Optical Disc Drive Suraj'

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Optical disc drive

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A CD/DVD-ROM Drive

A Blu-ray (BD-RE DL) writer tray in a Sony Vaio E series laptopOptical discs

Optical disc Optical disc drive

Optical disc authoring Authoring software Recording technologies

o Recording modes

o Packet writingOptical media types

Blu-ray Disc (BD): BD-R, BD-RE DVD: DVD-R, DVD+R,DVD-R DL,

DVD+R DL, DVD-R DS,DVD+R DS,DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, DVD-D, DVD-A, HVD, EcoDisc

Compact Disc (CD):Red Book, CD-ROM,CD-R, CD-RW, 5.1 Music Disc, SACD, PhotoCD, CD Video (CDV), Video CD(VCD),SVCD,CD+G,CD-Text, CD-ROM XA,CD-i

Universal Media Disc (UMD) Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD) Forward Versatile Disc (FVD) Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD) China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD) HD DVD: HD DVD-R,HD DVD-RW, HD

DVD-RAM High definition Versatile Multilayer Disc (HD
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gh-definition_Dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVD-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVD-RWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVD-RAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVD-RAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versatile_Multilayer_Disc


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VMD) VCDHD GD-ROM MiniDisc (MD) (Hi-MD) Laserdisc (LD) (LD-ROM)

Video Single Disc (VSD) Ultra Density Optical (UDO) Stacked Volumetric Optical Disk(SVOD) Five dimensional disc (5D DVD)

Nintendo optical disc (NOD)Standards

SFF ATAPI/MMCo Mount Rainier(packet writing)o Mount Fuji (layer jump recording)

Rainbow Books File systems

o ISO 9660 Joliet Rock Ridge / SUSP El Torito Apple ISO 9660 Extensions

o Universal Disk Format (UDF)

o ISO 13490See also

History of optical storage media

High definition optical disc format warThis box: viewtalkedit

The CD/DVD drive lens on an Acer laptop
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A Blu-ray drive holds independent lenses for Blu-ray and DVD media. Pictured arelenses from a Blu-ray writer in a Sony Vaio E series laptop

In computing, an optical disc drive (ODD) is a disk drive that useslaserlight orelectromagnetic waves near the light spectrum as part of the process of reading or writingdata to or from optical discs. Some drives can only read from discs, but recent drives arecommonly both readers and recorders, also called burners or writers.Compact discs,DVDs, and Blu-ray discs are common types of optical media which can be read andrecorded by such drives. Optical drive is the generic name; drives are usually described

as "CD" "DVD", or "Blu-Ray", followed by "drive", "writer", etc.

Optical disc drives are an integral part of stand-alone consumer appliances such as CDplayers, DVD playersand DVD recorders. They are also very commonly used incomputers to read software and consumer media distributed on disc, and to record discsfor archival and data exchange purposes. Floppy disk drives, with capacity of 1.44 MB,have been made obsolete: optical media are cheap and have vastly higher capacity tohandle the large files used since the days of floppy discs, and the vast majority ofcomputers and much consumer entertainment hardware have optical writers. USB flashdrives, high-capacity, small, and inexpensive, are suitable where read/write capability isrequired.

Disc recording is restricted to storing files playable on consumer appliances (films,music, etc.), relatively small volumes of data (e.g., a standard DVD holds 4.7 gigabytes)for local use, and data for distribution, but only on a small-scale; mass-producing largenumbers of identical discs is cheaper and faster than individual recording.

Optical discs are used toback up relatively small volumes of data, but backing up ofentire hard drives, as of 2011 typically containing many hundreds of gigabytes, is lesspractical than with the smaller capacities available previously. Large backups are oftenmade on external hard drives, as their price has dropped to a level making this viable; inprofessional environments magnetic tape drivesare also used.

