Optical Properties of Atmospheric Aerosol in Maritime Environments
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Transcript of Optical Properties of Atmospheric Aerosol in Maritime Environments
Optical Properties of Optical Properties of Atmospheric Aerosol in Atmospheric Aerosol in Maritime EnvironmentsMaritime Environments
AERONET WorkshopAERONET Workshop May 10 - 14, 2004, El Arenosillo, SpainMay 10 - 14, 2004, El Arenosillo, Spain
1993-20031993-2003
Maritime aerosolMaritime aerosol
Marcello Bartinetti“Sea storm in Camogli”
Duck, North Carolina, March 1999
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Table 1. Summary of aerosol optical depth measurements in maritime and coastal areas
Reference Area τa D Spectr alrange, nm N o f filters
Fische (r 1967) South Ocean 0.09 ... 500 1South Pacific Ocean 0.12 ...Ne w Zealand coast 0.16 ...
Guttman (1968) Marshal l Islands 0.11 1 450≤λ≤710 7Guschin (1970) India nan dAtlanti cocean 0.23 20 370≤λ≤530 2Quenzel (1970) Tropical Atlantic 0.23 3 400≤λ≤1600 8Vol (z 1970) Tropical Atlantic 0.18 17 440≤λ≤1630 4Sandomirski y e tal. (1971) Black Se acoast 0.27 ... 480≤λ≤2240 6Kuznetso van dIzhovkin a(1973) North Atlantic 0.04 ... 410≤λ≤550Bartenev ae ta . l (1974) Tropical Atlantic 0.22 34 350≤λ≤1010 10Burmistrov aan dShubova (1974) Tropical Pacific an d Atlantic 0.18 26 550 1Shifri ne tal. (1975) India nOcean 0.11 21 330≤λ≤690 5Fraser (1976) Atlanti cOcean/dust 0.50 1 500≤λ≤1070 2Karimov a(1976) North Atlantic 0.08 5 340≤λ≤630 6Emelyano v et al. (1978) Atlanti cOcean 0.25 20 440≤λ≤710 4Jaenicke an dSchut z (1978) Island Sal 0.38 ... 380≤λ≤500 2Adnashkin et .al (1979) Tropical Atlantic 0.19 ... 350≤λ≤1010 10Tavartkiladze (1979) Black Se acoast 0.28 ... 370≤λ≤820 13Wilso n (1979) San-Diego 0.20 1 400≤λ≤750 10
Gul f o f Mexico 0.24 7Bermuda 0.32 1
Artemki ne tal. (1980) Atlanti cOcean 0.40 ... 400≤λ≤1060 5South Ocean 0.16 ...
Shifri ne tal. (1980 )a Black Se acoast 0.16 2 340≤λ≤960 9Shifri ne tal. (1980 )b Baltic Se acoast 0.20 2 380≤λ≤720 5Viollie r e ta . l (1980) Azores 0.41 182 400≤λ≤1000Hoga n (1981) South Pacific Ocean 0.17 7 520≤λ≤620 2
Ros sSea 0.14 5Lukyanchikov aan d Govorushkin(1981)
North Atlantic 0.10 11 370≤λ≤570 4
Sakuno v et al. (1981) Beaufort Sea 0.07 8 350≤λ≤1000 10Tomas i an dProd i (1982) India nOcean 0.27 16 500≤λ≤880 2
coas to f Somalia 0.36 24Yershov et al. (1982) Centra l Atlantic 0.17 16 380≤λ≤1016 11Afoni n (1983) Black Sea 0.30 ... 400≤λ≤750 8
Mediterranea n Sea 0.39 ...Atlanti cOcean 0.05 ...coas to f Guinea 0.90 ...
Artemki nand Krivoshei n(1983 )a North Atlantic 0.14 ... 430≤λ≤850 5Centra l Atlantic 0.09 ...
