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ARTICLE III

BILL OF RIGHTS

Section 1. No person shall be depried o! li!e" libert#" or propert# $itho%t

d%e process o! la$" nor shall an# person be denied the e&%al protection o!the la$s.

Section '. The ri(ht o! the people to be sec%re in their persons" ho%ses"papers" and e!!ects a(ainst %nreasonable searches and sei)%res o!$hateer nat%re and !or an# p%rpose shall be iniolable" and no search$arrant or $arrant o! arrest shall iss%e e*cept %pon probable ca%se to bedeter+ined personall# b# the ,%d(e a!ter e*a+ination %nder oath ora!!ir+ation o! the co+plainant and the $itnesses he +a# prod%ce" andpartic%larl# describin( the place to be searched and the persons or thin(sto be sei)ed.

Section -. 1/ The priac# o! co++%nication and correspondence shall beiniolable e*cept %pon la$!%l order o! the co%rt" or $hen p%blic sa!et# ororder re&%ires other$ise" as prescribed b# la$.

'/ An# eidence obtained in iolation o! this or the precedin( section shallbe inad+issible !or an# p%rpose in an# proceedin(.

Section 0. No la$ shall be passed abrid(in( the !reedo+ o! speech" o!e*pression" or o! the press" or the ri(ht o! the people peaceabl# toasse+ble and petition the (oern+ent !or redress o! (rieances.

Section . No la$ shall be +ade respectin( an establish+ent o! reli(ion" orprohibitin( the !ree e*ercise thereo!. The !ree e*ercise and en,o#+ent o!reli(io%s pro!ession and $orship" $itho%t discri+ination or pre!erence"shall !oreer be allo$ed. No reli(io%s test shall be re&%ired !or the e*erciseo! ciil or political ri(hts.

Section 2. The libert# o! abode and o! chan(in( the sa+e $ithin the li+itsprescribed b# la$ shall not be i+paired e*cept %pon la$!%l order o! theco%rt. Neither shall the ri(ht to trael be i+paired e*cept in the interest o!national sec%rit#" p%blic sa!et#" or p%blic health" as +a# be proided b# la$.

Section 3. The ri(ht o! the people to in!or+ation on +atters o! p%blicconcern shall be reco(ni)ed. Access to o!!icial records" and to doc%+entsand papers pertainin( to o!!icial acts" transactions" or decisions" as $ell asto (oern+ent research data %sed as basis !or polic# deelop+ent" shallbe a!!orded the citi)en" s%b,ect to s%ch li+itations as +a# be proided b#la$.

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Section 4. The ri(ht o! the people" incl%din( those e+plo#ed in the p%blicand priate sectors" to !or+ %nions" associations" or societies !or p%rposesnot contrar# to la$ shall not be abrid(ed.

Section 5. 6riate propert# shall not be ta7en !or p%blic %se $itho%t ,%st

co+pensation.

Section 18. No la$ i+pairin( the obli(ation o! contracts shall be passed.

Section 11. Free access to the co%rts and &%asi9,%dicial bodies andade&%ate le(al assistance shall not be denied to an# person b# reason o!poert#.

Section 1'. 1/ An# person %nder inesti(ation !or the co++ission o! ano!!ense shall hae the ri(ht to be in!or+ed o! his ri(ht to re+ain silent andto hae co+petent and independent co%nsel pre!erabl# o! his o$n choice.

I! the person cannot a!!ord the serices o! co%nsel" he +%st be proided$ith one. These ri(hts cannot be $aied e*cept in $ritin( and in thepresence o! co%nsel.

'/ No tort%re" !orce" iolence" threat" inti+idation" or an# other +eans$hich itiate the !ree $ill shall be %sed a(ainst hi+. Secret detentionplaces" solitar#" inco++%nicado" or other si+ilar !or+s o! detention areprohibited.

-/ An# con!ession or ad+ission obtained in iolation o! this or Section 13hereo! shall be inad+issible in eidence a(ainst hi+.