Contents

[hide]

1 History 2 Key components
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o 2.1 Laser and opticso 2.2 Rotational mechanismo 2.3 Loading mechanismso 2.4 Computer interfaces

3 Compatibility

4 Recording performance 5 Recording schemes

o 5.1 Recorder Unique Identifiero 5.2 Source IDentification Codeo 5.3 Use of RID and SID together in forensics

6 See also 7 References

8 External links

[edit] History

The first laser disk, demonstrated in 1972, was theLaservision 12-inch video disk. Thevideo signal was stored as an analog format like a video cassette. The first digitallyrecorded optical disc was a 5-inch audio compact disc (CD) in a read-only format createdby Philips and Sony in 1975. Five years later, the same two companies introduced adigital storage solution for computers using this same CD size called a CD-ROM. Notuntil 1987 did Sony demonstrate the erasable and rewritable 5.25-inch optical drive.[1]

[edit] Key components

[edit] Laser and optics

The most important part of an optical disc drive is an optical path, placed in apickuphead(PUH),[2] usually consisting of semiconductorlaser, a lens for guiding the laserbeam, andphotodiodes detecting the light reflection from disc's surface.[3]

Initially, CD lasers with a wavelength of 780 nm were used, being within infrared range.For DVDs, the wavelength was reduced to 650 nm (red color), and the wavelength forBlu-ray Disc was reduced to 405 nm (violet color).

Two main servomechanismsare used, the first one to maintain a correct distance between

lens and disc, and ensure the laser beam is focused on a small laser spoton the disc. Thesecond servo moves a head along the disc's radius, keeping the beam on a groove, acontinuous spiral data path.

On read only media (ROM), during the manufacturing process the groove, made ofpits,is pressed on a flat surface, called land. Because the depth of the pits is approximatelyone-quarter to one-sixth of the laser's wavelength, the reflected beam's phase is shifted inrelation to the incoming reading beam, causing mutual destructiveinterference and
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reducing the reflected beam's intensity. This is detected by photodiodes that outputelectrical signals.

A recorder encodes (orburns) data onto a recordable CD-R,DVD-R,DVD+R, orBD-Rdisc (called a blank) by selectively heating parts of an organic dye layer with a laser[citationneeded]

. This changes the reflectivity of the dye, thereby creating marks that can be read likethe pits and lands on pressed discs. For recordable discs, the process is permanent and themedia can be written to only once. While the reading laser is usually not stronger than 5mW, the writing laser is considerably more powerful. The higher writing speed, the lesstime a laser has to heat a point on the media, thus its power has to increaseproportionally. DVD burners' lasers often peak at about 200 mW, either in continuouswave and pulses, although some have been driven up to 400 mW before the diode fails.

For rewritable CD-RW,DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, orBD-RE media, the laseris used to melt a crystalline metal alloy in the recording layer of the disc. Depending onthe amount of power applied, the substance may be allowed to melt back (change the

phaseback) into crystalline form or left in anamorphous form, enabling marks of varyingreflectivity to be created.

Double-sidedmedia may be used, but they are not easily accessed with a standard drive,as they must be physically turned over to access the data on the other side.

Double layer(DL) media have two independent data layers separated by a semi-reflectivelayer. Both layers are accessible from the same side, but require the optics to change thelaser's focus. Traditionalsingle layer(SL) writable media are produced with a spiralgroove molded in the protectivepolycarbonatelayer (not in the data recording layer), tolead and synchronize the speed of recording head. Double-layered writable media have: a

first polycarbonate layer with a (shallow) groove, a first data layer, a semi-reflectivelayer, a second (spacer) polycarbonate layer with another (deep) groove, and a seconddata layer. The first groove spiral usually starts on the inner edge and extends outwards,while the second groove starts on the outer edge and extends inwards.

Some drives support Hewlett-Packard's LightScribe photothermal printing technology forlabeling specially coated discs.

[edit] Rotational mechanism

Further information:Disk drive performance characteristics
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Comparison of several forms of disk storage showing tracks (not-to-scale); green denotesstart and red denotes end.

* Some CD-R(W) and DVD-R(W)/DVD+R(W) recorders operate in ZCLV, CAA orCAV modes.

A CD-ROM Drive (without case)

Optical drives' rotational mechanism differs considerably from hard disk drives', in thatthe latter keep a constant angular velocity (CAV), in other words a constant number ofrevolutions per minute (RPM). With CAV, a higherthroughput is generally achievable atan outer disc area, as compared to inner area.

