Oracle SQL training in Kochi| Trivandrum | Thrissur

7/23/2019 Oracle SQL training in Kochi| Trivandrum | Thrissur

1/65

ISO 9001 : 2008 Certifed Company

THRISSUR KOCHI

TRIVANDRUM

www.facebook.com/indiaoption


2/65

Only Authorised Oracle Training Partner in

Kerala


3/65

SQL *Plus

This is a tool of Oracle which supports

SQL ( A language developed by I!" #$$%&


4/65

SQL 'oands

))L ()ATA)+I,ITIO,LA,-.A-"

)!L ()ATA!A,IP.LATO,LA,-.A-"

T'L (T/A,SA'TIO,'O,T/OLLA,-.A-"

)'L ()ATA'O,T/OLLA-.A-"

CRAT !"#RT CO$$!T %RA"T

A&TR #&CT RO&&'ACK R(OK

TR)"CAT )P*AT #A(PO!"T

*ROP *&T


5/65

asic )ata Types

,.!/

,ueric values with or with out decial points&g&

SALA/0 ,.!/(1"2

'O!!ISSIO, ,.!/(345"2

'6A/

Accepts alphanueric type of data& Its si7e is predefinedand doesn8t vary according to input&

g

,A! '6A/(5$"2


6/65

)ata Types (contd"

9A/'6A/

Accepts alphanueric type of data& Its si7e is predefined andvaries according to input&

g ,A! 9A/'6A/(5$"2

)AT )ate type of data& )ate forat should be )):!O,:0000&

g& )O; )AT2


7/65

'/AT

This is used to create a table&

Synta


8/65

)S'

To display the structure of the table&

Synta


9/65

ALT/

To change the structure of the table&

g to increase the si7e of a colun&

ALT/ TAL !P !O)I+0 ,A! 9A/'6A/ (5C"2

,ote=)o not reduce the si7e of the data type&

g= +or adding a new colun

ALT/ TAL !P A)) 'O!!ISSIO, ,.!/ (345"2

g to reove an e


10/65

I,S/T

To insert records (rows" into a table.SyntaTAL ,A!? 9AL.S ('OL# 9AL.4'OL5 9AL.4 @&&"

g=

I,S/T I,TO !P 9AL.S(#48A,.848!A,A-/848$5:AP/:5$$$84B$$$$"2

,ote= nsure that non nueric data are enclosed in single Duotes&

g for inserting ultiple values

I,S/T I,TO !P 9AL.S(E,O48E,A!848E)-,848E)O;84ESAL"2

,ote&

0ou will be asFed to enter records one by one& After entering all the records

you ay give a G and press nter Fey so that you can Feep on inserting records&

I,S/TI,- ,.LL 9AL.

g to insert null value to the colun SAL

I,S/T I,TO !P (,O4,A!4)-,4)O;" 9AL.S (#48;O0848'L/H848$#:

!A/:5$#8"2


11/65

SL'T

To retrieve records fro a table.

Synta


12/65

SL'T ( contd"

SL'T * +/O! !P K6/ SAL TK, #$$$$ A,) 5$$$$2

SL'T * +/O! !P K6/ SAL ,OT TK, #$$$$ A,) 5$$$$2

SL'T * +/O! !P K6/ )-, I, (N!A,A-/848'L/H8"2

SL'T * +/O! !P K6/ )-, ,OT I, (N!A,A-/848'L/H8"2

SL'T * +/O! !P K6/ ,A! LIH (N%8"2

SL'T ,O4 ,A!4 SAL*#5 AS A,,.AL SALA/0 +/O! !P2

SL'T S0S)AT +/O! ).AL 2 ().AL is a syste table"

SL'T * +/O! TA 2 (To display all tables4 views4 synonys created by the

current user"


13/65

.P)AT

To change the records of a table&

SyntaTAL ,A!? ST 'OL.!, ,A!M,K 9AL.

