OPSM 301 Operations Management
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Transcript of OPSM 301 Operations Management
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OPSM 301 Operations Management
Class 11:
New Product Development
Decision Analysis
Koç University
Zeynep [email protected]
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Announcements
Change in syllabus plan as follows:– Today: NPD & DA
• Chapter 5 (156-165; 181-184)• Quant. Module A (entire module)• Study questions: A1,A3,A4,A9,A18,A19,A20
– Last session of project management will be after the bayram on 8/11
• Class will be held in the lab (SOS Z14)• Campus Wedding assignment due in class• We will have quiz 2 on Project Management
– Decision Trees • Quiz 3 on 10/11 Thursday
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Product Life Cycle
Introduction Growth Maturity Decline
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Product Life CycleIntroduction
Fine tuning– research– product development– process modification and enhancement– supplier development
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Product Life CycleGrowth
Product design begins to stabilize Effective forecasting of capacity becomes
necessary Adding or enhancing capacity may be
necessary
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Product Life CycleMaturity
Competitors now established High volume, innovative production may
be needed Improved cost control, reduction in
options, paring down of product line
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Product Life CycleDecline
Unless product makes a special contribution, must plan to terminate offering
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Product Life Cycle, Sales, Cost, and ProfitSa
les,
Cos
t & P
rofit
.
Introduction Maturity DeclineGrowth
Cost ofDevelopment
& ManufactureSales Revenue
Time
Cash flowLoss
Profit
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Process Life Cycle
Start-UpStart-UpRapid GrowthRapid GrowthMaturityMaturity StabilityStability
Job ShopJob Shop
LowLow
LowLow
LowLow
BatchBatchProductionProduction
IncreasingIncreasing
MediumMedium
MediumMedium
MassMassProductionProduction
HighHigh
HighHigh
HighHigh
MassMassProductionProduction
HighHigh
MediumMedium
HighHighAutomationAutomation
ProcessProcessInnovationInnovation
ThroughputThroughputVolumeVolume
ManufacturingManufacturingSystemSystem
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Quality Function Deployment
Identify customer wants Identify how the good/service will satisfy
customer wants Relate customer wants to product hows Identify relationships between the firm’s
hows Develop importance ratings Evaluate competing products
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QFD House of Quality
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0%5%
10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%
Position of Firm in Its Industry
Indu
stry
Lea
der
Top Third Middle
ThirdBottomThird
Percent of Sales From New Product
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Few SuccessesFew Successes
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Development Stage
Number
1000
Market requirement
Design review,Testing, Introduction
25
Ideas1750
Product specification
100
Functional specifications
One success!
500
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Pharmaceutical Industry – Macro Trends
Axiom: the more drugs from NPD the better Periods of therapeutic exclusivity are decreasing
– Fast followers are the norm; markets get crowded quickly. Social Pressures, Price Pressures increasing globally Development becoming more complex Technological discontinuities are certain, timing is not Research and Development is the main source of competitive advantage (extremely high spending on R&D relative to sales) Demand is growing
– Unmet medical needs abound– Population is aging
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Pharmaceutical Development Process
Discovery
• 5,000 – 10,000 Compounds Evaluated
• 6.5 yrs.
•Target Focus followed by Lead Focus.
• 5 – 10 compounds
• Throughput
• 5 - 10 Compounds Evaluated
• 2.5 – 3.5 yrs.
• Compound Focus followed by indication Focus
• 1 – 3 compounds
• Negation
• 1 – 3 Compounds Evaluated
• 2.5 - 3.5 yrs.
• Indication Focus followed by Extension Focus.
• 0 – 2 compounds
• Run Fast
Size of Opportunity Funnel
Cycle Time
Project Definition
Output
~$1 Billion to Develop and Commercialize Important new compounds
Dominant Theme
Target ID&
Validation
Screening &
Optimization
Pre-Clinical Testing
Phase I Clinical
Phase II Clinical
Phase III Clinical
WMA&
Post Filing
Proof OfConcept
Product Development
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Decision Environments
Certainty - environment in which relevant parameters have known values
Risk - environment in which certain future events have probable outcomes
Uncertainty - environment in which it is impossible to assess the likelihood of various future events
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Examples
Profit is $ 5 per unit. We have an order for 200 units. How much profit will we make?
Profit is $ 5 per unit. Based on previous experience there is a 50 percent chance for an order for 100 units and a 50 percent chance for an order for 200 units. What is the expected profit?
Profit is $ 5 per unit. The probability distribution of potential demand is unknown
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Payoff Tables
A method of organizing and illustrating the payoffs from different decisions given various states of nature
A payoff is the outcome of the decision:
States of Nature
Decision a b
1 payoff 1a payoff 1b
2 payoff 2a payoff 2b
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Decision Making Under Uncertainty
Maximax - Choose the alternative that maximizes the maximum outcome for every alternative (Optimistic criterion)
Maximin - Choose the alternative that maximizes the minimum outcome for every alternative (Pessimistic criterion)
Equally likely - chose the alternative with the highest average outcome.