On the other hand, optical drives were developed with an assumption of achieving aconstant throughput, in CD drives initially equal to 150KiB/s. It was a feature importantfor streaming audio data that always tend to require a constantbit rate. But to ensure nodisc capacity is wasted, a head had to transfer data at a maximum linear rate at all timestoo, without slowing on the outer rim of disc. This had led to optical drivesuntilrecentlyoperating with aconstant linear velocity (CLV). The spiralgroove of the discpassed under its headat a constant speed. Of course the implication of CLV, as opposedto CAV, is that disc angularvelocity is no longer constant, and spindle motor need to be
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designed to vary speed between 200 RPM on the outer rim and 500 RPM on the innerrim.

Later CD drives kept the CLV paradigm, but evolved to achieve higher rotational speeds,popularly described in multiples of a base speed. As a result, a 4 drive, for instance,

would rotate at 800-2000 RPM, while transferring data steadily at 600 KiB/s, which isequal to 4 150 KiB/s.

For DVD base speed, or "1 speed", is 1.385 MB/s, equal to 1.32 MiB/s, approximately 9times faster than the CD base speed. For Blu-ray drives base speed is 6.74 MB/s, equal to6.43 MiB/s.

There are mechanical limits to how quickly a disc can be spun. Beyond a certain rate ofrotation, around 10000 RPM, centrifugal stress can cause the disc plastic to creep andpossibly shatter. On the outer edge of the CD disc, 10000 RPM limitation roughly equalsto 52 speed, but on the inner edge only to 20. Some drives further lower their

maximum read speed to around 40 on the reasoning that blank discs will be clear ofstructural damage, but that discs inserted for reading may not be. Without higherrotational speeds, increased read performance may be attainable by simultaneouslyreading more than one point of a data groove, [4] but drives with such mechanisms aremore expensive, less compatible, and very uncommon.

The Z-CLV recording strategy is easily visible after burning a DVD-R.

Because keeping a constant transfer rate for the whole disc is not so important in mostcontemporary CD uses, to keep the rotational speed of the disc safely low whilemaximizing data rate, a pure CLV approach needed to be abandoned. Some drives workinpartial CLV(PCLV) scheme, by switching from CLV to CAV only when a rotationallimit is reached. But switching to CAV requires considerable changes in hardware design,

so instead most drives use the zoned constant linear velocity (Z-CLV) scheme. Thisdivides the disc into several zones, each having its own different constant linear velocity.A Z-CLV recorder rated at "52", for example, would write at 52 on the innermost zoneand then progressively decrease the speed in several discrete steps down to 20 at theouter rim.

[edit] Loading mechanisms
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Current optical drives use either a tray-loadingmechanism, where the disc is loaded ontoa motorised or manually operated tray, or aslot-loadingmechanism, where the disc isslid into a slot and drawn in by motorized rollers. Slot-loading drives have thedisadvantage that they cannot usually accept the smaller 80 mm discs or any non-standard sizes; however, the Wiiand PlayStation 3 video game consoles seem to have

defeated this problem, for they are able to load standard size DVDs and 80 mm discs inthe same slot-loading drive.[citation needed]

A small number of drive models, mostly compact portable units, have a top-loadingmechanism where the drive lid is opened upwards and the disc is placed directly onto thespindle[5] (for example, all PlayStation 1 consoles, portable CD players, and somestandalone CD recorders all feature top-loading drives).

These sometimes have the advantage of using spring-loaded ball bearings to hold the discin place, minimizing damage to the disc if the drive is moved while it is spun up.

Some early CD-ROM drives used a mechanism where CDs had to be inserted into specialcartridgesorcaddies, somewhat similar in appearance to a 3.5" floppy diskette. This wasintended to protect the disc from accidental damage by enclosing it in a tougher plasticcasing, but did not gain wide acceptance due to the additional cost and compatibilityconcernssuch drives would also inconveniently require "bare" discs to be manuallyinserted into an openable caddy before use.

[edit] Computer interfaces

Digital audio output, analog audio output, and parallel ATA interface.

Most internal drives forpersonal computers,serversand workstations are designed to fitin a standard 5.25" drive bayand connect to their host via an ATA orSATA interface.Additionally, there may be digital and analog outputs for Red Book audio. The outputs

may be connected via a header cable to the sound card or the motherboard. At one time,computer software resembling cd players controlled playback of the CD. Today theinformation is extracted from the disc as data, to be played back or converted to other fileformats.