JK6/ 'LA.S

g=

.P)AT !P ST ,A! M NA/., H.!A/8 K6/ ,A! M NA/.,82

.P)AT !P ST SAL M SAL #$$$2


14/65

)LT

To reove records fro table&

SyntaTAL ,A!? JK6/ 'LA.S

g=

)LT +/O! !P K6/ ,O M #52

,ote=

If you do not give any condition4 all the records will get deleted&


15/65

T/.,'AT

This will delete all the records fro table&

Synta


16/65

)/OP

This will reove the table itself&

SyntaTAL ,A!?

g=

)/OP TAL !P2

'O!!IT


17/65

'O!!IT

This will save changes(I,S/T4 .P)AT4 )LT" peranently to the

database server& Khen you aFe an e


18/65

-/A,T

To grant privileges (I,S/T4SL'T4 .P)AT4)LT" to other

users&

SyntaP/I9IL- LIST? O, >TAL ,A!? TO >.S/ ,A!?

g&

-/A,T I,S/T4 SL'T O, !P TO S'OTT2

-/A,T ALL O, !P TO S'OTT2 (ALL eans )!L coands"

-/A,TI,- P/I9IL-S KIT6 -/A,T OPTIO,

6ere the other user can grant privileges to soe other users&

g&

-/A,T ALL O, !P TO S'OTT KIT6 -/A,T OPTIO,2/9OH

This will taFe bacF the privileges fro the other user2

g&

/9OH .P)AT4 )LT O, !P +/O! S'OTT2


19/65

O/)/ 0

To sort the records in ascending or descending order&

g=

SL'T * +/O! !P O/)/ 0 ,A!2

SL'T * +/O! !P O/)/ 0 ,A! )S'2 (+ordisplaying in descending order"


20/65

SQL * Plus +unctions

#& )ate functions

5& 'haracter functions

& ,ueric functions

& 'onversion functions

C& !iscellaneous functions

1& -roup functions


21/65

)ate functions

SL'T A))R!O,T6S (S0S)AT4 " +/O! ).AL2

SL'T !O,T6SRTK, (N##:SP:5$##84 8##:+:5$##8" +/O! ).AL2

SL'T !O,T6SRTK, (S0S)AT4 )O;"G#5 +/O! !PLO02

SL'T /O.,) (S0S)AT4 80A/8" +/O! ).AL2

SL'T /O.,)(S0S)AT4 8!O,T68" +/O! ).AL2

SL'T /O.,) (S0S)AT4 8)A08" +/O! ).AL2 (/ounds the date to thenearest Sunday"&


22/65

'haracter functions

SL'T .PP/ (,A!" +/O! !PLO02

SL'T LOK/ (,A!" +/O! !PLO02

SL'T I,IT'AP (,A!" +/O! !PLO02

SL'T /PLA' (N-OO) !O/,I,-84 8-OO)84 8A)8" +/O! ).AL2

SL'T S.ST/ (N-OO) !O/,I,-84#4" +/O! ).AL2

SL'T 'O,'AT (N6LLO848 KO/L)8" +/O! ).AL2

SL'T L,-T6 (N6AI8" +/O! ).AL2


23/65

,ueric functionsSL'T AS (:#$$" +/O! ).AL2

SL'T /O.,) (#1&1" +/O! ).AL2

SL'T /O.,) (#1&5345" +/O! ).AL2

SL'T 'IL (&1" +/O! ).AL2

SL'T +LOO/ (#5&1" +/O! ).AL2

SL'T SQ/T (#1" +/O! ).AL2

SL'T POK/ (54" +/O! ).AL2

SL'T !O) (##45" +/O! ).AL2


24/65

'onversion functionsTOR'6A/( "

'onverts date type data to character type data&g&

SL'T TOR'6A/ (S0S)AT4 8!!:)):00008 +/O! ).AL2

SL'T TOR'6A/ (S0S)AT4 8)):!!:00008 +/O! ).AL2

SL'T TOR'6A/ (S0S)AT4 8)A08 +/O! ).AL2

TOR)AT( "'onverts character type data to Oracle8s date forat&

g&

SL'T TOR)AT (8$1:$:5$#584 8!!:)):00008" +/O! ).AL2

TOR,.!/( "

