ°†jCG Ωóîà°ùJ ¿Éæ°SC’Gh ºØdG ¿G øμÁ ÌcCG hCG ø°S ÜÉ«Z ¿CG å«M ∞WGƒ©dGh ôYÉ°ûŸG ‘ áHƒ©°Uh ΩÉ©£dG º°†g ‘ πcÉ°ûe ¤EG …ODƒj ¿CG QÉKCG ¤EG …ODƒj É‡ ô¡¶ŸG ájƒ°ûJh í«ë°üdG ≥£ædG

. ¢üî°ûdG á«°ùØfh áë°U ≈∏Y á«Ñ∏°S Èà©j ¬fCG å«M) ¢üŸG á«∏ªY ‘ º¡e QhO ºØ∏d ¿CG ÒHÉ©àdG ‘ º¡e QhO ¬d Éªc , (¢üŸG RÉ¡L øe AõL

. ¢ùØæàdGh Üô°ûdGh πcC’Gh á«¡LƒdG

4 πμ°T

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¿ƒμJ (AÉMQC’G) á«Ø∏ÿG ¿Éæ°SC’G Éªæ«H , kÓãe IQOÉb É¡∏©éj É‡ IhÉ°ùb ÌcCGh kÉªéM ÈcCG É¡Mƒ£°S

. ΩÉ©£dG ≠°†e ≈∏Y

: Éæ«ŸG á≤ÑW »àdG Éæ«ŸG øe á«°SÉb á≤Ñ£H ≈£¨e ¿ƒμj ø°ùdG êÉJ ¿G øe %95 ¿G å«M ¿É°ùfC’G º°ùL ‘ IOÉe ≈°ùbCG Èà©J äGQƒ∏H ≈ª°ùJ á«fó©e OGƒe øY IQÉÑY »g Éæ«ŸG IOÉe IhÉ°ùb øe ºZôdÉHh .Ωƒ«°ùdÉμdG â«JÉHCG »°ùchQó«g á¶aÉëŸG ΩóY ∫ÉM ‘ ô°ùμ∏d á∏HÉb É¡fCG ’EG Éæ«ŸG á≤ÑW

. ø°ùdG áaÉ¶f ≈∏Y

: êÉ©dG

êÉJ ‘ Éæ«ŸG á≤ÑW â– IOƒLƒŸG á≤Ñ£dG ƒg êÉ©dG äGQƒ∏H øe ¿ƒμàj h , ø°ù∏d »°SÉ°SC’G ¿ƒμŸG ƒgh ,ø°ùdG OGƒŸG øμd , Éæ«ŸG πãe Ωƒ«°ùdÉμdG â«JÉHCG »°ùchQó«¡dG π©éj Ée Gògh kÉÑjô≤J êÉ©dG »ã∏K §≤a πμ°ûJ á«fó©ŸG êÉ©dÉa Éæ«ŸG ¢ùμY ≈∏Yh , Éæ«ŸG øe IhÉ°ùb πbCG êÉ©dG á≤«bódG äGƒæ≤dG øe ójó©dG ≈∏Y …ƒàëj ¬fƒμd ¢SÉ°ùM

. ø°ùdG ‘ ÜÉ°üYC’G á≤£æe ¤EG …ODƒJ »àdG

:»æ°ùdG Ö∏dG ÜÉ°üYCG øY IQÉÑY ƒgh ø°ùdG Ö∏b ‘ ™≤j »æ°ùdG Ö∏dG å«M ø°ùdG ‘ ó«MƒdG Ú∏dG Aõ÷GÈà©j h , ¿Éæ°SC’G ¬«ØŸ áé°ùfCGh ÜÉ°üYGh IOQhCGh ÚjGô°T øe ¿ƒμàj ÉeóæY ø°ùdG ⁄CÉH ô©°ûJ ∂∏©éj …òdG Aõ÷G ƒg h .

. ¢Sƒ°ùàdG ¬é«àf ø°ùdG Éæ«e º£ëàj

: Qò÷G â– ø°ùdG øe »ØîŸG Aõ÷G øY IQÉÑY ƒg ø°ùdG QòL ‘ ø°ùdG â«ÑãJ ≈∏Y πª©jh ø°ùdG »ã∏K πμ°ûj ƒgh áã∏dG

. ∂ØdG º¶Y

: ¿Éæ°SC’G ´GƒfCG: ™WGƒ≤dG

á©HQCG) á«eÉeCG ¿Éæ°SCG á«fÉªK øY IQÉÑY »g ™WGƒ≤dG äGP »gh ( »∏Ø°ùdG ∂ØdG ‘ á©HQCGh …ƒ∏©dG ∂ØdG ‘ á©WÉb OhóMh óMGh QòL äGPh áë£°ùe ìƒ£°S ≈£©J »gh ΩÉ©£dG º°†bh ™«£≤J ≈∏Y πª©àd áª«≤à°ùe