External drives usually have USB orFireWire interfaces. Some portable versions forlaptop use power themselves off batteries or off their interface bus.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartridge_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartridge_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddy_(hardware)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddy_(hardware)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_drive#The_3.C2.BD-inch_micro_floppy_diskettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_disc_drive&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workstationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Attachmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SATAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cd_playerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_rippinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dvd_backside.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dvd_backside.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartridge_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddy_(hardware)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_drive#The_3.C2.BD-inch_micro_floppy_diskettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_disc_drive&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workstationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Attachmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SATAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cd_playerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_rippinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWire


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Drives withSCSI interface were made, but they are less common and tend to be moreexpensive, because of the cost of their interface chipsets, more complex SCSI connectors,and small volume of sales.

When the optical disc drive was first developed, it was not easy to add to computer

systems. Some computers such as the IBM PS/2 were standardizing on the 3.5" floppyand 3.5" hard disk, and did not include a place for a large internal device. Also IBM PCsand clones at first only included a singleATA[disambiguation needed ] drive interface, which bythe time the CDROM was introduced, was already being used to support two hard drives.Early laptops simply had no built-in high-speed interface for supporting an externalstorage device.

This was solved through several techniques:

Early sound cards could include a second ATA interface, though it was oftenlimited to supporting a single optical drive and no hard drives. This evolved into

the modern second ATA interface included as standard equipment Aparallel port external drive was developed that connected between a printer andthe computer. This was slow but an option for laptops

A PCMCIA optical drive interface was also developed for laptops A SCSI card could be installed in desktop PCs for an external SCSI drive

enclosure, though SCSI was typically much more expensive than other options

[edit] Compatibility

Most optical drives arebackwards compatible with their ancestors up to CD, althoughthis is not required by standards.

Compared to a CD's 1.2 mm layer of polycarbonate, a DVD's laser beam only has topenetrate 0.6 mm in order to reach the recording surface. This allows a DVD drive tofocus the beam on a smaller spot size and to read smaller pits. DVD lens supports adifferent focus for CD or DVD media with same laser.

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NoneNone

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATAhttp://toolserver.org/~dispenser/cgi-bin/dab_solver.py?page=Optical_disc_drive&editintro=Template:Disambiguation_needed/editintro&client=Template:Dnhttp://toolserver.org/~dispenser/cgi-bin/dab_solver.py?page=Optical_disc_drive&editintro=Template:Disambiguation_needed/editintro&client=Template:Dnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_cardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCMCIAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_disc_drive&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backwards_compatiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-RWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-RWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-RWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-RWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-RWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-RWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-RWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BRWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BRWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BR_DLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BR_DLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BR_DLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-REhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-REhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-REhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-REhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-REhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-REhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-RWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATAhttp://toolserver.org/~dispenser/cgi-bin/dab_solver.py?page=Optical_disc_drive&editintro=Template:Disambiguation_needed/editintro&client=Template:Dnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_cardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCMCIAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_disc_drive&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backwards_compatiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-RWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-RWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-RWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-RWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-RWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-RWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BRWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BRWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BR_DLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BR_DLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BR_DLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-REhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-REhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-REhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-REhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-REhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-REhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-RW


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DVD-ROMdrive

ReadRead 3

Read 3

ReadRead 4

Read4

Read4

Read4Read5 None

None

None

None

None

DVD-Rrecorder

ReadWrite

Write

ReadWrite

Read6

Read7

Read6Read5 None

None

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DVD-RW

recorderRead

Wri

te

Wri

teRead

Wri

te

Read

7

Wri

te 8Read6

Read

5

NoneNo

ne

No

ne

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ne

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eDVD+Rrecorder

ReadWrite

Write

ReadRead 6

WriteRead6

Read9Read5 None

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Write

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WriteRead6

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None

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ReadWrite

Write

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WriteRead5 None

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DVDRW/DVD+R DLrecorder

ReadWrite

Write

ReadWrite10

WriteWrite 10

Write Write NoneNone

None

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BD-ROM ReadRead

Read Read

Read Read

Read Read Read Read

Read

Read

Read

Read

BD-Rrecorder

Read11

Write 11

Write 11

ReadWrite

WriteWrite

Write Write ReadWrite

Read

Read

Read

BD-RErecorder

Read11

Write 11

Write 11

ReadWrite

WriteWrite


Write

Read

Read

BD-R DLrecorder

Read11

Write 11

Write 11

ReadWrite

WriteWrite


Read

Write

Read

BD-RE DLrecorder

Read11

Write 11

Write 11

ReadWrite

WriteWrite


Write

Write

Write

^1 Some types of CD-R media with less-reflective dyes may cause problems. ^2 May not work in non MultiRead-compliant drives. ^3 May not workin some early-model DVD-ROM drives. ^4 A large-scale compatibility testconducted by cdrinfo.com in July 2003 found

DVD-R discs playable by 96.74%, DVD+R by 87.32%, DVD-RW by 87.68%and DVD+RW by 86.96% of consumer DVD players and DVD-ROM drives.