Artemki nand Krivoshei n(1983b) Baltic an dNort hSeas 0.28 ... 430≤λ≤850 5Wes tAfrican coast 0.37 ... 5
Gashk oan d Shifri n (1983) Pacifi c Ocean 0.14 23 370≤λ≤720 7Eer me(1983) Baltic Sea 0.17 9 450≤λ≤710 7Matsubar a(1983) Eas t Indian Ocean 0.09 7 370≤λ≤860 5
South India nOcean 0.04 4Sha w (1983) Centra l Pacifi c Ocean 0.10 ... 410≤λ≤1000 9Villevald ee ta .l (1984) Mediterranea n Sea 0.50 10 380≤λ≤560 9Shifri ne tal. (1985) Black Se acoast 0.18 15 440≤λ≤1030 6
Smirnov and Shifrin, Proc. LHMI, 108, 11-114, 1984; Smirnov, Yershov, and Villevalde, Proc. SPIE, 2582, 203-214, 1995; Smirnov, Holben, Kaufman et al. JAS, 59, 501-523, 2002.
0
10
20
30
40
50
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
all_hist_data (n=151)Pacific_500 nm (n=32)Atlantic_500 nm (n=64)Indian_500 nm (n=12)Inland seas_500 nm (n=39)
frequency of occurrences, %
aerosol optical depth (500 nm)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
12:00 16:00 20:00
340 nm380 nm440 nm500 nm670 nm870 nm1020 nm
aerosol optical depth
Atlantic Ocean, 8 Jul 1996
Aerosol optical depth over the oceans
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
Kaashidhoo
Rottnest
Midway
Coconut
Lanai
Nauru
Tahiti
Azores
Bermuda
Ascension
yearly mean aerosol optical depth (500 nm)
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40
Kaashidhoo
Rottnest
Midway
Coconut
Lanai
Nauru
Tahiti
Azores
Bermuda
Ascension
yearly mean Angstrom parameter
Angstrom parameter over the oceans
Multi-year monthly averages
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC
KaashidhooRottnestMidwayCoconutLanaiNauruTahitiAzoresBermudaAscension
aerosol optical depth (500 nm)
Multi-year monthly averages
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC
KaashidhooRottnestMidwayCoconutLanaiNauruTahitiAzoresBermudaAscension
Angstrom parameter
α
Aerosol optical depth over coastal areasAerosol optical depth over coastal areas
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40
Saturna Isl
San Nicolas
Wallops
COVE
Dry Tortugas
Gotland
El Arenosillo
IMS_METU
Forth Crete
Rottnest
yearly mean aerosol optical depth (500 nm)
Angstrom parameter over coastal areasAngstrom parameter over coastal areas
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Saturna Isl
San Nicolas
Wallops
COVE
Dry Tortugas
Gotland
El Arenosillo
IMS_METU
Forth Crete
Rottnest
yearly mean Angstrom parameter
Frequency of occurrences of aerosol Frequency of occurrences of aerosol optical depth over the oceansoptical depth over the oceans
0
10
20
30
40
50
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
MidwayLanaiCoconutNauruTahitiAzoresBermudaAscension
frequency of occurrences, %
aerosol optical depth (500 nm)
Frequency of occurrences of Angstrom Frequency of occurrences of Angstrom parameter over the oceansparameter over the oceans
0
10
20
30
40
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
MidwayLanaiCoconutNauruTahitiAzoresBermudaAscension
Angstrom parameter
frequency of occurrences, %
Lanai, Hawaii
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.01 0.1 1 10
Jan (192/67)Feb (177/54)Mar (169/65)Apr (77/33)May (93/44)Jun (67/33)Jul (61/36)Aug (96/37)Sep (121/54)Oct (127/45)Nov (129/38)Dec (88/36)Year(12/1397)
dV/dlnR,
μm3/μm2
, radius μm
Aerosol optical depth diurnal variability
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Midway <0.10>Lanai <0.08>Nauru <0.08>Tahiti <0.08>Azores <0.11>Bermuda <0.14>Ascension <0.15>Rottnest <0.07>
aerosol optical depth (500 nm)
percent departure from daily average
local time, hours
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Angstrom parameter
α
(500 )aerosol optical depth nm
DustDustMaritimeMaritimeaerosolaerosol
BBBB
Bermuda
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.01 0.1 1 10
average (N=200)background (N=47)maritime (N=52)