.(4 πμ°T) ¬Lƒ∏d ‹Éª÷G ô¡¶ŸG

: ÜÉ«fC’G ÉjGhR ‘ ™°VƒàJh kGóL ájƒb »gh á©HQCG ÉgOóY ÜÉ«fC’G

.(4 πμ°T) ΩÉ©£dG ™«£≤Jh ≥jõ“ ≈∏Y πª©Jh ∂ØdG

: ∂MGƒ°†dG ÜÉ«fC’G ∞∏N ™≤Jh (5 πμ°T) á«fÉªK ÉgOóY ∂MGƒ°†dG É¡d ¿ƒμj óbh áë£°ùe á«bÉÑWEG ìƒ£°S äGP ¿ƒμJh

Éæ«e 1

êÉY 2

(Ö°üY)Öd 3

êÉJ 4

¬ãd 5

∂ØdG º¶Y 6

QòL 7

ájƒeódG á«Yh’Gh ÜÉ°üYC’G 8

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πμ°ûH ¬ªª°üe áæ«cÉe øY IQÉÑY ¿É°ùfE’G ºa ¿G ¢†©H ™e πª©J áØ∏àfl AGõLCG øe ¿ƒμàjh RÉà‡ . Ió«L áë°üH ™àªàjh kGó«©°S ¢û«©j ¿É°ùfC’G π©éàd

.ΩÉ©£dG πÑ≤à°ùj …òdG á«ª°†¡dG IÉæ≤dG øe AõL ∫hCG ¬fG(2,1 πμ°T)

: ‹ÉàdÉc »g áÑ«é©dG áæ«cÉŸG √òg AGõLCG ¿G

. áªéª÷G øe AõL ƒg h …ƒ∏©dG ∂ØdG • ájódh …ƒ∏©dG ∂ØdG ™e §ÑJôj …òdG »∏Ø°ùdG ∂ØdG •

ÖfÉL øeh ≈∏YC’Gh πØ°SCÓd ácô◊G ≈∏Y IQó≤dG. ôNBG ¤EG

. áã∏dGh ¿Éæ°SC’G •. OhóÿG πμ°ûJ »àdG äÓ°†©dG •

. ¿É°ù∏dG • ºgCG øe óMGh ƒg πcC’G .( á«HÉ©∏dG Oó¨dG) ÜÉ©∏dG •

. ¿Éæ°SC’Gh ºØdG É¡H Ωƒ≤j »àdG ∞FÉXƒdG

: ¿Éæ°SC’G á≤ÑW ( ø°ùdG øe ôgÉ¶dG Aõ÷G) ø°ùdG êÉJ »£¨j

.Éæ«ŸG á≤Ñ£H √Éª°ùŸG á«æ°ùdG áé°ùfC’G øe Ée ƒ¡a ¿Éæ°SC’ÉH §«ëŸG ¿ƒ∏dG …ôgõdG Aõ÷G ÉeCG ∫ƒM áé°ùfC’G øe AõL πμ°ûJ »àdGh áã∏dÉH ≈ª°ùj

. á«æ°ùdG ¿Éæ°SC’G) »æÑd ø°S 20 πØ£∏d ájGóÑdG ‘ ô¡¶j ºFGO ø°S 32`H ó©H Éª«a ∫óÑà°ùJ »àdGh (á«æÑ∏dG

.(áªFGódG ¿Éæ°SC’G)

: ø°ùdG íjô°ûJ ‘ Éæd óH’ ¿Éæ°SC’G êÓY ∞°Uh ≈∏Y ±ô©àf »μd

.¿Éæ°SC’G √òg íjô°ûJ øY ójõŸG áaô©e øe ájGóÑdG …òdGh ø°ùdG ‘ »°VôY ™£≤e ô¡¶j 3 ºbQ πμ°ûdG

. ø°ù∏d áØ∏àîŸG AGõLC’G í°Vƒj

êÉàdG. áã∏dG ¥ƒa ø°ùdG øe ôgÉ¶dG Aõ÷G ƒg ø°ùdG êÉJ

ø°S πc áØ«Xƒd kÉ©ÑJ É¡∏μ°T ‘ ∞∏àîJ ¿Éæ°SC’G ¿Éé«J É¡∏μ°Th IOÉM (™WGƒ≤dG) á«eÉeC’G ¿Éæ°SC’Éa ’ áMÉØàdÉc πcC’G º°†b ≈∏Y IQOÉb ¿ƒμàd π«eR’Éc

2 πμ°T

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ºØdG 1 .

¿Éæ°SC’G ∞«¶æJ á«Ø«c 2 .

á«æ°ùdG QƒîædG 3 .

ø°ù∏d áªYGódG áé°ùfC’G ¢VGôeCG 4 .

( áã∏dG ¢VGôeCG)

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جدول äÉjƒàëŸG

Oral Health Guide 2011

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Transcript of Oral Health Guide 2011