Options and Futures (Chapter 18 and 19 Hirschey and Nofsinger)
description
Transcript of Options and Futures (Chapter 18 and 19 Hirschey and Nofsinger)
Vicentiu Covrig
1
Options and Futures(Chapter 18 and 19 Hirschey and Nofsinger)
Vicentiu Covrig
2
Potential Benefits of Derivatives
Derivative instruments: Value is determined by, or derived from, the value of another instrument vehicle, called the underlying asset or security
Risk shifting- Especially shifting the risk of asset price changes or interest rate changes to
another party willing to bear that risk Price formation
- Speculation opportunities when some investors may feel assets are mis-priced
Investment cost reduction- To hedge portfolio risks more efficiently and less costly than would
otherwise be possible
Vicentiu Covrig
3
Forward Contracts An agreement between two parties to exchange an asset at a
specified price on a specified date Buyer is long, seller is short; symmetric gains and losses as price
changes, zero sum game Contracts are OTC, have negotiable terms, and are not liquid Subject to credit risk or default risk Value realized only at expiration Popular in currency exchange markets
Vicentiu Covrig
4
Futures Contracts Like forward contracts…
- Buyer is long and is obligated to buy- Seller is short and is obligated to sell
Unlike forward contracts…- Traded on an exchange- Standardized – size, maturity- More liquidity - can “reverse” a position and offset the future
obligation, other party is the exchange- Less credit risk - initial margin required - Additional margin needs are determined through a daily
“marking to market” based on price changes
Vicentiu Covrig
5
Futures Contracts
Futures Quotations- One contract is for a fixed amount of the underlying
asset5,000 bushels of corn (of a certain grade)$250 x Index for S&P 500 Index Futures (of a
certain maturity)- Prices are given in terms of the underlying asset
Cents per bushel (grains)Value of the index
- Value of one contract is price x contract amount
Vicentiu Covrig
6
Futures Contracts
Example: Suppose you bought (go long) the most recent (June) S&P 500 contract at the settle price of 1180.80.
What was the original contract value?Value = $250 x 1180.80 = $295,200 What is your profit if you close your position (sell a
contract) for 1250.00?Value = $250 x 1250.00 = $312,500Profit = $312,500 - $295,200 = $17,300
Vicentiu Covrig
7
Options Option to buy is a call option
Call options gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy a given quantity of some asset at some time in the future, at prices agreed upon today.
Option to sell is a put optionPut options gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to sell a given quantity of some asset at some time in the future, at prices agreed upon today
Option premium – price paid for the option Exercise price or strike price – the price at which the asset can be
bought or sold under the contract Open interest: number of outstanding options Expiration date
- European: can be exercised only at expiration- American: exercised any time before expiration
Vicentiu Covrig
8
Options Contracts: Preliminaries
A call option is: In-the-money
- The exercise price is less than the spot price of the underlying asset.
At-the-money- The exercise price is equal to the spot price of the
underlying asset. Out-of-the-money
- The exercise price is more than the spot price of the underlying asset.
Vicentiu Covrig
9
Options Contracts: Preliminaries
A put option is: In-the-money
- The exercise price is greater than the spot price of the underlying asset.
At-the-money- The exercise price is equal to the spot price of the
underlying asset. Out-of-the-money
- The exercise price is less than the spot price of the underlying asset.
Vicentiu Covrig
10
OptionsExample: Suppose you own a call option with an exercise (strike) price of
$30. If the stock price is $40 (in-the-money):
- Your option has an intrinsic value of $10 - You have the right to buy at $30, and you can exercise and then sell
for $40. If the stock price is $20 (out-of-the-money):
- Your option has no intrinsic value- You would not exercise your right to buy something for $30 that you
can buy for $20!
Vicentiu Covrig
11
Options
Example: Suppose you own a put option with an exercise (strike) price of $30.
If the stock price is $20 (in-the-money):- Your option has an intrinsic value of $10 - You have the right to sell at $30, so you can buy the stock at
$20 and then exercise and sell for $30 If the stock price is $40 (out-of-the-money):
- Your option has no intrinsic value- You would not exercise your right to sell something for $30 that
you can sell for $40!
