Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006
description
Transcript of Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006
![Page 1: Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814be9550346895db8c31b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
NO
RD
FO
RS
K S
UM
ME
RS
CH
OO
L 2006
Carina, Elisabet, Laia, Tine, Tom & Tomas – Cluster Team La Palma, Friday 21 April 2023
Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT -
NORDFORSK Summer School 2006
Elisabet LeitetLaia Mencía TrinchantTine Bjørn NielsenCarina PerssonTom Speltincx
Supervisor: Tomas Dahlén
![Page 2: Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814be9550346895db8c31b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
NO
RD
FO
RS
K S
UM
ME
RS
CH
OO
L 2006
Carina, Elisabet, Laia, Tine, Tom & Tomas – Cluster Team La Palma, Friday 21 April 2023
Outline
• Aim
• Introduction: The beginning... Stars – galaxies - clusters Luminosity function Radial distribution of spectral types Photometric redshift - method
• Observations
• Reductions
• Summary – results
![Page 3: Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814be9550346895db8c31b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
NO
RD
FO
RS
K S
UM
ME
RS
CH
OO
L 2006
Carina, Elisabet, Laia, Tine, Tom & Tomas – Cluster Team La Palma, Friday 21 April 2023
Aims
• Plan and perform optical and infrared imaging
• Reduce the data
• Science: Clusters of galaxies
![Page 4: Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814be9550346895db8c31b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
NO
RD
FO
RS
K S
UM
ME
RS
CH
OO
L 2006
Carina, Elisabet, Laia, Tine, Tom & Tomas – Cluster Team La Palma, Friday 21 April 2023
Why study Galaxy clusters?
• Great cosmological importance: formation and
evolution of large scale structures
constrain cosmological parameters
galaxy interactions evolution of
galaxies
![Page 5: Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814be9550346895db8c31b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
NO
RD
FO
RS
K S
UM
ME
RS
CH
OO
L 2006
Carina, Elisabet, Laia, Tine, Tom & Tomas – Cluster Team La Palma, Friday 21 April 2023
How ?
• Use photometric redshift method to determine cluster membership of the galaxies and spectral type
• → radial distribution of different spectral types
• → luminosity function (LF) of different spectral types and total LF of the cluster
![Page 6: Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814be9550346895db8c31b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
NO
RD
FO
RS
K S
UM
ME
RS
CH
OO
L 2006
Carina, Elisabet, Laia, Tine, Tom & Tomas – Cluster Team La Palma, Friday 21 April 2023
Luminosity function for clusters
![Page 7: Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814be9550346895db8c31b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
NO
RD
FO
RS
K S
UM
ME
RS
CH
OO
L 2006
Carina, Elisabet, Laia, Tine, Tom & Tomas – Cluster Team La Palma, Friday 21 April 2023
How to determine redshifts?
Spectroscopic:
• Identify and measure the shift of individual lines
• Narrow bands → long exposure time
• For galaxy clusters: multi-object spectrograph
• Only bright galaxies are reached
• Small errors: σz~0.01
Photometric:
• Use strong features in spectra (4000 Å break)
• Broad band color imaging (UBVRIJHK) → shorter exposure time
• Many more objects can be observed and measured simultaneously
• Possible to reach much fainter galaxies
• Larger errors: σz~0.1
![Page 8: Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814be9550346895db8c31b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
NO
RD
FO
RS
K S
UM
ME
RS
CH
OO
L 2006
Carina, Elisabet, Laia, Tine, Tom & Tomas – Cluster Team La Palma, Friday 21 April 2023
Photometric redshift: The method
• We use the Spectral Energy Distribution (SED)-fitting technique to determine the redshifts:
• A library of template spectra is created.
• These are redshifted and corrected for extinction
• Compared with the observed colors to determine the redshift z that best fits the observed colors.
• Drawbacks using this method: Color/redshift degeneracies and template
incompleteness. Solution: Increase the number of filters.