dV/dlnR,
μm3 /μm
2 <τa(500 )>=0.13 <nm α>=1.05
<τa(500 )>=0.07 <nm α>=0.99
<τa(500 )>=0.10 <nm α>=0.69
, radius μm
Lanai
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.01 0.1 1 10
average (N=784)background (N=418)maritime (N=520)
dV/dlnR,
μm3 /μm
2 <τa(500 )>=0.08 <nm α>=0.89
<τa(500 )>=0.05 <nm α>=0.73
<τa(500 )>=0.06 <nm α>=0.60
, radius μm
Kaashidhoo
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.01 0.1 1 10
Kaashidhoo
average (N=330)maritime (N=30)
dV/dlnR,
μm3 /μm
2
, radius μm
<τa(500 )>=0.24 <nm α>=1.25
<τa(500 )>=0.11 <nm α>=0.76
Maritime components of the columnar volume size distributions
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.01 0.1 1 10
AmsterdamMidwayLanaiBermudaKaashidhoo
dV/dlnR,
μm3 /μm2
, radius μm
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Bermuda_fineBermuda_coarseLanai_fineLanai_coarseKaashidhoo_fineKaashidhoo_coarse
wavelength, nm
aerosol optical depth
Re=1.37 Im=0.001
0.0
0.1
1.0
102 103 104
BermudaLanaiKaashidhoo
wavelength, nm
aerosol optical depth
340<αvis<670 nm
870<αnir<2130 nm
αvis=1.03, α
nir=0.46
αvis=0.82, α
nir=0.53
αvis=0.86, α
nir=0.40
Table 2. Parameters of aerosol size distributions over the oceans
Reference Area Height,
m
Date Air Mass Type Fraction Rv, μm σ V,
μm3/cm3
continental fine (d )ry 0.19 0.81Shettle an dFen (1n 979)oceanic coarse (dry) 2.03 0.92
Gathma (1n 983) maritime fine (RH=80%) 0.14 0.71coarse (RH=80%) 1.09 0.71gian t (R =H 80%) 9.07 0.71
ne arBermuda 250 04/06/85 coarse (ambient) 2.56 0.525 95.4
ne arBermuda 1500 04/06/85 coarse (ambient) 1.65 0.756 1.17
Horvath e tal. (1990)
U SEast coast 100 02/27/85 coarse (ambient) 4.19 0.742 18.8VirginiaU SEast coast 1500 02/27/85 coarse (ambient) 3.83 0.732 7.0Virginia
Pacific Ocean coarse (ambient) 1.29 0.457Patterso n e ta . l (1980),as presente dby Horvathe ta . l (1990)
Mace Head 20 06/01/88 fine (ambient) 0.10 0.30 0.89Jennin gsand O’Dowd(1990) coarse (ambient) 1.40 0.73 20.04
Kim e ta . l (1990) 150 07/88 fine (ambient) 0.11 0.33 0.74larg (e ambient) 0.74 0.46 1.13
Atlanti c Oceanoff Bermuda
gian t (ambien )t 2.96 0.44 20.902570 07/88 fine (ambient) 0.11 0.52 0.13
larg (e ambient) 0.71 0.52 0.30Atlanti c Oceanoff Bermuda
gian t (ambien )t 2.78 0.58 2.00150 07/88 fine (ambient) 0.12 0.37 3.63
larg (e ambient) 0.81 0.46 3.63U SEast coastNorth Carolina
gian t (ambien )t 3.63 0.50 132.32570 07/88 fine (ambient) 0.13 0.46 2.11
larg (e ambient) 0.70 0.45 0.63U SEast coastNorth Carolina
gian t (ambien )t 3.16 0.59 5.94
’O Dowd e t al. (1993) 18 maritime accumulatio (n dr )y 0.11 0.315 0.1510/89-11/89 accumulatio (n dr )y 0.14 0.301 2.19modified
maritimearctic accumulatio (n dr )y 0.13 0.328 0.17
NortheastAtlanti c in thevicinity ofFaero e Islandan d Iceland accumulatio (n dr )y 0.12 0.332 2.55continental
maritime
Pueschel et al. (1994) 10000 11/89 fine (ambient) 0.10 0.41 0.038SouthernPacific Ocean coarse (ambient) 0.28 0.34 0.034
Kim e ta . l (1995) 10 06/12/92 fine (d )ry 0.10 0.39 0.89Atlanti c Oceanoff th e Azores coarse (dry) 0.50 0.65 1.17
10 06/19/92 fine (RH=77%) 0.14 0.47 1.88Atlanti c Oceanoff th e Azores coarse (RH=77%) 0.40 0.75 4.05
10 06/24/92 fine (RH=71%) 0.11 0.26 0.72Atlanti c Oceanoff th e Azores coarse (RH=71%) 0.35 0.59 3.67
Gras (1995) Cap e Grim autumn CN (dry) 0.014 0.38 0.00101/91-06/92 CNN (d )ry 0.10 0.37 0.16
larg (e dry) 0.78 0.61 2.38winter CN (dry) 0.010 0.30 0.000
CNN (d )ry 0.19 0.49 0.35larg (e dry) 0.77 0.57 3.90
spring CN (dry) 0.013 0.38 0.001CNN (d )ry 0.14 0.45 0.25larg (e dry) 0.62 0.54 1.90
summer CN (dry) 0.016 0.38 0.003CNN (d )ry 0.11 0.37 0.34larg (e dry) 0.89 0.60 4.51
Quin ne t al. (1995) U SWes tcoast 480 Aitke (n dry) 0.04 0.41 0.04Cheek a Peak
04/91-05/91 accumulatio (n dr )y 0.13 0.34 0.51
Smirnov, Holben, Kaufman et al. JAS, 59, 501-523, 2002.