^5 Read compatibility with existing DVD drives may vary greatly with the brandof DVD+R DL media used.

^6Need information on read compatibility. ^7 May not work in non DVD Multi-compliant drives. ^8 Recorder firmware may blacklist or otherwise refuse to record to some brands

of DVD-RW media. ^9Need information on read compatibility. ^10 As of April 2005, all DVD+R DL recorders on the market are Super Multi-

capable. ^11 As of October 2006, recently released BD drives are able to read and write

CD media.

[edit] Recording performance
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ote_compat-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BRWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD-ROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#endnote_compat-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#ref_compat-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#ref_compat-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#ref_compat-3http://www2.osta.org/osta/html/cddvd/intro.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#ref_compat-4http://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/Reviews/Specific.aspx?ArticleId=7664http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#ref_compat-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#ref_compat-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#ref_compat-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#ref_compat-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#ref_compat-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#ref_compat-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Multihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#ref_compat-11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_disc_drive&action=edit&section=8


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Optical recorder drives are often marked with three different speed ratings. In these cases,the first speed is for write-once (R) operations, second for re-write (RW or RE)operations, and one for read-only (ROM) operations. For example a 12/10/32 CD driveis capable of writing to CD-R discs at 12 speed (1.76 MB/s), write to CD-RW discs at10 speed (1.46 MB/s), and read from any CD discs at 32 speed (4.69 MB/s).

In the late 1990s, buffer underruns became a very common problem as high-speed CDrecorders began to appear in home and office computers, whichfor a variety of reasonsoften could not muster the I/O performance to keep the data stream to the recordersteadily fed. The recorder, should it run short, would be forced to halt the recordingprocess, leaving a truncated track that usually renders the disc useless.

In response, manufacturers of CD recorders began shipping drives with "buffer underrunprotection" (under various trade names, such as Sanyo's "BURN-Proof",Ricoh's"JustLink" andYamaha's "Lossless Link"). These can suspend and resume the recordingprocess in such a way that the gap the stoppage produces can be dealt with by theerror-

correcting logic built into CD players and CD-ROM drives. The first of these drives wererated at 12 and 16.

[edit] Recording schemes

See also: Optical disc recording technologies

CD recording on personal computers was originally a batch-oriented task in that itrequired specialisedauthoring software to create an "image" of the data to record, and torecord it to disc in the one session. This was acceptable for archival purposes, but limitedthe general convenience of CD-R and CD-RW discs as a removable storage medium.

Packet writing is a scheme in which the recorder writes incrementally to disc in shortbursts, or packets. Sequential packet writing fills the disc with packets from bottom up.To make it readable in CD-ROM and DVD-ROM drives, the disc can be closedat anytime by writing a final table-of-contents to the start of the disc; thereafter, the disc cannotbe packet-written any further. Packet writing, together with support from the operatingsystem and a file systemlike UDF, can be used to mimic random write-access as inmedia like flash memory and magnetic disks.

Fixed-length packet writing (on CD-RW and DVD-RW media) divides up the disc intopadded, fixed-size packets. The padding reduces the capacity of the disc, but allows the

recorder to start and stop recording on an individual packet without affecting itsneighbours. These resemble the block-writable access offered by magnetic media closelyenough that many conventional file systems will work as-is. Such discs, however, are notreadable in most CD-ROM and DVD-ROM drives or on most operating systems withoutadditional third-party drivers.

