Optical Fiber Overview & Classification Tintofc001

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1OPTICAL FIBER OVERVIEW & CLASSIFICATION

OPTICAL FIBER OVERVIEW & CLASSIFICATION

MODULE ID: TINTOFC001

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Introduction

An Optical Fibre System uses light waves as carrier of the information signals.

Transmitted through an Optical Fibre using the principle of Total Internal reflection.

Main portion of an optical transmitter is light source ( LED or LASER diode.)

This changes electrical signals to optical signals.Receiver contains a photo diode which converts light

back into electrical signals.Detected signal is then amplified and shaped

appropriately.

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Basic FibreOptic Link

FibreDriver Source Detector Regen.

Transmitter Receiver

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Transmission sequences given below: Information is encoded into electrical signals.Electrical signals are converted into light signals.Light travels down the fiber.A detector changes the light signals into electrical signals.Electrical signals are decoded into information.

Transmission in Optical Fiber

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Optical fiber

A Basic Optical fiber consists of two concentric layers.

Inner layer called core has a refractive index slight higher than the outer layer called cladding.

Light injected into the core.This light strikes the core-cladding surface at

an angle greater than the critical angle and gets reflected back into the core

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12

12

12

Total Internal Reflection

1Angle of incidence

2Angle of refraction

Light is bent away From the Normal

2

1Critical angle

Light does not enter Second medium

Angle of incidence

1 2

Angle of Reflection

When angle ofincidence is more than Critical angle light is reflected in the same material

1 is denser and 2 is rearer 1 is greater than 2

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Fiber Construction

1. Core: 8m diameter for SMF & 50 m dia for

MMF 2. Cladding: 125m dia. 3. Buffer: 250m dia.

4. Jacket: 400 m dia

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125 m

9 m

Secondary coating

Primary coatingClad Core

Fiber Construction

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Fiber Construction4 Optical Fiber

Thin strands of highly transparent glass or sometimes plastic that guide light.

4 Core The centre of the fiber where the light is transmitted

4 Cladding The outside optical layer of the fiber that traps the

light in the core and guides it along - even through curves

4 Buffer coating or primary coating A hard plastic coating on the outside of the fiber that

protects the glass from moisture or physical damage.

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Optical Fibre types

Based on material 1. Glass Fibres [glass core & glass cladding] 2. Plastic-clad Silica Fibres [glass core & plastic cladding] 3. Plastic Fibres [plastic core & plastic fibres] Based on size 1. Multi-mode fibres 2. Single-mode fibresBased on refractive index 1. Step-Index Fiber 2. Graded-index Fiber

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Modes

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Types of Fiber

Single-mode optical fiber (SMF) is an optical fiber designed to carry only a single ray of light (mode)

Use for long distance communication e.g. 50 Km

Multimode fiber (MMF) has higher "light-gathering" capacity than single-mode optical fiber and can carry many rays of light

Used for Short distance communication e.g. 200 mtrs

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Colour code scheme in Seicor cable

Orange/Black12White6

Blue/Black11Slate5

Violet10Brown4

Yellow9Green3

Black8Orange2

Red7Blue1

Colour codeFiber NoColour codeFiber No

Colour code simplifies fiber identification

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Optical Fiber Cable configurations

896

648

424

212

Fibers in each tubeNo of fibers

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OFC COMPONENTS ,FUNCTIONS

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OFC Components

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OFC Classification

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FDF

Pigtails & Patch Cords

OFSystem

OF CableFibres Pigtail

Connector

Patch Cord

OFTB

OFTB

WSC

FDF/FDMS WITH COUPLER

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Common carrier nationwide networks.Telephone interoffice trunk lines.Customer premise communication networks.Undersea cables.High EMI areas (Power lines, Rails, Roads).Factory communication/Automation.Control systems.Expensive environments.High lightning areas. Military applications.Classified (secure) communication

Applications of Fibre Optics in Communications

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Trenching , HDPE pipe laying specs

Depth 165 cm,soft soil /1m rocky soil Top width :45cm,. Bottom width ;30cm Trial pits : 2M X1M X 1.6M On ducted routes : PVC pipes 100m inner dia,

3pvc pipes of 30cms dia as subpipes Non ducted routes ; HDPE pipes 75mm (6kg/cm 2), 10kg./cm 2 in congested city

