OpticsOptics TelescopeTelescope

Johannes Lippershey (Middleburg, 1608)Johannes Lippershey (Middleburg, 1608)By accident - no knowledge of opticsBy accident - no knowledge of opticsManufactured & sold in London (1609)Manufactured & sold in London (1609)

MicroscopeMicroscopeInventor unknownInventor unknown

Zacharius Jansen, Galileo (1614)

Surveyors quadrant (1631)Surveyors quadrant (1631)Earliest - Joseph Lusuerg (Rome, 1674)Earliest - Joseph Lusuerg (Rome, 1674)

CrankCrank

Conversion of rotary & reciprocating Conversion of rotary & reciprocating motionsmotions

Cam - Hero of AlexandriaCam - Hero of AlexandriaCrank & connecting rod (1430)Crank & connecting rod (1430)

Crank & Connecting RodCrank & Connecting Rod

PrintPrint

Greatest invention of Middle agesGreatest invention of Middle ages Johannes Gutenberg (Germany, 1440)Johannes Gutenberg (Germany, 1440)

Invention of paper reached Germany in about Invention of paper reached Germany in about 13201320

Cutting of punches from brass, punch copper Cutting of punches from brass, punch copper plate, pour molten ironplate, pour molten iron

Development of inksDevelopment of inks First book (Caxton, 1474)First book (Caxton, 1474) By 1500, 1050 presses in EuropeBy 1500, 1050 presses in Europe

Screw PressScrew Press

THE FOURTH AGETHE FOURTH AGE

Intimations of AutomationIntimations of Automation

Intimations of AutomationIntimations of Automation

Coinage - first mass production ?Coinage - first mass production ?Factory systemFactory system Interchangeability of componentsInterchangeability of componentsA computer too earlyA computer too early

CoinageCoinage

As early as 600 BCAs early as 600 BC Coin Blanks (1000)Coin Blanks (1000)

Sheet of metal, hammered, then cutSheet of metal, hammered, then cut Bramante (Florence, 1500)Bramante (Florence, 1500)

Utilized screw pressUtilized screw pressRolling millsRolling mills

Boulton (Soho, 1797)Boulton (Soho, 1797)Utilized power from steam engineUtilized power from steam engine

Factory SystemFactory System

Began with print shops and mintsBegan with print shops and mintsTextile industry (late 1700’s)Textile industry (late 1700’s)

Flying shuttle (Kay, 1755)Flying shuttle (Kay, 1755)Water frame (Arkwright, 1790)Water frame (Arkwright, 1790)Spinning Jenny (Hargreave, 1760)Spinning Jenny (Hargreave, 1760)Mule (Crompton, 1788)Mule (Crompton, 1788)Power Loom (Robert, 1825)Power Loom (Robert, 1825)

Primarily operated by steamPrimarily operated by steam

Factory System (continued)Factory System (continued) Industrial citiesIndustrial cities

Coal and oil in addition to steamCoal and oil in addition to steamNo need to locate industry by a riverNo need to locate industry by a riverBritainBritain

Liverpool, Manchester, Glasgow, Leeds, Nottingham, Birmingham

Metal-working industriesMetal-working industriesMachines create more machinesMachines create more machineslathes, boring, milling, shaping, slotting, planing, lathes, boring, milling, shaping, slotting, planing,

grinding, & gear-cuttinggrinding, & gear-cutting

James Watt’s Micrometer James Watt’s Micrometer (1772)(1772)

Henry Maudslay’s Screw Henry Maudslay’s Screw Cutting Lathe (1797)Cutting Lathe (1797)

Interchangeability of Interchangeability of ComponentsComponents

Beginning of mass productionBeginning of mass production LocksLocks

Joseph Bramah (1790)Joseph Bramah (1790)Required accuracy in productionRequired accuracy in productionBarrel of lock fits casing of anotherBarrel of lock fits casing of another

Smooth bore flintlock musketsSmooth bore flintlock musketsEli Whitney (1798)Eli Whitney (1798)Supplied US govt. with 15,000Supplied US govt. with 15,000Required 8 yearsRequired 8 years

A Computer Too EarlyA Computer Too Early Charles BabbageCharles Babbage

Professor of Mathematics, CambridgeProfessor of Mathematics, Cambridge Difference EngineDifference Engine (1833)(1833)

Special purpose calculating machineSpecial purpose calculating machine Analytical Engine (>1834)Analytical Engine (>1834)

Universal calculatorUniversal calculator Engine ?Engine ?