coarse (dry) 0.98 0.69 2.65Pacific Ocean 18 Aitken (dry) 0.03 0.34 0.0102/92-
03/92 accumulation (dry) 0.13 0.34 0.68coarse (dry) 1.22 0.59 8.99
Quinn et al (1996) Pacific Ocean 18 maritime accumulation (dry) 0.10 0.27 0.1403/93-05/93 coarse (dry) 1.36 0.60 7.34
Pacific Ocean 18 continental accumulation (dry) 0.15 0.29 0.4903/93-05/93 coarse (dry) 1.22 0.60 4.82
Porter and Clarke(1997)
Pacific andIndian Oceans
20 maritime PC4 fine (dry) 0.135 0.48
coarse (dry) 3.45 0.84
O’Dowd et al. (1997) NortheastAtlantic
18 10/89-11/89
film drop mode(dry)
0.34 0.64
jet drop mode (dry) 4.17 0.69
Jennings et al. (1997) Mace Head 20 11/93- winter marine accumulation(ambient)
0.2-0.25 0.69
08/94 coarse (ambient) 2.0 0.92summer marine accumulation
(ambient)0.2-0.25 0.69
coarse (ambient) 2.5 0.69
Hess et al. (1998) water-soluble (dry) 0.15 0.81accumulation (dry) 0.94 0.71coarse (dry) 7.90 0.71
11/95- maritime Aitken (dry) 0.02 0.34 0.012Brechtel et al. (1998) MacquarieIsland,SouthernOcean
12/95 accumulation (dry) 0.11 0.46 0.27
Bates et al. (1998b) Southern 18 11/95- maritime ultrafine (dry) 0.01 0.37 0.001Ocean 12/95 Aitken (dry) 0.02 0.34 0.007
accumulation (dry) 0.08 0.34 0.09coarse (dry) 1.19 0.70 11.44
continental ultrafine (dry) 0.01 0.35 0.003Aitken (dry) 0.03 0.41 0.04accumulation (dry) 0.08 0.28 0.12coarse (dry) 1.33 0.73 20.03
Bates et al. (2000) Atlantic Ocean 10 06/97 - Atlantic flow nucleation (dry) 0.008 0.17 0.00007/97 Aitken (dry) 0.027 0.36 0.011
accumulation (dry) 0.127 0.36 0.515Arctic flow nucleation (dry) 0.008 0.20 0.000
Aitken (dry) 0.025 0.32 0.016accumulation (dry) 0.123 0.35 0.492
Quinn et al. (2001) Atlantic Ocean 10 01/00 - North America fine (RH=55%) 0.14 0.34 3.7002/00 coarseI (RH=55%) 0.57 0.59 6.18
coarseII(RH=55%) 1.75 0.47 25.05North Atlantic fine (RH=55%) 0.12 0.34 0.310marine coarseI (RH=55%) 1.04 0.74 7.37
coarseII(RH=55%) 1.79 0.53 24.35African dust fine (RH=55%) 0.10 0.34 0.349
coarseI (RH=55%) 0.68 0.64 9.22coarseII(RH=55%) 1.31 0.47 32.05
Dust and fine (RH=55%) 0.18 0.53 2.69biomass burning coarseI (RH=55%) 1.13 0.53 25.44Biomassburning
fine (RH=55%) 0.16 0.41 2.54
coarseI (RH=55%) 1.19 0.53 5.87South Atlantic fine (RH=55%) 0.18 0.41 1.03tropical marine coarseI (RH=55%) 1.59 0.64 11.61South Atlantic fine (RH=55%) 0.13 0.26 1.04temperate coarseI (RH=55%) 2.08 0.74 27.92marine
Reid et al. (2001) Outer Banks, 30-100 2/99- coarse (ambient) 4.5 0.6-0.8North Carolina 3/99
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
Rv(fine),
μm
Lanai
Kaashidhoo
Bermuda
Kaashidhoo
1
2
56 76
66
7
77
98
9
910
10
10
10
11
12
