Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel...
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Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
Nigel CooperCavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge
Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom GasesCollege de France, 11 June 2014
Jean Dalibard (College de France)Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)
June 13, 2014
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 2: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Motivation: fractional quantum Hall regime
2D charged particle in magnetic field ⇒Landau levels
Flux density nφ =qB
h
hωC
E
Densityof States
per unit areaqB/h
e-e repulsion ⇒fractional quantum Hall states, at certain ν ≡ n2D
nφ
Bosons? (contact repulsion)
• ν > νc ' 6: vortex lattice (BEC)[NRC, Wilkin & Gunn ’01; Sinova, Hanna & MacDonald ’02; Baym ’04]
• ν < νc : FQH states (incl. “non-Abelian”) [NRC, Wilkin & Gunn ’01]
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 3: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Motivation: fractional quantum Hall regime
2D charged particle in magnetic field ⇒Landau levels
Flux density nφ =qB
h
hωC
E
Densityof States
per unit areaqB/h
e-e repulsion ⇒fractional quantum Hall states, at certain ν ≡ n2D
nφ
Bosons? (contact repulsion)
• ν > νc ' 6: vortex lattice (BEC)[NRC, Wilkin & Gunn ’01; Sinova, Hanna & MacDonald ’02; Baym ’04]
• ν < νc : FQH states (incl. “non-Abelian”) [NRC, Wilkin & Gunn ’01]
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 4: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Motivation: fractional quantum Hall regime
2D charged particle in magnetic field ⇒Landau levels
Flux density nφ =qB
h
hωC
E
Densityof States
per unit areaqB/h
e-e repulsion ⇒fractional quantum Hall states, at certain ν ≡ n2D
nφ
Bosons? (contact repulsion)
• ν > νc ' 6: vortex lattice (BEC)[NRC, Wilkin & Gunn ’01; Sinova, Hanna & MacDonald ’02; Baym ’04]
• ν < νc : FQH states (incl. “non-Abelian”) [NRC, Wilkin & Gunn ’01]
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 5: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Motivation: fractional quantum Hall regime
2D charged particle in magnetic field ⇒Landau levels
Flux density nφ =qB
h
hωC
E
Densityof States
per unit areaqB/h
e-e repulsion ⇒fractional quantum Hall states, at certain ν ≡ n2D
nφ
Bosons? (contact repulsion)
• ν > νc ' 6: vortex lattice (BEC)[NRC, Wilkin & Gunn ’01; Sinova, Hanna & MacDonald ’02; Baym ’04]
• ν < νc : FQH states (incl. “non-Abelian”) [NRC, Wilkin & Gunn ’01]
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 6: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Synthetic Magnetic Field: Rotation
Stir the atomic gas
2D Cloud
Objective
Imaging
Stirring
beam
b
PBS
c
10 µm
a
[Desbuquois et al. (2012)]Rotating frame, angular velocity Ω
Coriolis Force ⇔ Lorentz Force nφ ≡qB
h=
2MΩ
h
[K. W. Madison, F. Chevy, W. Wohlleben, and J. Dalibard, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 806 (2000)]
Ω <∼ 2π × 100Hz⇒nφ <∼ 2× 107cm−2
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 7: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Synthetic Magnetic Field: Rotation
Stir the atomic gas
2D Cloud
Objective
Imaging
Stirring
beam
b
PBS
c
10 µm
a
[Desbuquois et al. (2012)]Rotating frame, angular velocity Ω
Coriolis Force ⇔ Lorentz Force nφ ≡qB
h=
2MΩ
h
[K. W. Madison, F. Chevy, W. Wohlleben, and J. Dalibard, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 806 (2000)]
Ω <∼ 2π × 100Hz⇒nφ <∼ 2× 107cm−2
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 8: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Synthetic Magnetic Field: Optically Dressed States
[Y.-J. Lin, R.L. Compton, K. Jimenez-Garcıa, J.V. Porto & I.B. Spielman, Nature 462, 628 (2009)]
But... nφ <∼1
Rλ∼ 2× 107cm−2 [R cloud size]
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 9: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Synthetic Magnetic Field: Optically Dressed States
[Y.-J. Lin, R.L. Compton, K. Jimenez-Garcıa, J.V. Porto & I.B. Spielman, Nature 462, 628 (2009)]
But... nφ <∼1
Rλ∼ 2× 107cm−2 [R cloud size]
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 10: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Outline
Optically Dressed States
Optical Flux LatticesDesign Principles
Outlook & Summary
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 11: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Optically Dressed States
[J. Dalibard, F. Gerbier, G. Juzeliunas, P. Ohberg, RMP 83, 1523 (2011)]
Coherent optical coupling of N internal atomic states
|g〉
|e〉
ω0laser coupling ΩR
6
?