0/ The la$ shall proide !or penal and ciil sanctions !or iolations o! thissection as $ell as co+pensation to and rehabilitation o! icti+s o! tort%reor si+ilar practices" and their !a+ilies.

Section 1-. All persons" e*cept those char(ed $ith o!!enses p%nishable b#recl%sion perpet%a $hen eidence o! (%ilt is stron(" shall" be!oreconiction" be bailable b# s%!!icient s%reties" or be released onreco(ni)ance as +a# be proided b# la$. The ri(ht to bail shall not bei+paired een $hen the priile(e o! the $rit o! habeas corp%s iss%spended. E*cessie bail shall not be re&%ired.

Section 10. 1/ No person shall be held to ans$er !or a cri+inal o!!ense$itho%t d%e process o! la$.

'/ In all cri+inal prosec%tions" the acc%sed shall be pres%+ed innocent%ntil the contrar# is proed" and shall en,o# the ri(ht to be heard b# hi+sel!and co%nsel" to be in!or+ed o! the nat%re and ca%se o! the acc%sationa(ainst hi+" to hae a speed#" i+partial" and p%blic trial" to +eet the

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$itnesses !ace to !ace" and to hae co+p%lsor# process to sec%re theattendance o! $itnesses and the prod%ction o! eidence in his behal!.Ho$eer" a!ter arrai(n+ent" trial +a# proceed not$ithstandin( the absenceo! the acc%sed proided that he has been d%l# noti!ied and his !ail%re toappear is %n,%sti!iable.

Section 1. The priile(e o! the $rit o! habeas corp%s shall not bes%spended e*cept in cases o! inasion or rebellion $hen the p%blic sa!et#re&%ires it.

Section 12. All persons shall hae the ri(ht to a speed# disposition o! theircases be!ore all ,%dicial" &%asi9,%dicial" or ad+inistratie bodies.

Section 13. No person shall be co+pelled to be a $itness a(ainst hi+sel!.

Section 14. 1/ No person shall be detained solel# b# reason o! his political

belie!s and aspirations.

'/ No inol%ntar# serit%de in an# !or+ shall e*ist e*cept as a p%nish+ent!or a cri+e $hereo! the part# shall hae been d%l# conicted.

Section 15. 1/ E*cessie !ines shall not be i+posed" nor cr%el" de(radin(or inh%+an p%nish+ent in!licted. Neither shall the death penalt# bei+posed" %nless" !or co+pellin( reasons inolin( heino%s cri+es" theCon(ress herea!ter proides !or it. An# death penalt# alread# i+posed shallbe red%ced to recl%sion perpet%a.

'/ The e+plo#+ent o! ph#sical" ps#cholo(ical" or de(radin( p%nish+enta(ainst an# prisoner or detainee or the %se o! s%bstandard or inade&%atepenal !acilities %nder s%bh%+an conditions shall be dealt $ith b# la$.

Section '8. No person shall be i+prisoned !or debt or non9pa#+ent o! apoll ta*.

Section '1. No person shall be t$ice p%t in ,eopard# o! p%nish+ent !or thesa+e o!!ense. I! an act is p%nished b# a la$ and an ordinance" conictionor ac&%ittal %nder either shall constit%te a bar to another prosec%tion !orthe sa+e act.

Section ''. No e* post !acto la$ or bill o! attainder shall beenacted.Constit%tional La$ II

Oral E*a+ination

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8 :ece+ber '81'

1. a. ;hat is police po$er< Atien)a/

It is the inherent power of the State of promoting the public welfare by restraining

and regulating the use of liberty and property. (cruz, p 40)

b. ;hat are the tests !or a alid e*ercise o! police po$er

by citizens1. Such as right to &ote, hold public office, e%ploit natural

resources, operate public utilitiesi&. '&en ordinary statutes can &alidly distinguish between citizens and

aliens or, for that matter, e&en between or among citizens only

c. ;hat are the re&%isites o! a alid classi!ication/# and may be sub!ect to6'E5#I/> (*olice *ower)

b. ;hat is the non9establish+ent cla%se< Are there an# e*ceptions thereto/>2'S#5+ISL'># -5ES'9#he State may not set up a church, nor pass laws which aid one religion, aidall religion, or prefer one religion o&er another, nor force nor influence aperson to go to or remain away from church against his will or force him toprofess a belief or disbelief in any religion.