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Example - Decision Making Under Uncertainty
States of Nature Alternatives Favorable
Market Unfavorable
Market Maximum
in Row Minimum in Row
Row Average
Construct large plant
$200,000 -$180,000 $200,000 -$180,000 $10,000
Construct small plant
$100,000 -$20,000 $100,000 -$20,000 $40,000
$0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Maximax Maximin Equally likely
Do nothing
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Probabilistic decision situation States of nature have probabilities of
occurrence Select alternative with largest expected
monetary value (EMV)– EMV = Average return for alternative if
decision were repeated many times
Decision Making Under Risk
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Example - Decision Making Under Risk
States of NatureAlternatives Favorable
MarketP(0.5)
UnfavorableMarket P(0.5)
Expectedvalue
Construct $200,000 -$180,000 $10,000
Constructsmall plant
$100,000 -$20,000 $40,000
Do nothing $0 $0 $0
Best choice
large plant
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Expected Value of Perfect Information (EVPI)
EVPI places an upper bound on what one would pay for additional information
EVPI is the expected value with certainty minus the maximum EMV
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Expected Value of Perfect Information
State of NatureAlternative
Probabilities
Construct alarge plantConstruct a small plant
Do nothing
200,000 -$180,000
$0
Favorable Market ($)
Unfavorable Market ($)
0.50 0.50
EMV
$40,000$100,000 -$20,000
$0 $0
$20,000
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Expected Value of Perfect Information
EVPIEVPI = expected value with perfect
information - max(EMV)
= $200,000*0.50 + 0*0.50 - $40,000
= $60,000
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Graphical display of decision process Used for solving problems
– With one set of alternatives and states of nature, decision tables can be used also
– With several sets of alternatives and states of nature (sequential decisions), decision tables cannot be used
EMV is criterion most often used
Decision Trees
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Format of a Decision Tree
Payoff 1State of nature 1
State of nature 2
Payoff 6State of nature 2
State of nature 1
Choos
e A
Choose B
1
Decision Point
Chance Event, state of nature
Payoff 2
Payoff 3
2
Choose A1
Choose A2
2
Payoff 4
Payoff 5
Choose B1
Choose B2
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Example of a Decision Tree Problem
An electronics company is considering a new product alternative, and the firm's management is considering three courses of action:
A) Hire additional engineersB) Invest in CAD.C) Do nothing (do not develop)
The correct choice depends largely upon demand which eventually realizes fro the developed product, which may be low, medium, or high. By consensus, management estimates the respective demand probabilities as .10, .50, and .40.
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Example of a Decision Tree Problem:The Payoff Table
0.1 0.5 0.4Low Medium High
A 10 50 90B -120 25 200C 20 40 60
The management also estimates the profits when choosing from the three alternatives (A, B, and C) under the differing probable levels of demand. These profits, in thousands of dollars are presented in the table below:
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Example of a Decision Tree Problem:Step 1: We start by drawing the three decisions
A
B
C
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Example of Decision Tree Problem:Step 2: Add our possible states of nature, probabilities, and
payoffs
A
B
C
High demand (.4)
Medium demand (.5)
Low demand (.1)
$90k$50k
$10k
High demand (.4)
Medium demand (.5)
Low demand (.1)
$200k$25k
-$120k
High demand (.4)
Medium demand (.5)
Low demand (.1)
$60k$40k
$20k
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Example of Decision Tree Problem:Step 3: Determine the expected value of each
decision
High demand (.4)
Medium demand (.5)
Low demand (.1)
A
$90k$50k
$10k
EVA=.4(90)+.5(50)+.1(10)=$62k
$62k
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Example of Decision Tree Problem:Step 4: Make the decision
High demand (.4)
Medium demand (.5)
Low demand (.1)
High demand (.4)
Medium demand (.5)
Low demand (.1)
AB
C High demand (.4)
Medium demand (.5)
Low demand (.1)
$90k$50k
$10k
$200k$25k
-$120k
$60k$40k
$20k
$62k
$80.5k
$46k
Alternative B generates the greatest expected profit, so our choice is B or to invest in CAD
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Thinking of a longer horizon (sequential decisions)
Assume we have a 2 year horizon: If nothing is done now and demand is high, hiring decision could be reconsidered next year. Fixed cost of hiring is $ 10, and CAD is $130. (The cost structure will be the same next year)
Net revenues for one year for each demand case are as follows:
0.1 0.5 0.4Low Medium High
A 60 100B 20 165 340C 20 40 60
20
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Low Medium HighHire -
10+(20x2)=30
-10+(60x2)=
110
-10+(100x2)=
190
CAD -130+(20x2)=-90
-130+(165x2)=100
-130+(340x2)=650
Do nothing 20x2=40 40x2=80 60x2=120
Do nothing now, hire next year if demand is high
60+(-10+100)=150
Demand
Payoffs for each alternative:
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Example of Decision Tree Problem:We can take actions sequentially: Wait until next year and if the demand
is high, arrange hiring for the year after. Assume no discounting.
AB
C High demand (.4)
Medium demand (.5)
Low demand (.1)
High demand (.4)Medium demand (.5)Low demand (.1)
High demand (.4)Medium demand (.5)Low demand (.1)
120
80
40
$134k
$301k
Do nothing
Arrange hiring 150
30110190
-90100650
$ 104k