6
?[e.g. 1S0 and 3P0 for Yb or alkaline earth atom]
Forms the local “dressed state” of the atom
|0r〉 = αr|g〉+ βr|e〉 =
(αr
βr
)Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 12: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
optical coupling V (r)
|g〉
|e〉
ω0
∆
laser frequency ω
coupling strength ΩR
6
?
6
?
6?
Rotating Wave Approximation ω ∆,ΩR
V (r)→ ~2
(∆ ΩR(r)
Ω∗R(r) −∆
)
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 13: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
In general V =~2
(∆(r) ΩR (r)Ω∗
R (r) −∆(r)
)
r
E1(r), |1r〉
E0(r), |0r〉
Adiabatic motion in lower energy dressed state, |Ψ〉 = ψ0(r)|0r〉
Heffψ0 = 〈0r|[
p2
2M+ V
]ψ0|0r〉 ⇒ Heff =
(p− qA)2
2M+ V0(r)
[“Berry connection” ⇒ vector potential qA = i~〈0r|∇0r〉][J. Dalibard, F. Gerbier, G. Juzeliunas & P. Ohberg, RMP 83, 1523 (2011)]
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 14: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
In general V =~2
(∆(r) ΩR (r)Ω∗
R (r) −∆(r)
)
r
E1(r), |1r〉
E0(r), |0r〉
Adiabatic motion in lower energy dressed state, |Ψ〉 = ψ0(r)|0r〉
Heffψ0 = 〈0r|[
p2
2M+ V
]ψ0|0r〉 ⇒ Heff =
(p− qA)2
2M+ V0(r)
[“Berry connection” ⇒ vector potential qA = i~〈0r|∇0r〉][J. Dalibard, F. Gerbier, G. Juzeliunas & P. Ohberg, RMP 83, 1523 (2011)]
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 15: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
In general V =~2
(∆(r) ΩR (r)Ω∗
R (r) −∆(r)
)
r
E1(r), |1r〉
E0(r), |0r〉
Adiabatic motion in lower energy dressed state, |Ψ〉 = ψ0(r)|0r〉
Heffψ0 = 〈0r|[
p2
2M+ V
]ψ0|0r〉 ⇒ Heff =
(p− qA)2
2M+ V0(r)
[“Berry connection” ⇒ vector potential qA = i~〈0r|∇0r〉][J. Dalibard, F. Gerbier, G. Juzeliunas & P. Ohberg, RMP 83, 1523 (2011)]
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 16: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Experimental Implementation
Rubidium BEC [Lin, Compton, Jimenez-Garcıa, Porto & Spielman, Nature 462, 628 (2009)]
Bzbeam 1
beam 2
∆k = k1 − (−k2) ' 2× 2π
λ
|⇓〉
|⇑〉ω1
ω2
gµBBz
∆
CC
CCW
6?
6?