'onverts character type data to nuber&

g&

SL'T TOR,.!/(N#$$8" +/O! ).AL2


25/65

!iscellaneousfunctions

SL'T .S/ +/O! ).AL2

SL'T .I) +/O! ).AL2


26/65

-/O.P +.,'TIO,S

SL'T !A (SAL" +/O! !P2

SL'T !I, (SAL" +/O! !P2

SL'T S.! (SAL" +/O! !P2

SL'T A9- (SAL" +/O! !P2

SL'T 'O.,T(,A!" +/O! !P2

SL'T 'O.,T (*" +/O! !P2


27/65

-/O.P 0

To group the records of a table&

g= for counting no of eployees in each departent (colunnae is deptno"

g=

SL'T )PT,O4 'O.,T( *" +/O! !P -/O.P 0 )PT,O2

SL'T )PT,O4 A9-(SAL" +/O! !P -/O.P 0 )PT,O2

A -


28/65

6A9I,-

To give a condition for a -/O.P 0stateent&

g=

+or displaying only those deptno with ore than C people&

SL'T )PT,O4 'O.,T (*" +/O! !P -/O.P 0 )PT,O

6A9I,- 'O.,T (*" ? C2


29/65

;OI,

)isplaying records fro ore than one table& Thereshould be a coon colun with the sae data type and

si7e&

T0PS O+ ;OI,

#& I,,/ ;OI,5& O.T/ ;OI,

& SL+ ;OI,


30/65

O.T/ ;OI, can be classified into

types& L+T O.T/ ;OI,

/I-6T O.T/ ;OI,

+.LL O.T/ ;OI,


31/65

I,,/ ;OI,

This will display only atching (coon" records fro two

tables&

g=

SL'T )PT&)PT,O4 ),A!4 ,A!4 SAL4 !P&)PT,O

+/O! )PT I,,/ ;OI, !P O, )PT&)PT,O M!P&)PT,O2


32/65

L+T O.T/ ;OI,

This will display all the records fro the left table onlyatching records fro the right table&

g=

SL'T )PT&)PT,O4 ),A!4 ,A!4 SAL4 !P&)PT,O+/O! )PT L+T O.T/ ;OI, !P O, )PT&)PT,O M

!P&)PT,O2


33/65

/I-6T O.T/ ;OI,

Opposite to L+T O.T/ ;OI,

g=

SL'T )PT&)PT,O4 ),A!4 ,A!4 SAL4 !P&)PT,O

+/O! )PT /I-6T O.T/ ;OI, !P O, )PT&)PT,O M

!P&)PT,O2


34/65

+.LL O.T/ ;OI,

This will display all the records fro both the tables

g=

SL'T )PT&)PT,O4 ),A!4 ,A!4 SAL4 !P&)PT,O +/O!

)PT +.LL O.T/ ;OI, !P O, )PT&)PT,O M !P&)PT,O2


35/65

SL+ ;OI,

;oining a table to itself is called SL+ ;OI,&


36/65

Dui ;oin

Siilar to Inner oin& ;oining two tables using eDual to operator

is called eDui oin&

g.SL'T )PT&)PT,O4 ),A!4 ,A!4 SAL4 !P&)PT,O

+/O! )PT4 !P K6/ )PT&)PT,O M !P&)PT,O2


37/65

,on Dui oin

;oining two tables using an operator other than eDual to

operator is called non eDui oin&


38/65

ST OP/ATO/S

This will cobine the results of two Dueries& oth Dueriesshould have the sae structure& There types of Set