![Page 9: Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814be9550346895db8c31b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
NO
RD
FO
RS
K S
UM
ME
RS
CH
OO
L 2006
Carina, Elisabet, Laia, Tine, Tom & Tomas – Cluster Team La Palma, Friday 21 April 2023
IDL code
• Compares observations with templates
• Gets redshift AND type
• Selection of objects to include
• Type and redshift distribution
• Number of stars in field
• …
![Page 10: Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814be9550346895db8c31b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
NO
RD
FO
RS
K S
UM
ME
RS
CH
OO
L 2006
Carina, Elisabet, Laia, Tine, Tom & Tomas – Cluster Team La Palma, Friday 21 April 2023
Transmission curves
![Page 11: Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814be9550346895db8c31b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
NO
RD
FO
RS
K S
UM
ME
RS
CH
OO
L 2006
Carina, Elisabet, Laia, Tine, Tom & Tomas – Cluster Team La Palma, Friday 21 April 2023
Observations: Planning
• Clusters chosen for: high position on the sky low airmass no presence of bright stars
intermediate redshift too close does not fit in the
field of view too far away is too faint
• Standards close enough to the cluster to have the same airmass
Optical: Landolt et al. 1992 IR: Persson et al. 1998
![Page 12: Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814be9550346895db8c31b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
NO
RD
FO
RS
K S
UM
ME
RS
CH
OO
L 2006
Carina, Elisabet, Laia, Tine, Tom & Tomas – Cluster Team La Palma, Friday 21 April 2023
Observations planning:Target: ZwCl2101.6+1351
• Coordinates: RA: 21 04 53
Dec: +14 01 30
• Redshift: z = 0.20• Cluster diameter:
17 arcmin
![Page 13: Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814be9550346895db8c31b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
NO
RD
FO
RS
K S
UM
ME
RS
CH
OO
L 2006
Carina, Elisabet, Laia, Tine, Tom & Tomas – Cluster Team La Palma, Friday 21 April 2023
Observations planning:Target: Abell 2100
• Coordinates: RA: 15 36 22
Dec: +37 38 09
• Redshift: z = 0.15
• Cluster diameter: 20 arcmin
![Page 14: Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814be9550346895db8c31b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
NO
RD
FO
RS
K S
UM
ME
RS
CH
OO
L 2006
Carina, Elisabet, Laia, Tine, Tom & Tomas – Cluster Team La Palma, Friday 21 April 2023
Observations: Instruments
• Optical ALFOSC
6.5x6.5 arcmin, 0.19 arcsec/pixel
Filters: B V R
• Infrared NOTCam
wide field imaging, 4x4 arcmin, 0.23 arcsec/pixel
Filters: J Ks
![Page 15: Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814be9550346895db8c31b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
NO
RD
FO
RS
K S
UM
ME
RS
CH
OO
L 2006
Carina, Elisabet, Laia, Tine, Tom & Tomas – Cluster Team La Palma, Friday 21 April 2023
Optical observations
• S/N calculator• For an elliptical galaxy
we find the ratio
B : V : R = 7.2 : 1.8 : 1
• 3h in total gives: 6400s in B-band 1440s in V-band 720s in R-band
Outcome ZwCl (54%) 3300s in B-band 900s in V-band 450s in R-band
Abell2100 (100%) 6400s in B-band 1440s in V-band 720s in R-band
![Page 16: Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814be9550346895db8c31b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
NO
RD
FO
RS
K S
UM
ME
RS
CH
OO
L 2006
Carina, Elisabet, Laia, Tine, Tom & Tomas – Cluster Team La Palma, Friday 21 April 2023
IR observations
• We find the ratioJ = 28 % (= 2800s)
Ks = 72 % (= 7200s)
From the frame command
Outcome ZwCl (114%) 4720s in Ks-band 2208s in J-band
Abell2100 (115%) 2160s in Ks-band 1344s in J-band
ZwCl Abell2100
J 1728s 864s
Ks 4320s 2160s
![Page 17: Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814be9550346895db8c31b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
NO
RD
FO
RS
K S
UM
ME
RS
CH
OO
L 2006
Carina, Elisabet, Laia, Tine, Tom & Tomas – Cluster Team La Palma, Friday 21 April 2023
Reductions: Optical• Raw image of
ZwCl, taken in the B band
Corrected for:• Bias offset• Bad pixels
(mask)• Trimmed
Corrected for:• Flat field
Final image:• Normalized• Rotated• Aligned• ZP corrected• Combined• Galactic
extinction corrected
![Page 18: Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814be9550346895db8c31b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
NO
RD
FO
RS
K S
UM
ME
RS
CH
OO
L 2006
Carina, Elisabet, Laia, Tine, Tom & Tomas – Cluster Team La Palma, Friday 21 April 2023
Reductions: Near IR• Raw image of
Abell 2100 taken in the Ks band
Corrected for:• Sky
Corrected for:• Flat field
Final image:• Normalized• Aligned• Trimmed• ZP corrected• Combined• Galactic
extinction corrected
![Page 19: Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814be9550346895db8c31b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
NO
RD
FO
RS
K S
UM
ME
RS
CH
OO
L 2006
Carina, Elisabet, Laia, Tine, Tom & Tomas – Cluster Team La Palma, Friday 21 April 2023
Reductions: Zero Point Corrections