The DVD+RW disc format goes further by embedding more accurate timing hints in thedata groove of the disc and allowing individual data blocks to be replaced without
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affecting backwards compatibility (a feature dubbed "lossless linking"). The format itselfwas designed to deal with discontinuous recording because it was expected to be widelyused indigital video recorders. Many such DVRs use variable-rate video compressionschemes which require them to record in short bursts; some allow simultaneous playbackand recording by alternating quickly between recording to the tail of the disc whilst

reading from elsewhere.Mount Rainieraims to make packet-written CD-RW and DVD+RW discs as convenientto use as that of removable magnetic media by having the firmware format new discs inthe background and manage media defects (by automatically mapping parts of the discwhich have been worn out by erase cycles to reserve space elsewhere on the disc). As ofFebruary 2007, support for Mount Rainier is natively supported in Windows Vista. Allprevious versions of Windows require a third-party solution, as doesMac OS X.

[edit] Recorder Unique Identifier

Owing to pressure from the music industry, as represented by the IFPIandRIAA, Philipsdeveloped theRecorder Identification Code (RID) to allow media to be uniquelyassociated with the recorder that has written it. This standard is contained in theRainbowBooks. The RID-Code consists of a supplier code (e.g. "PHI" for Philips), a modelnumber and the unique ID of the recorder. Quoting Philips, the RID "enables a trace foreach disc back to the exact machine on which it was made using coded information in therecording itself. The use of the RID code is mandatory."[6]

Although the RID was introduced for music and video industry purposes, the RID isincluded on every disc written by every drive, including data and backup discs.

[edit] Source IDentification Code

The Source IDentification Code (SID) is an eight character supplier code that is placed onevery CD-ROM. The SID identifies not only manufacturer, the individual factory, andeven the machine that produced the (blank, writeable) disc.

Quoting Philips:[6] "The Source IDentification Code (SID Code) provides an optical discproduction facility with the means to identify:

all discs mastered and/or replicated in its plant; and the individual Laser Beam Recorder (LBR) signal processor or mould that

produced a particular stamper or disc."

[edit] Use of RID and SID together in forensics

The standard use of RID and SID mean that each disc written contains a record of themachine that produced a disc (the SID), and which drive wrote it (the RID). Thiscombined knowledge may be very useful to law enforcement, to investigative agencies,and to private and/or corporate investigators.[7]
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[edit] See also

CD shattering Computer hardware Cue sheet (music software) ISO image List of optical disc authoring software MultiLevel Recording Optical disc authoring Optical disc recording technologies Optical jukebox Phase-change Dual Receiver (radio) Ripping Sled definition Spin definition

[edit] References

1. ^ "Computer Peripherals - Chapter 12. Optical Disks". NanyangTechnological University, Singapore. October 16, 2001.http://www.lintech.org/comp-per/12OPDISK.pdf. Retrieved 2011-07-16.2. ^ Taylor, Jim H.; Johnson, Mark R.; Crawford, Charles G. (2006).DVDDemystified. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 78. ISBN0071423966.http://books.google.com/?id=ikxuL2aX9cAC&pg=PT229.3. ^ Stan, Sorin G. (1998). The CD-ROM Drive: A Brief System Description.

Springer. p. 13.ISBN079238167X.http://books.google.com/?id=Gs3pdRb83VcC&pg=PA14.4. ^ Page, M..Kenwood 72 CD-ROM Review. p. 2.http://www.pcstats.com/articleview.cfm?articleid=339&page=2. Retrieved 2007-10-08.5. ^ CD-210PU USB interface portable CD-ROM drive. TEAC.http://www.teac.co.jp/dspd/product/optical/cd-210pu.html. Retrieved 20071008.6. ^ ab"Intellectual Property & Standards/Licensing Programs". Philips.https://www.ip.philips.com/services/?module=IpsLicenseProgram&command=Print&id=20. Retrieved 20100727.7. ^ "Pocket guide to recognising pirate music products". InternationalFederation of the Phonographic Industry.http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/manual-of-guidance-chap3-english.pdf.Retrieved 20100727.