V =~2
(∆ ΩR e−i∆k x
ΩR e i∆k x −∆
)field gradient Bz(y) ⇒∆ ∝ y
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 17: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Experimental Implementation
Rubidium BEC [Lin, Compton, Jimenez-Garcıa, Porto & Spielman, Nature 462, 628 (2009)]
But... nφ <∼1
Rλ∼ 2× 107cm−2 [R cloud size]
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 18: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Experimental Implementation
Rubidium BEC [Lin, Compton, Jimenez-Garcıa, Porto & Spielman, Nature 462, 628 (2009)]
But... nφ <∼1
Rλ∼ 2× 107cm−2 [R cloud size]
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 19: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Maximum flux density: Back of the envelope
Vector potential qA = i~〈0r|∇0r〉⇒|qA| <∼h
λ
Cloud of radius R λ
Nφ ≡∫
nφ d2r =q
h
∫∇× A · dS =
q
h
∮A · dr <∼
1
λ(2πR)
⇒ nφ ≡Nφ
πR2<∼
1
Rλ' 2× 107cm−2
[R ' 10µm λ ' 0.5µm]
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 20: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Maximum flux density: Carefully this time!
Vector potential qA = i~〈0r|∇0r〉⇒|qA| <∼h
λ
A can have singularities – if the optical fields have vortices
e.g. ΩR(r) ∼ (x + iy)
Vanishing net flux. Can be (re)moved by a gauge transformation.
[cf. “Dirac strings”]
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 21: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Gauge-Independent Approach (two-level system)
Bloch vector ~n(r) = 〈0r|~σ|0r〉
Flux density nφ =1
8πεijkεµνni∂µnj∂νnk
Region A n
r
Solid AngleΩ ∫
area Anφd2r =
Ω
4π
The number of flux quanta in region A is the number of times theBloch vector wraps over the sphere.
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 22: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Design Principles
“Optical flux lattices”
[NRC, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 175301 (2011)]
Spatially periodic light fields for which the Bloch vector wraps thesphere a nonzero integer number, Nφ, times in each unit cell.
nφ =Nφ
Acell∼ 1
λ2' 109cm−2
vectors (nx , ny )
contours nz
Nφ = 2
V = V(
sinκx sinκy cosκx − i cosκycosκx + i cosκy − sinκx sinκy
)Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 23: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Design Principles
Lorentz Force: Semiclassical Picture
x
y
6
?
λ/2
XXXXXX
|g〉
|e〉
px ∼ (~k)y
λ/2⇒ Fx ≡ px ∼
~k
λ/2vy
Lorentz force, with qB ∼ 2h
λ2⇒ nφ ≡
qB
h∼ 2
λ2
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 24: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Design Principles
Lorentz Force: Semiclassical Picture
x
y
6
?
λ/2
XXXXXX
|g〉
|e〉
px ∼ (~k)y
λ/2⇒ Fx ≡ px ∼
~k
λ/2vy
Lorentz force, with qB ∼ 2h
λ2⇒ nφ ≡
qB
h∼ 2
λ2
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 25: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Design Principles
Lorentz Force: Semiclassical Picture
x
y
6
?
λ/2
XXXXXX
|g〉
|e〉
px ∼ (~k)y
λ/2⇒ Fx ≡ px ∼
~k
λ/2vy
Lorentz force, with qB ∼ 2h
λ2⇒ nφ ≡
qB
h∼ 2
λ2
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 26: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Design Principles
Example: Implementation for Hyperfine Levels
[NRC & Jean Dalibard, EPL 95, 66004 (2011)]
|⇓〉
|⇑〉ω1
ω2
Jg = 1/2
CC
CCW
ω1
σ− pol.
ω2
ω2ω2
θ θ
θ
V ∝(|E+
2 |2 − |E−2 |2 Ez
2 E−1
∗
Ez2∗E−1 −|E+
2 |2 + |E−2 |2)
Nφ = 1 (two level system)
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 27: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Design Principles
Example: Implementation for Hyperfine Levels
[NRC & Jean Dalibard, EPL 95, 66004 (2011)]
|⇓〉
|⇑〉ω1
ω2
Jg = 1/2
CC
CCW
ω1
σ− pol.
ω2
ω2ω2
θ θ
θ
V ∝(|E+
2 |2 − |E−2 |2 Ez
2 E−1
∗
Ez2∗E−1 −|E+
2 |2 + |E−2 |2)
Nφ = 1 (two level system)
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 28: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Design Principles
Bandstructure: p2
2M I + V (r)
Jg = 1/2 (e.g. 171Yb, 199Hg, 6Li) [ER = h2
2Mλ2 ]
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5E/E
R
DoS
(ar
b.)
x 1/10V = 2ER, θ = π/4, ε = 1.3
.