operators&

#& .,IO,5& .,IO, ALL

& I,T/S'T

& !I,.S


39/65

.,IO,

This will display records fro both the Dueries e


40/65

.,IO, ALL

This will display all the records fro both the Dueries

including duplicate records&

g=

SL'T * +/O! ST.)# .,IO, ALL SL'T * +/O! ST.)52


41/65

I,T/S'T

This will display only coon records fro both the Dueries.g&

SL'T * +/O! ST.)# I,T/S'T SL'T * +/O! ST.)52


42/65

!I,.S

This will display distinctive records fro the first Duery only&

g.SL'T * +/O! ST.)# !I,.S SL'T * +/O! ST.)52


43/65

'O,ST/AI,TS

Specifies soe restrictions on the table& nsures data integrity&

'onstraints are classified into types&

#& )oain constraints

5& ntity constraints

& /eferential integrity constraints


44/65

)O!AI, 'O,ST/AI,TS

,ot null constraint

'hecF constraint


45/65

,OT ,.LL 'O,ST/AI,T

)oes not accept null value&

g=

'/AT TAL !P (,O ,.!/(" 'O,ST/AI,T

!PR,OR,, ,OT ,.LL4 ,A! 9A/'6A/ (5$"4 SAL ,.!/(1""2

0ou ay give the following coand to checF weather ,OT ,.LL

constraint is worFing&

I,S/T I,TO !P (,A!4 SAL" 9AL.S (N;OS845$$$$"2


46/65

'6'H 'O,ST/AI,T

Specifies a condition&

g=

'/AT TAL !P (,O ,.!/("4 ,A! 9A/'6A/ (5$"4 SAL

,.!/ (1" 'O,ST/AI,T !PRSALR'H '6'H (SAL TK,

$$$ A,) B$$$$""2


47/65

,TIT0 'O,ST/AI,TS

.,IQ. 'O,ST/AI,T P/I!A/0 H0 'O,ST/AI,T


48/65

.,IQ. 'O,ST/AI,T

)oes not accept duplicate values4 but will accept null value&

g=

'/AT TAL !P (,O ,.!/(" 'O,ST/AI,T

!PR.H .,IQ.4 ,A! 9A/'6A/ (5$"4 SAL ,.!/ (1""2


49/65

P/I!A/0 H0 'O,ST/AI,T

This constraint will not accept duplicate or null values&

Table created with this constraint is called parent table or

aster table which can be referenced by other tables& There

can be only one priary Fey constraint for a table&

g=

'/AT TAL )PT ()PT,O ,.!/(5" 'O,ST/AI,T

)PTRPH P/I!A/0 H04 ),A! 9A/'6A/ (5$""2


50/65

/+/,TIAL I,T-/IT0

'O,ST/AI,TS

+O/I-, H0 'O,ST/AI,T


51/65

+O/I-, H0 'O,ST/AI,T

Table created with this constraint can be called child table&

g=

'/AT TAL !P (,O ,.!/("4 ,A! 9A/'6A/ ($"4 SAL

,.!/ (1"4 )PT,O ,.!/(5" /+/,'S )PT ()PT,O""2

,ote=

nsure that the priary Fey colun of the parent table and foreign Fey

colun of the child table have the sae data type and si7e&

Khile inserting records into the child table8s foreign Fey colun4 ensure

that the record e


52/65

O, )LT 'AS'A)

If you givethis coand along with a foreign Feydeclaration4 it becoes possible to delete a parent table record

even if it has corresponding records in the child table& Khat

happens is that along with the parent table record4

corresponding records fro the child table also get deleted&

g+

'/AT TAL !P (,O ,.!/("4 ,A! 9A/'6A/ (5$"4

SAL ,.!/ (1"4 )PT,O ,.!/(5" /+/,'S )PT

()PT,O" O, )LT 'AS'A)"2

S. Q./0


53/65

S. Q./0

Query inside a Duery (select stateent" is called Sub Duery& This will

iprove perforance because it reduces the networF traffic&g to find eployee details whose designation is sae as that of 6A/I&