Vicentiu Covrig
12
Options
Stock Option Quotations- One contract is for 100 shares of stock- Quotations give:
Underlying stock and its current priceStrike priceMonth of expirationPremiums per share for puts and callsVolume of contracts
Premiums are often small- A small investment can be “leveraged” into high profits
(or losses)
Vicentiu Covrig
13
OptionsExample: Suppose that you buy a January $60 call option on Hansen
at a price (premium) of $9.Cost of your contract = $9 x 100 = $900If the current stock price is $63.20, the intrinsic value is $3.20 per
share. What is your dollar profit (loss) if, at expiration, Hansen is selling
for $50?Out-of-the-money, so Profit = ($900) What is your percentage profit with options?Return = (0-9)/9 = -100% What if you had invested in the stock?Return = (50-63.20)/63.20 = (20.89%)
Vicentiu Covrig
14
OptionsWhat is your dollar profit (loss) if, at expiration, Hansen is selling for $85?Profit = 100(85-60) – 900 = $1,600 Is your percentage profit with options?Return = (85-60-9)/9 = 77.78% What if you had invested in the stock?Return = (85-63.20)/63.20 = 34.49%
Vicentiu Covrig
15
Options Payoff diagrams
- Show payoffs at expiration for different stock prices (V) for a particular option contract with a strike price of X
- For calls:if the V<X, the payoff is zeroIf V>X, the payoff is V-XPayoff = Max [0, V-X]
- For puts:if the V>X, the payoff is zeroIf V<X, the payoff is X-VPayoff = Max [0, X-V]
Vicentiu Covrig
16
Option Trading Strategies
There are a number of different option strategies: Buying call options Selling call options Buying put options Selling put options Option spreads
Vicentiu Covrig
17
Buying Call Options Position taken in the expectation that the price will increase (long
position) Profit for purchasing a Call Option:Per Share Profit =Max [0, V-X] – Call Premium The following diagram shows different total dollar profits for
buying a call option with a strike price of $70 and a premium of $6.13
Vicentiu Covrig
18
Buying Call Options
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
1,000
500
0
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
(500)
(1,000)
Exercise Price = $70Option Price = $6.13
Profit from Strategy
Stock Price at Expiration
Vicentiu Covrig
19
Selling Call Options Bet that the price will not increase greatly – collect
premium income with no payoff Can be a far riskier strategy than buying the same options The payoff for the buyer is the amount owed by the writer
(no upper bound on V-X) Uncovered calls: writer does not own the stock (riskier
position) Covered calls: writer owns the stock
Vicentiu Covrig
20
Selling Call Options
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
(1,000)
(1,500)
(2,000)
(500)
0
500
1,000
(2,500)
(3,000)
Exercise Price = $70Option Price = $6.13
Stock Price at Expiration
Profit from Uncovered Call Strategy
Vicentiu Covrig
21
Buying Put Options Position taken in the expectation that the price will
decrease (short position) Profit for purchasing a Put Option:Per Share Profit = Max [0, X-V] – Put Premium Protective put: Buying a put while owning the stock (if the
price declines, option gains offset portfolio losses)
Vicentiu Covrig
22
Buying Put Options
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
1,000
500
0
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
(500)
(1,000)
Exercise Price = $70Option Price = $2.25
Profit from Strategy
Stock Price at Expiration
Vicentiu Covrig
23
Selling Put Options Bet that the price will not decline greatly – collect
premium income with no payoff The payoff for the buyer is the amount owed by the writer
(payoff loss limited to the strike price since the stock’s value cannot fall below zero)
Vicentiu Covrig
24
Selling Put Options
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
(1,000)
(1,500)
(2,000)
(500)
0
500
1,000
(2,500)
(3,000)
Exercise Price = $70Option Price = $2.25
Stock Price at Expiration
Profit from Strategy
Vicentiu Covrig
25
Combinations Spread: both buyer and writer of the same type of
option on the same underlying asset- Price spread: purchase or sale of options on the same
underlying asset but different exercise price- Time spread: purchase or sale of options on the same
underlying asset but different expiration dates Bull call spread: purchase of a low strike price call
and sale of a high strike price call. Bull put spread: sale of high strike price put and
purchase or a low strike price put
Vicentiu Covrig
26
Payoff Long call
Short call
Bull call spread
PayoffLong put
Short put
Bull put spread
Payoff
Long call Short put
Straddle
Straddle : purchasing a call andWriting a put on the same asset,
exercise price, and expiration date
Vicentiu Covrig
27
Option pricing Factors contributing value of an option
- price of the underlying stock- time until expiration- volatility of underlying stock price- cash dividend- prevailing interest rate.
Intrinsic value: difference between an in-the-money option’s strike price and current market price
Time value: speculative value. Call price = Intrinsic value + time value
Vicentiu Covrig
28
Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model
Where C: current price of a call option S: current market price of the underlying stock X: exercise price r: risk free rate t: time until expiration N(d1) and N (d2) : cumulative density functions for d1 and d2
)()( 21 dNeXdNSC rt
funds invested ofcost yOpportunit
potential upside of Value
priceCall
t
trXSd
2
15.0ln
tdd 12