Optics of Vision
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Transcript of Optics of Vision
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Optics of Vision
Light refraction
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Optics of Vision
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Optics of Vision
Refraction power a lens “Diopter” = 1 m / focal length
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Optics of Vision
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Optics of Vision
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Picture Formation
cataracts (opacities in the lens)
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Picture Formation
• Lens accommodation
• Pupil adjustment
• Fusion of the two eyes
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Optics of Vision
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Optics of Vision
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Accommodation
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Accommodation
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Accommodation
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Vision problemsAmetropia : refraction error, inabiulity of properly focusing light on the retina, a frequent reason for reduced visual acuity
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Vision problems
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Accommodation
Presbyopia: Loss of accommodation by the lens
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Vision problemsAstigmatism : irregular curvature of either the cornea or the lens, which lead to blurred or distorted vision due to parts of the image are out of focus.
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Accommodation and parasympathetic
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Pupillary Adjustment
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Pupillary Adjustment
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Visual acuity
Normally , people has the ability to distinguish contours that are approximately 1.75 mm apart at 6 meters distance from the eye
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Visual acuity
Normally , people has the ability to distinguish contours that are approximately 1.75 mm apart at 6 meters distance from the eye
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Photoreceptors
Cones
Rods
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Color Blindness
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Color Blindness
Red-green color blindness
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Color Blindness
Red-green color blindness X linked
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Color Blindness Red-green color blindness
X linked Deuteranope >>> green Protanope >>> red
Tritanopia >>> Blue Chromosome 7
***anomaly : shift in the spectrum of one of the proteins i.e. Deuteranomaly, Protanomaly, Tritanopia
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Color Blindness
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Tritanopia
Protanopia
Deuteranopia
Color Blindness
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Tritanopia
Protanopia
Deuteranopia
Color Blindness
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Tritanopia
Protanopia
Deuteranopia
Color Blindness
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Color Blindness
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Type Problematic colors
Deuteran (green)
Green/red, green/blue, green/gray, green/brown, blue/purple, orange/red, yellow/orange.
Protan (red)
purple/dark blue, orange/green, brown/dark green, red/brown, green/yellow, gray/purple
Tritan (blue)
blue/yellow, violet/yellow-green, red/red-purple, dark blue/black, yellow/white
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Color Blindness
Type Prevalence
Deuteranomaly (green) 4.63%
Deuteranopia (green) 1.27%
Protanomaly (red) 1.08%
Protanopia (red) 1.01%
Tritanomaly (blue) 0.02%
Tritanopia (blue) 0.03%
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Color Test Chart
74 VS 21
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Color Test Chart
42 VS 4 “green” / 2 “red”
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In conclusion
The colorblind have a narrowed color perception. Green is still green and red stays red most of the time, but not as vibrant or bright as a non colorblind would see it. Colors lie closer to each other, especially shades of colors.
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VISUAL PATHWAY
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The retinohypothalamic pathway• day/night cycle• Melanopsin ganglionic cells
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Visual Pathways
The optic nerve has two principle branches
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Right hemisphere
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Hemi - anopia
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Right hemisphere
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Quadrant - anopia
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Light Adaptation
Pupillary size
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Pupillary LightReflex
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Olivary pretectal nucleus
Edinger-Westphal nucleus
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Edinger-Westphal nucleus
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Light Adaptation
Pupillary size
Neural adaptation
Photoreceptor adaptation
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Light Adaptation Pupillary size Neural adaptation Photoreceptor adaptation
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Night blindness
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Retinitis pigmentosa
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Ganglionic Cells Subtypes
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XY
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XY
Position Receptive field Details movement
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XY
Position Receptive field Details movement
W
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Primary visual cortex
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Lateral geniculate nucleus
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Lateral geniculate nucleus
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Lateral geniculate nucleus
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Lateral geniculate nucleus
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Lateral geniculate nucleus
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Parvocellular systemMagnocellular system