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 29: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Design Principles
Bandstructure: p2
2M I + V (r)
Jg = 1/2 (e.g. 171Yb, 199Hg, 6Li) [ER = h2
2Mλ2 ]
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5E/E
R
DoS
(ar
b.)
x 1/10V = 2ER, θ = π/4, ε = 1.3
.Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 30: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Design Principles
Jg = 1/2 (e.g. 171Yb, 199Hg, 6Li) [ER = h2
2Mλ2 ]
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5E/E
R
DoS
(ar
b.)
x 1/10V = 2ER, θ = π/4, ε = 1.3
Jg = 1 (e.g. 23Na, 39K, 87Rb)
8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9E/E
R
0
DoS
LLLV = 8ER, ε = 0.8, θ = 0.2, γ1 = 0, γ2 = −0.15ER
• Narrow topological bands: analogous to lowest Landau level
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 31: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Design Principles
Designing Optical Flux Lattices[NRC & Roderich Moessner, PRL 109 215302 (2012)]
H =p2
2MI + V (r)
Optical lattices are conveniently defined in reciprocal space
Couplings V α′αk′−k ≡ 〈α
′, k′|V |α, k〉 of internal states α = 1, . . . ,N
m1V 12κ1 m2 V 21
κ2 m1 m2-G
Reciprocal lattice G
|1,q〉|2,q + κ1〉
|1,q + G〉 G = κ1 + κ2
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 32: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Design Principles
Designing Optical Flux Lattices[NRC & Roderich Moessner, PRL 109 215302 (2012)]
H =p2
2MI + V (r)
Optical lattices are conveniently defined in reciprocal space
Couplings V α′αk′−k ≡ 〈α
′, k′|V |α, k〉 of internal states α = 1, . . . ,N
m1V 12κ1 m2 V 21
κ2 m1 m2-G
Reciprocal lattice G
|1,q〉|2,q + κ1〉
|1,q + G〉 G = κ1 + κ2
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 33: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Design Principles
Designing Optical Flux Lattices[NRC & Roderich Moessner, PRL 109 215302 (2012)]
H =p2
2MI + V (r)
Optical lattices are conveniently defined in reciprocal space
Couplings V α′αk′−k ≡ 〈α
′, k′|V |α, k〉 of internal states α = 1, . . . ,N
m1V 12κ1 m2 V 21
κ2 m1 m2-G
Reciprocal lattice G
|1,q〉|2,q + κ1〉
|1,q + G〉 G = κ1 + κ2
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 34: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Design Principles
Bloch’s theorem |ψnq〉 =∑α,G
cnqαG|α,q + gα + G〉
EnqcnqαG =
~2|q + G + gα|2
2McnqαG +
∑α′,G′
V αα′
G+gα−G′−gα′cnqα′G′
Adiabatic limit (K.E. → 0)
EnqcnqαG =
∑α′,G′
V αα′
G+gα−G′−gα′cnqα′G′
Tight-binding model in reciprocal space
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 35: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Design Principles
Bloch’s theorem |ψnq〉 =∑α,G
cnqαG|α,q + gα + G〉
EnqcnqαG =
~2|q + G + gα|2
2McnqαG +
∑α′,G′
V αα′
G+gα−G′−gα′cnqα′G′
Adiabatic limit (K.E. → 0)
EnqcnqαG =
∑α′,G′
V αα′
G+gα−G′−gα′cnqα′G′
Tight-binding model in reciprocal space
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 36: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Design Principles
Tight-binding model in reciprocal space
EnqcnqαG =
∑α′,G′
V αα′
G+gα−G′−gα′cnqα′G′
Bandstructure determines the dressed states in real space[H = V (r)]
conserved “momentum” ⇔ real space position, r
Brillouin zone ⇔ real space unit cell
Bloch wavefunction ⇔ dressed state, |nr〉band energies ⇔ local dressed state energies, En(r)
Berry curvature ⇔ local flux density, nφ
Chern number, C ⇔ flux through unit cell, Nφ
For an optical flux lattice, the lowest energy band of thereciprocal-space tight-binding model has non-zero Chern number
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 37: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Design Principles
Tight-binding model in reciprocal space
EnqcnqαG =
∑α′,G′
V αα′
G+gα−G′−gα′cnqα′G′
Bandstructure determines the dressed states in real space[H = V (r)]
conserved “momentum” ⇔ real space position, r
Brillouin zone ⇔ real space unit cell