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Trenching , HDPE pipe laying specs

Depth 165 cm,soft soil /1m rocky soil Top width :45cm,. Bottom width ;30cm Trial pits : 2M X1M X 1.6M On ducted routes : PVC pipes 100m inner

dia, 3pvc pipes of 30cms dia as subpipes Non ducted routes ; HDPE pipes 75mm (6kg/cm 2), 10kg./cm 2 in congested city

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Guidelines OFC Laying

Trial pits : 6 pits/km8mm/12mm Nylon ropes to replace 4mm

ropes already in HDPE pipe In walk through tunnels : Green pipe 32/40mm 2 number of split HDPE pipes of

total dia 75mm Hand hole inner size: 120cm x 80cm x 100cm

deep With cast iron cover and MS frame

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Ribbon Cable

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48 fiber cable

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OFC patch cord &pIgtail

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Based on material 1. Glass Fibres [glass core & glass cladding] 2. Plastic-clad Silica Fibres [glass core & plastic cladding] 3. Plastic Fibres [plastic core & plastic fibres] Based on size/Fiber 1. Multi-mode fibres 2. Single-mode fibresBased on refractive index 1. Step-Index Fiber 2. Graded-index Fiber

OFC CLASSIFICATION

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Based on usage 1 Outdoor cable 2. Indoor cableOutdoor cables are 1.Loose tube cables 2. Figure 8 cables 3..Armored cable 4. Ribbon cablesIndoor cables are 1.Tight ribbon cables 2. Fanout cables 3. Fiber optic patch cords.

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OFC CLASSIFICATION

Loose buffer cables Tight buffer cables Shallow water cables Deep water cables Based on ITU-T Recommendations 1 g-651:M ultimode,fibers for use at 850nm 2 g-652:Standard SM FIBER 1310 nm optimized 3.g-652c :Low water peakfiber for CWDM 4. g653 : Zero dispersion point shiftd to`1550 nm 5.g654 : Cut of w/l shifted , submarin cable 6.g655; Non zero dispersion shifted (c band) 7.g655b :- Advanced NZDSF (S,C BAND)

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Other cables 1. Self supporting aerial cable 2. Submarine cables 3. Fiber optic patch cords 4. optical GroundwireBased on Fire rating 1 Riser cables. 2 Plenum cables 3 general purpose cablesBased on Physical design consideratons 1. Inside plant cables(isp) 2. Outside plant cables(osp)

OFC CLASSIFICATION

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OFC CLASSIFICATION

Speciality fibers 1 Erbium doped fibers 2 Photo sensitivew fibers 3.Bend insensitive fibers 4. Polarisation preserving cables 5 High index fibers 6.Holey fibers( Photonic Crystal Fibers)

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Optical ground wire cross section

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OPGW Cable and PMMA Cable

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Aerial drop cable

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ADSS (all dielectric supporting cable)

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Other cables 1. Self supporting aerial cable 2. Submarine cables 3. Fiber optic patch cords 4. optical GroundwireBased on Fire rating 1 Riser cables.; OFNR,OFCR 2 Plenum cables..OFNP 3 general purpose cables..OFCG,OFNG,OFN,LSZHBased on Physical design consideratons 1. Inside plant cables(isp) 2. Outside plant cables(osp)

OFC CLASSIFICATION

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FIGURE 8 Cable

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PHOTONIC CRYSTAL CABLE

Silica material contain Numerous airfilledMicroscopic holes.Obtain waveguide properties fromArrangement of closelySpaed air holes which gothrough whole lengthOf fiber

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Band gap fiber(photonic crystal)

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ADSS cable

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BEND INSENSITIVE FIBER

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Ribbon type cable

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Submarine OF cable

1.Outer protective jacket2.Galvanized steel armoring3. Bedding layer4.Polytheene outer sheath5.Wrapping tape+lead sheath6Polthene inner sheath7.Wrapping tape and moisture Barrier8.Central strength member

(steel wire)

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OFNP, OFNR CABLES OFNP:OPTICAL FIBER NONCONDUCTIVE

PLENUM OFNR; OF CABLE NON CONDUCTIVBE RISER

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Optical Fiber Overview & Classification Tintofc001

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