Power by steam (no foresight)Power by steam (no foresight) Purely mechanical with highly precise gearing and Purely mechanical with highly precise gearing and

machiningmachining

Difference Engine (1833)Difference Engine (1833)

THE FIFTH AGETHE FIFTH AGE

The Expansion of SteamThe Expansion of Steam

Pre-SteamPre-Steam Francesca della Porta (1606)Francesca della Porta (1606)

Suction caused by condensing steamSuction caused by condensing steamAbility to draw up waterAbility to draw up water

Otto von Guericke (1654)Otto von Guericke (1654)Two teams of 8 horses can’t pull apart copper sphere Two teams of 8 horses can’t pull apart copper sphere

made of two halvesmade of two halves Blaise Pascal (1648)Blaise Pascal (1648)

Weight of column of air is less at elevationWeight of column of air is less at elevation Robert Boyle (1660)Robert Boyle (1660)

Gas lawsGas laws

Steam EngineSteam Engine Hero of AlexandriaHero of Alexandria Newcomen (1712)Newcomen (1712)

21 inch dia. piston (12 strokes per min)21 inch dia. piston (12 strokes per min)10 gallons of water 51 yards per stroke10 gallons of water 51 yards per strokeLow efficiencyLow efficiency

WattWattCondense steam & create vacuumCondense steam & create vacuumSeparate condenser (1769)Separate condenser (1769)Double-acting engine (1782)Double-acting engine (1782)Rotative Engine (1781)Rotative Engine (1781)

Newcomen (1712)Newcomen (1712)

Development of SteamDevelopment of Steam

Trevithick (1799)Trevithick (1799)High pressure steamHigh pressure steam

Fulton (1807)Fulton (1807)Clermont on Hudson river Clermont on Hudson river

Sirius crossed Atlantic (1830)Sirius crossed Atlantic (1830) Intercontinental RailwayIntercontinental Railway

THE SIXTH AGETHE SIXTH AGE

The Freedom of Internal The Freedom of Internal CombustionCombustion

ChronologyChronology

Huygens utilized gunpowder in piston Huygens utilized gunpowder in piston and cylinderand cylinder

Etienne Lenoir (1859)Etienne Lenoir (1859)Coal gas as fuel with ignitionCoal gas as fuel with ignition

Nikolaus Otto (1877)Nikolaus Otto (1877)Four-stroke cycleFour-stroke cycle

Gottlieb Daimler (1885)Gottlieb Daimler (1885)Petrol as fuelPetrol as fuel

Benz Tricycle (1855)Benz Tricycle (1855)

Chronology (continued)Chronology (continued)

Paris-Rouen race (1894)Paris-Rouen race (1894)Rudolf Diesel (1892)Rudolf Diesel (1892)Wright Brothers (1903)Wright Brothers (1903)Ford Model “A” (1903)Ford Model “A” (1903)

THE SEVENTH AGETHE SEVENTH AGE

Electrons ControlledElectrons Controlled

ChronologyChronology Gas Lines (Late 1700s)Gas Lines (Late 1700s)

Philippe Lebon (1799)Philippe Lebon (1799)Gas From Heating Wood

Frederick Windsor (1807)Frederick Windsor (1807)Gas From CoalLit Pall Mall in London (1807)26 mile long main (1816)

Hydraulic MainsHydraulic MainsJoseph BramahJoseph Bramah

Hydraulic Press (1795)Hydraulic Mains (1812)

Chronology (continued)Chronology (continued)

ElectricityElectricityWilliam Gilbert (1600)William Gilbert (1600)Alessandro Volta (1800s)Alessandro Volta (1800s)

Zinc and Silver discs- Voltaic PileFirst True Battery - Static Source of Power

Michael Faraday (1831)Michael Faraday (1831)First Electric GeneratorMoved Magnet near a Wire

Wheatstone & Cooke (1845)Wheatstone & Cooke (1845)Substituted ElectromagnetsFirst Dynamo

Chronology (continued)Chronology (continued) Telephone - Bell (1876)Telephone - Bell (1876) Incandescent Light Bulb (1879)Incandescent Light Bulb (1879)

Thomas Edison - USAThomas Edison - USAJ.W. Swan - EnglandJ.W. Swan - England

ElectronicsElectronicsJ.A. Fleming - Diode (1904)J.A. Fleming - Diode (1904)ASCC/IBM - First computer ? (1944)ASCC/IBM - First computer ? (1944)

Automatic Sequence Controlled CalculatorMechanical Switching

ENIAC - First Electronic Computer (1946)ENIAC - First Electronic Computer (1946)Electronic Num. Integrator and Calculator