Bloch wavefunction ⇔ dressed state, |nr〉band energies ⇔ local dressed state energies, En(r)
Berry curvature ⇔ local flux density, nφ
Chern number, C ⇔ flux through unit cell, Nφ
For an optical flux lattice, the lowest energy band of thereciprocal-space tight-binding model has non-zero Chern number
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 38: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Design Principles
Tight-binding model in reciprocal space
EnqcnqαG =
∑α′,G′
V αα′
G+gα−G′−gα′cnqα′G′
Bandstructure determines the dressed states in real space[H = V (r)]
conserved “momentum” ⇔ real space position, r
Brillouin zone ⇔ real space unit cell
Bloch wavefunction ⇔ dressed state, |nr〉band energies ⇔ local dressed state energies, En(r)
Berry curvature ⇔ local flux density, nφ
Chern number, C ⇔ flux through unit cell, Nφ
For an optical flux lattice, the lowest energy band of thereciprocal-space tight-binding model has non-zero Chern number
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 39: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Design Principles
OFLs with uniform Magnetic Field and Scalar Potential
N = 4 V = ER
-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0E/E
R
DoS
(ar
b. u
nits
)
x 1/10
• Low energy spectrum closely analogous to Landau levels
• Narrow bands ⇒strongly correlated phases
• N = 3 scheme for 87Rb shows robust Laughlin, CF/hierarchy andMoore-Read phases of bosons, even for weak two-body repulsion
[NRC & Jean Dalibard, PRL 110, 185301 (2013)]
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
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Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Outlook
• Strong magnetic field, nφ ∼1
λ2
– Novel FQH states of 2D bosons [NRC & J. Dalibard, PRL (2013)]
– Correlated bosonic phases in 3D? [NRC, van Lankvelt, Reijnders & Schoutens, PRA ’05]
– Strong-coupling superconductivity vs. FQH, ξpair ∼ a ∼ n−1/2φ
[for a cuprate superconductor, would need B >∼ 105T!]
• Other Topological Bandstructures
– “Chern insulators” with C > 1
– Z2 Topological Insulators in 2D and 3D
⇒Exploration of “fractional topological insulators”
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
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Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Outlook
• Strong magnetic field, nφ ∼1
λ2
– Novel FQH states of 2D bosons [NRC & J. Dalibard, PRL (2013)]
– Correlated bosonic phases in 3D? [NRC, van Lankvelt, Reijnders & Schoutens, PRA ’05]
– Strong-coupling superconductivity vs. FQH, ξpair ∼ a ∼ n−1/2φ
[for a cuprate superconductor, would need B >∼ 105T!]
• Other Topological Bandstructures
– “Chern insulators” with C > 1
– Z2 Topological Insulators in 2D and 3D
⇒Exploration of “fractional topological insulators”
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases
![Page 42: Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases · 6/11/2014 · ’2 107cm 2 [R ’10 m 0:5 m] Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Optical Flux Lattices for Cold](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2accf5cb79f04181d6862/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Optically Dressed StatesOptical Flux LatticesOutlook & Summary
Summary
I Coherent optical coupling of internal states provides apowerful way to create topological bands for cold atoms.
H =p2
2MI + V (r)
I Simple laser set-ups lead to “optical flux lattices”: periodicmagnetic flux with very high mean density, nφ ∼ 1/λ2.
I The bandstructure can be designed with significant control.
I These lattices offer a practical route to the study of novelstrongly correlated topological phases in ultracold gases.
Nigel Cooper Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Artificial Magnetism for Cold Atom Gases College de France, 11 June 2014 Jean Dalibard (College de France) Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden)Optical Flux Lattices for Cold Atom Gases