SL'T * +/O! !PLO0 K6/ )-, M (SL'T )-,

+/O! !PLO0 K6/ ,A! M N6A/I8"2

SL'T * +/O! !PLO0 K6/ SAL ? (SL'T A9- (SAL"+/O! !PLO0"2

g to find out second highest salary&

SL'T !A (SAL" +/O! !PLO0 K6/ SAL

,OT I, (SL'T !A (SAL" +/O! !PLO0"2

!.LTIPL S. Q./0


54/65

!.LTIPL S. Q./0

g=

SL'T * +/O! !PLO0 K6/ )-, I, (SL'T )-,+/O! !PLO0 K6/ ,A! M N6A/I8" A,) SAL M (SL'T

SAL +/O! !PLO0 K6/ ,A! M NS!A8"2

,ote 0ou can club any no of Dueries liFe this using NA,)8

operator or NO/8 operator&


55/65

!.LTIL9L S.Q./0

Sub Duery inside a sub Duery is called !ultilevel sub Duery&

g to display details of the eployee who gets the second

highest salary&

SL'T ,O4 ,A!4 SAL +/O! !PLO0 K6/SAL I, (SL'T !A (SAL" +/O! !PLO0 K6/ SAL

,OT I, (SL'T !A (SAL" +/O! !PLO0""2


56/65

'O//LAT) S.Q./0

It is a type of sub Duery which is e


57/65

OT6/ )ATAAS O;'TS

#& S0,O,0!

5& 9IK

& SQ.,'

& I,)

S0,O,0!


58/65

S0,O,0!

Synony is liFe a duplicate table which is created on a table&

Khatever changes ()!L coands" you aFe in a synony will be reflected

in the associated table also&

Synta


59/65

9IK

9iew can be defined as a virtual table which is created by

using a Duery& Khatever changes you aFe in a view will bereflected on the associated table also&

Synta


60/65

9IK (contd"

'hanging colun naes in a viewg=

'/AT 9IK !P9 (!P,O4 )SI-,ATIO,4 SALA/0" AS SL'T ,O4

)-,4 SAL +/O! !PLO0 K6/ )PT,O M 5$2

)/OPPI,- A 9IK

g

)/OP 9IK !P92

SQ.,'


61/65

SQ.,'

SeDuence is used to generate uniDue integer values&

g.'/AT SQ.,' SS I,'/!,T 0 # !A9AL. #$

!I,9AL. #2

,ote&

Assue that you have a table called stud which has asingle colun rollno (data type nuber(""& ,ow we ay

insert records into this table using the seDuence which we

have created&

SQ.,' ('ontd"


62/65

SQ.,' ('ontd"

g&

I,S/T I,TO ST.) 9AL.S (SS&,T9AL"2Then type G to repeat the process&

I,S/T I,TO ST.) 9AL.S (SS&'.//9AL"2

g&

'/AT SQ.,' SS STA/T KIT6 1 I,'/!,T 0 #

!A9AL. #$ !I,9AL. # '0'L 'A'6 32

)/OPPI,- A SQ.,'

g

)/OP SQ.,' SS2

I,)


63/65

I,)

Inde< is a database obect which is created on a table or view& /ecords are

stored in a sorted order& It is not possible to open an IndeI,) ,A!? O, >TAL ,A!? ('OL.!, ,A!"

-=

'/AT I,) !P O, !PL (,O"2

'/AT I,) !P O, !PL (,O" /9/S2

'O!POSIT I,)

Specifying for than one colun in an inde< is called 'O!POSIT I,)&g=

'/AT I,) !P O, !PL( ,O4,A!"2

I,) (contd"


64/65

I,) (contd"

.,IQ. I,)

This type of Inde< can8t be created on a table which has duplicate

records in the Fey colun (colun to be inde


65/65

ThanF 0ou

Oracle SQL training in Kochi| Trivandrum | Thrissur

Documents

Transcript of Oracle SQL training in Kochi| Trivandrum | Thrissur