'Q-'*#I/>S9Sec D(:), 5rt CI9 e%emption from ta%ation of properties actually, directly ande%clusi&ely used for religious purposes

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Sec H(), 5rt CI9 appropriation allowed where the minister or ecclesiastic isemployed in the armed forces, in a penal institution, or in a go&ernment2owned orphanage or leprosarium.

Sec 4(), 5rt QIC9 citizenship re$uirement of ownership of educational

institutions, e%cept those established by religious groups and mission boards

Sec :(:), 5rt QIC9 optional religions instruction in public elementary and highschools9 at the option e%pressed in writing by the parents, guardians,religious instruction taught within regular class hours by instructorsdesignated or appro&ed by the religious authorities of the religion to which thechildren or wards belong, without additional cost to the o&ernment.

c. ;hat do #o% %nderstand b# the strict ne%tralit# approach< Ho$ abo%t thebeneolent ne%tralit# approach< ;hat approach is obsered in o%r

,%risdictionot surprisingly, all the cases which employed the clear and present dangeror gra&e and immediate danger test in&ol&ed, in one form or another,

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religious speech as this test is often used in cases on freedom of e%pression.('strada & 'scritor)

>+9 #he application of the clear and present danger test was originally madeto counter abuse of the right to ?reedom of '%pression to perpetrate crimesagainst the State. #he application of such test as regards religion appears to

be an afterthought. (-lass discussion)

e. ;hat is the co+pellin( interest test< ;hen is it applicable6-, petitioner minister was dismissed for misappropriation ofdenominational funds, willful breach of trust, serious misconduct, and gross neglect ofduties. @hat is in&ol&ed is the relationship of church as an employer ans minister asemployee. It is purely secular and has no relation to practice of faith.

13. a. ;hat are the ri(hts (%aranteed %nder Section 2" Art. IIIo person, regardless of the stage of the criminal prosecution, shall be admittedto bail if charged with a capital offense, or an offense punishable by reclusionperpetua or life imprisonment or death AN: EI:ENCE OF GILT IS STRONG

c. Is a hearin( al$a#s +andator# een i! bail is a +atter o! ri(ht or i! theprosec%tion poses no ob,ection to the (rant o! bailo person shall be twice put in !eopardy of punishment for the same offense.(6ight against double !eopardy)

b. ;hat is the e&%ipoise r%le'SS and to guarantee !udges willbe on

their +'S# +'L5CI/6

!. >a# trial ens%e een in the absence o! the acc%sed 5+S'>#I5

1. 5ccused is duly notified (notice is issued by the -ourt " eg. 8ate, time, &enue). ?ailure to appear is E>7ES#I?I5+'

(. ;hat are the sta(es in a trial that the acc%sed sho%ld be present5U

Re&%ire+ents 61eople vs. Sandal, "o. /*/0, September 3, /!-8 E>ESE5 /6 'Q-'SSIC', the penalty must be flagrantlydisproportionate to the offense no matter under what circumstances the offense may becommitted.

'2. a. >a# the acc%sed b# co+pelled to ta7e the $itness stando. #he right of the accused against self2incrimination is absolute. #his is due to thefact that all $uestion to be ased of him are incriminating. Since the purpose of theprosecution and asing $uestion is to incriminate the accused.6'havez v 'ourt of

Appeals-

JJJSee Section 7< Self#(ncrimination

5pplies to &erbal testimony onlyU 5s well as production of documents and papers andchattels in court. Landwwriting &alidation

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#he witness may be cross e%amined and ased incriminating $uestions on any matterhe testified to on direct e%amination.

c. ;hen is a &%estion incri+inatin(