KIIT SCHOOL OF LAW

PROJECT

ON

COMPANY LAW

(PREVENTION OF OPPRESSION AND MISMANAGEMENT)

SUBMITTED TO

IPSHITA DAS

SUBMITTED BY

ABHASH KUMAR PADHI

1283002

BALLB

CONTENTS PAGE NO.

INTRODUCTION........................................................................... 1

Prevention of oppression ................................................................ 2

APPLICATION............................................................................................... 5

RIGHT TO APPLY.......................................................................................... 6

POWER OF TRIBUNAL AND INTERIM ORDER.......................................... 6

CLASS ACTION.................................................................................................... 8

Conditions for Granting Reliefs............................................................................. 9

CONCLUSION.................................................................................................... 10

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INTRODUCTION

Oppression

Oppression is the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner. It

can also be defined as an act or instance of oppressing, the state of being oppressed, and the

feeling of being heavily burdened, mentally or physically, by troubles, adverse conditions,

and anxiety.

The Supreme Court in Daleant Carrington Investment (P) Ltd. v. P.K. Prathapan,1 held that

increase of share capital of a company for the sole purpose of gaining control of the

company, where the majority shareholder is reduced to minority , would amount to

oppression. The director holds a fiduciary position and could not on his own issue shares to

himself. In such cases the oppressor would not be given an opportunity to buy put the

oppressed.

Mismanagement

Mismanagement is said to be done if the affairs of the company are being conducted in a

manner prejudicial to the interests of the company; or a material change (not being a change

brought about by, or in the interests of, any creditors including debenture holders, or any

class of shareholders, of the company) has taken place in the management of control of the

company, whether by an alteration in its Board of directors, or if its managing agent or

secretaries and treasurers, or in the constitution or control of the firm or body corporate acting

as its managing agent or secretaries and treasurers, or in the ownership of the company's

shares, or if it has no share capital, in its membership, or in any other manner whatsoever,

and that by reason of such change, it is likely that the affairs of the company will be

conducted in a manner prejudicial to the interests of the company.

CA 2013 provides for provisions relating to oppression and mismanagement under Sections

241-246. Section 241 provides that an application for relief can be made to the Tribunal in

case of oppression and mismanagement.

1(2004) 4 Comp. L.J. 1 (S.C.)

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Prevention of oppression

Section 397(1) of the Companies Act, 1956 and section 241 of Companies Act, 2013

provides that any member of a company who complains that the affair of the company are

being conducted in a manner prejudicial to public interest or in a manner oppressive to any

member or members may apply to the Tribunal for an order thus to protect his /her statutory

rights.

Sub-section (2) of Section 397 of Companies Act, 1956 lays down the circumstances under

which the tribunal may grant relief under Section 397, if it is of opinion that :-

(a)the company’s affairs are being conducted in a manner prejudicial to public interest or in a

manner oppressive to any member or members ; and

(b) to wind up the company would be unfairly and prejudicial to such member or members ,

but that otherwise the facts would justify the making of a winding up order on the ground that

it was just and equitable that the company should be wound.

The tribunal with the view to end the matters complained of, may make such order as it

thinks fit.

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APPLICATION IN CASE OF OPPRESSION & MISMANAGEMENT

(SECTION 241):

Any member, who has right to apply under Section 244, may apply to the Tribunal under this

Section 241.

An application may be filed for a complaint that:

(a) The affairs of the company have been or are being conducted

1. in a manner prejudicial to the public interest, or

2. In an manner prejudicial or oppressive to him or any other member or members, or

3. In a manner prejudicial to the interests of the company; or

(b) The material change has taken place in the management or control of the company,

whether by;

1. An alteration in the Board of Directors, or

2. Manager, or

3. In the ownership of the company’s share, or

4. If it has no share capital, in its membership, or

5. In any other manner whatsoever, and

that by reason of such change, it is likely that the affairs of the company will be

conducted in a manner prejudicial to its interests or its members or any class of

members. These changes should not be a change brought about by, or in the interests

of, any creditors, including debenture holders or any class of shareholders of the

company.

The Central Government, if it is of the opinion that the affairs of the company are being

conducted in a manner prejudicial to public interest, it may itself apply to the Tribunal for an

order under this Chapter.