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
0
1
2
3
4
5
Rv(coarse),
μm
LanaiBermuda
Kaashidhoo
1
2
3
3
3
3
4 5
66
6
6
999
1010
11
111212
13
14
15
15
16
1818
20
20
20
20
20
2020
20
20
21
20
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
σ ( )fine
Lanai
Bermuda
Kaashidhoo
1
2
56
6
6
6
777 7
89
9
9
10
1010
1011
1212
13
14
15
16
17
18
18
1920 20
20
20
20
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
σ ( )coarse
Kaashidhoo
Bermuda
Lanai
1
2
3
333
4
5
6
6
6
6
9
9
9101010
10
11
1112
13
14
15
15161818
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
2021
Midway IslandMidway Island
Midway IslandMidway Island
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0 2 4 6 8 10
wind speed <24 H>, m/sec
aerosol optical depth (1020 nm)
τa(1020 )=0.0093nm w
<24 >h+0.018, =0.52R
Midway Island
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.01 0.1 1 10
0-4 m/s_retrieved4-6 m/s_retrieved6-8 m/s_retrieved
<τa(500 )>=0.07 <nm α>=0.62
<τa(500 )>=0.09 <nm α>=0.38
<τa(500 )>=0.11 <nm α>=0.30
/ , dV dlnR
μm3 /μm
2
, radius μm
Midway IslandMidway Island
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0 2 4 6 8 10
wind speed <24 H>, m/sec
Cv,
μm3 /μm
2
Cv( )=0.0003fine w
<24 >h+0.012, =0.07R
Cv( )=0.0073coarse w
<24 >h+0.014, =0.56R
Midway IslandMidway Island
0.01
0.1
1
10
0 2 4 6 8 10
Reff,
μm
<24 >, /wind speed H m sec
Reff( )=0.00008fine w
<24 >h+0.125, =0.0008R
Reff( )=-0.006coarse w
<24 >h+1.918, =0.03R
Midway Island
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.01 0.1 1 10
0-4 m/s_retrieved2 m/s_computed4-6 m/s_retrieved5 m/s_computed6-8 m/s_retrieved7 m/s_computed
dV/dlnR,
μm3 /μm
2
, radius μm
Recent Publications on Maritime AerosolRecent Publications on Maritime Aerosol
Smirnov, A., B.N.Holben, T.F.Eck, O.Dubovik, and I.Slutsker, Effect of wind speed on columnar aerosol optical properties at Midway Island, J.Geophys.Res., 108(D24), 4802, doi:10.1029/2003JD003879, 2003.
Smirnov, A., B.N.Holben, O.Dubovik, R.Frouin, T.F.Eck, and I.Slutsker, Maritime component in aerosol optical models derived from Aerosol Robotic Network data, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D1), 4033, doi:10.1029/2002JD002701, 2003.
Smirnov, A., B.N.Holben, Y.J.Kaufman, O.Dubovik, T.F.Eck, I.Slutsker, C.Pietras, and R.Halthore, Optical properties of atmospheric aerosol in maritime environments, J.Atm.Sci., 59, 501-523, 2002.
Smirnov, A., B.N.Holben, O.Dubovik, N.T.O’Neill, L.A.Remer, T.F.Eck, I.Slutsker, and D.Savoie, Measurement of atmospheric optical parameters on US Atlantic coast sites, ships and Bermuda during TARFOX, J.Geophys.Res., 105, 9887-9901, 2000.