[edit] External links
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_disc_drive&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_shatteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cue_sheet_(music_software)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_optical_disc_authoring_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiLevel_Recordinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_authoringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_recording_technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_jukeboxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_Dualhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_(radio)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rippinghttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sledhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_disc_drive&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#cite_ref-0http://www.lintech.org/comp-per/12OPDISK.pdfhttp://www.lintech.org/comp-per/12OPDISK.pdfhttp://www.lintech.org/comp-per/12OPDISK.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#cite_ref-dvd_1-0http://books.google.com/?id=ikxuL2aX9cAC&pg=PT229http://books.google.com/?id=ikxuL2aX9cAC&pg=PT229http://books.google.com/?id=ikxuL2aX9cAC&pg=PT229http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0071423966http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0071423966http://books.google.com/?id=ikxuL2aX9cAC&pg=PT229http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#cite_ref-cd_2-0http://books.google.com/?id=Gs3pdRb83VcC&pg=PA14http://books.google.com/?id=Gs3pdRb83VcC&pg=PA14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/079238167Xhttp://books.google.com/?id=Gs3pdRb83VcC&pg=PA14http://books.google.com/?id=Gs3pdRb83VcC&pg=PA14http://books.google.com/?id=Gs3pdRb83VcC&pg=PA14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#cite_ref-3http://www.pcstats.com/articleview.cfm?articleid=339&page=2http://www.pcstats.com/articleview.cfm?articleid=339&page=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#cite_ref-4http://www.teac.co.jp/dspd/product/optical/cd-210pu.htmlhttp://www.teac.co.jp/dspd/product/optical/cd-210pu.htmlhttp://www.teac.co.jp/dspd/product/optical/cd-210pu.htmlhttp://www.teac.co.jp/dspd/product/optical/cd-210pu.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#cite_ref-Philips_5-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#cite_ref-Philips_5-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#cite_ref-Philips_5-1https://www.ip.philips.com/services/?module=IpsLicenseProgram&command=Print&id=20https://www.ip.philips.com/services/?module=IpsLicenseProgram&command=Print&id=20https://www.ip.philips.com/services/?module=IpsLicenseProgram&command=Print&id=20https://www.ip.philips.com/services/?module=IpsLicenseProgram&command=Print&id=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#cite_ref-6http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/manual-of-guidance-chap3-english.pdfhttp://www.ifpi.org/content/library/manual-of-guidance-chap3-english.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_disc_drive&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_disc_drive&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_shatteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cue_sheet_(music_software)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_optical_disc_authoring_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiLevel_Recordinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_authoringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_recording_technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_jukeboxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_Dualhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_(radio)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rippinghttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sledhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_disc_drive&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#cite_ref-0http://www.lintech.org/comp-per/12OPDISK.pdfhttp://www.lintech.org/comp-per/12OPDISK.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#cite_ref-dvd_1-0http://books.google.com/?id=ikxuL2aX9cAC&pg=PT229http://books.google.com/?id=ikxuL2aX9cAC&pg=PT229http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0071423966http://books.google.com/?id=ikxuL2aX9cAC&pg=PT229http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#cite_ref-cd_2-0http://books.google.com/?id=Gs3pdRb83VcC&pg=PA14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/079238167Xhttp://books.google.com/?id=Gs3pdRb83VcC&pg=PA14http://books.google.com/?id=Gs3pdRb83VcC&pg=PA14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#cite_ref-3http://www.pcstats.com/articleview.cfm?articleid=339&page=2http://www.pcstats.com/articleview.cfm?articleid=339&page=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#cite_ref-4http://www.teac.co.jp/dspd/product/optical/cd-210pu.htmlhttp://www.teac.co.jp/dspd/product/optical/cd-210pu.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#cite_ref-Philips_5-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#cite_ref-Philips_5-1https://www.ip.philips.com/services/?module=IpsLicenseProgram&command=Print&id=20https://www.ip.philips.com/services/?module=IpsLicenseProgram&command=Print&id=20https://www.ip.philips.com/services/?module=IpsLicenseProgram&command=Print&id=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#cite_ref-6http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/manual-of-guidance-chap3-english.pdfhttp://www.ifpi.org/content/library/manual-of-guidance-chap3-english.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_disc_drive&action=edit&section=15


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How CDs Workat HowStuffWorks How CD Burners Workat HowStuffWorks Understanding CD-R & CD-RW Guide to CD Writing and writing standards How to Flash an Xbox DVD Drive CD-Recordable FAQ CD/DVD/Blu-ray news and reviews Why Audio CD-R Discs Won't Always Play How to Fix a Faulty CD Burner Driver An IDE ODD (Top) and a SATA ODD (Bottom). Both are designed for laptops. An IDE ODD. It is 5.25-inch in form factor. A SATA ODD. It is 5.25-inch in form factor.

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