• Corrections for atmospheric extinction, ca
• ccdproc on standard stars (bias, flat, mask, overscan + trim section)
• Normalized by exposure time
• Magnitudes from SExtractor
• Zpx=magx-magx,measured
• ca=100.4k(AM-1) ,(k=slope)re B
VR
Band Zero point Slope
B 25.74 -0.33
V 25.67 -0.20
R 25.57 -0.14
J 22.29
Ks 21.78
![Page 20: Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814be9550346895db8c31b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
NO
RD
FO
RS
K S
UM
ME
RS
CH
OO
L 2006
Carina, Elisabet, Laia, Tine, Tom & Tomas – Cluster Team La Palma, Friday 21 April 2023
ZwClThree color image (BVR)
![Page 21: Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814be9550346895db8c31b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
NO
RD
FO
RS
K S
UM
ME
RS
CH
OO
L 2006
Carina, Elisabet, Laia, Tine, Tom & Tomas – Cluster Team La Palma, Friday 21 April 2023
Abell 2100 Three color image (BVR)
![Page 22: Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814be9550346895db8c31b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
NO
RD
FO
RS
K S
UM
ME
RS
CH
OO
L 2006
Carina, Elisabet, Laia, Tine, Tom & Tomas – Cluster Team La Palma, Friday 21 April 2023
Abell 2100 final in Ks
![Page 23: Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814be9550346895db8c31b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
NO
RD
FO
RS
K S
UM
ME
RS
CH
OO
L 2006
Carina, Elisabet, Laia, Tine, Tom & Tomas – Cluster Team La Palma, Friday 21 April 2023
Type distribution
• Types– ellipticals– spirals (2 types)– SB (3 templates)
• All galaxies in the field• Mostly ellipticals, as
expected
![Page 24: Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814be9550346895db8c31b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
NO
RD
FO
RS
K S
UM
ME
RS
CH
OO
L 2006
Carina, Elisabet, Laia, Tine, Tom & Tomas – Cluster Team La Palma, Friday 21 April 2023
Redshift distribution
• Peaks around expected z (cluster)
• Spread distribution lack of colours
• fig.1 high peak R is the last band, results not reliable (z>1)
![Page 25: Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814be9550346895db8c31b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
NO
RD
FO
RS
K S
UM
ME
RS
CH
OO
L 2006
Carina, Elisabet, Laia, Tine, Tom & Tomas – Cluster Team La Palma, Friday 21 April 2023
Redshift distribution, ellipticals
• Plot per object probability of type and z based on our data
• Degeneracy spirals vs. ellipticals– lack of colours
![Page 26: Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814be9550346895db8c31b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
NO
RD
FO
RS
K S
UM
ME
RS
CH
OO
L 2006
Carina, Elisabet, Laia, Tine, Tom & Tomas – Cluster Team La Palma, Friday 21 April 2023
Radial distribution
• Number of galaxies in the field • 1/3 galaxies cluster • Early- & late-types same density distribution, without cluster amount of ellipticals decreases 20% • Cluster early-types more abundant in the inner part
late-types rare, increasing towards outskirts
![Page 27: Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814be9550346895db8c31b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
NO
RD
FO
RS
K S
UM
ME
RS
CH
OO
L 2006
Carina, Elisabet, Laia, Tine, Tom & Tomas – Cluster Team La Palma, Friday 21 April 2023
Radial distribution (2)
![Page 28: Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814be9550346895db8c31b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
NO
RD
FO
RS
K S
UM
ME
RS
CH
OO
L 2006
Carina, Elisabet, Laia, Tine, Tom & Tomas – Cluster Team La Palma, Friday 21 April 2023
Number counts vs. Magnitude
• Limiting magnitude– B = 25.8 – V = 24.5– R = 23.6
• Including all galaxies in the field
• For cluster galaxies LF
![Page 29: Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814be9550346895db8c31b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
NO
RD
FO
RS
K S
UM
ME
RS
CH
OO
L 2006
Carina, Elisabet, Laia, Tine, Tom & Tomas – Cluster Team La Palma, Friday 21 April 2023
Number counts vs. Magnitude
• Limiting magnitude– B = 25.4– V = 24.2 – R =23.3
![Page 30: Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814be9550346895db8c31b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
NO
RD
FO
RS
K S
UM
ME
RS
CH
OO
L 2006
Carina, Elisabet, Laia, Tine, Tom & Tomas – Cluster Team La Palma, Friday 21 April 2023
Future
• LF • Scale NOTCam images to ALFOSC• Include IR observations (reduction done)• Redo photometric redshifts• More observations in optical and IR• Publish an article (if we are lucky enough)• …
![Page 31: Optical and IR Imaging of Galaxy Clusters using NOT - NORDFORSK Summer School 2006](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814be9550346895db8c31b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
NO
RD
FO
RS
K S
UM
ME
RS
CH
OO
L 2006
Carina, Elisabet, Laia, Tine, Tom & Tomas – Cluster Team La Palma, Friday 21 April 2023
Thanks NORDFORSK!!!
After two weeks of standard.sex, group.sex and deep.sex, we’re back
to cyber.sex…