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RIGHT TO APPLY UNDER SECTION 241 (SECTION 244):

In case of company having sharing share capital:

(a) Not less than one hundred members of the company, or

(b) Not less than one – tenth of the total numbers of its members,

Whichever is less shall have right to apply under Section 241.However, any member or

members holding not less than one – tenth of the issued share capital of the company, subject

to the condition that the applicant or applicants has or have paid all calls and other sums due

on his or their shares, shall also have right to apply under Section 241.

In case of a company not having a share capital, not less than one – fifth of the total number

of its members shall have right to apply under Section 241.

Tribunal may, on an application made to it in this behalf, waive all or any of the requirements

specified, so as to enable the members to apply under section 241.

Where any members of a company are entitled to make an application, any one or more of

them having obtained the consent in writing of the rest, may make the application on behalf

and for the benefit of all of them.

POWER OF TRIBUNAL (SECTION 242, SUB – SECTION 1, 3):

On any application made under Section 241, the Tribunal shall frame its opinion on two

points:

(a) that the company’s affairs have been or are being conducted in a manner prejudicial or

oppressive to any member or members or prejudicial to public interest or in a manner

prejudicial to the interests of the company; and

(b) that to wind up the company would unfairly prejudice such member or members, but that

otherwise the facts would justify the making of a winding-up order on the ground that it was

just and equitable that the company should be wound up,

the Tribunal may with a view to bringing to an end the matters complained of, make such

order as it thinks fit.

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A certified copy of the order of the Tribunal under sub-section (1) shall be filed by the

company with the Registrar within thirty days of the order of the Tribunal.

This means the Tribunal has unlimited power under this Section. However, this Section asks

the Tribunal to give particular details in its order.

Interim Order (Section 242, Sub – Section 4):

The Tribunal may, on the application of any party to the proceeding, make any interim order

which it thinks fit for regulating the conduct of the company’s affairs upon such terms and

conditions as appear to it to be just and equitable.

To further briefly examine a few provisions of CA 1956 vis-à-vis the provisions of

CA 2013:

1. Provision of Section 397 and 398 of CA 1956 are combined in Section 241 of CA

2013 and accordingly applications for relief in cases of oppression, mismanagement etc. will

have to be directed to the Tribunal.

2. While the powers of the Tribunal under CA 1956 on application under Section 397 or

398 and Section 404 were limited, CA 2013 granted additional powers to the Tribunal

including to:

(a) restrictions on the transfer or allotment of the shares of the company;

(b) removal of the managing director, manager or any of the directors of the company;

(c) recovery of undue gains made by any managing director, manager or director during

the period of his appointment as such and the manner of utilisation of the recovery including

transfer to Investor Education and Protection Fund or repayment to identifiable victims;

(d) the manner in which the managing director or manager of the company may be

appointed subsequent to an order removing the existing managing director or manager of the

company;

(e) appointment of such number of persons as directors, who may be required by the

Tribunal to report to the Tribunal on such matters as the Tribunal may direct; and

(f) imposition of costs as may be deemed fit by the Tribunal.

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3. The requirement of establishing existence of 'just and equitable' circumstances to

waive any and all requirements of the section pertaining to the meeting the minimum

minority limits and providing 'security' while allowing such an application are excluded from

the Companies Act, 2013.

4. Further, by way of Section 245, CA 2013 has introduced the concept of class action

which was non-existent in CA 1956.

Class Action - Section 245 of CA 2013 provides for class action to be instituted against the

company as well as the auditors of the company. The Draft Companies Rules allow for this

class action to be filed by the minority shareholders under Clause 16.1 of Chapter-XVI

(Number of members who can file an application for class action). On close reading of

Section 245 of the Companies Act, 2013, it can be seen that the intent of the section is not

only to empower the minority shareholder and/or members of the company but also the

depositors. Unlike Section 399 of CA 1956 which provides for protection to only

shareholder/members of the company, Section 245 of CA 2013 also extends this protection to

the class of depositors as well. However, in the current scenario, the provision of

representation of a class of members or depositors by a particular member or depositor lacks

clarity.

Conditions for Granting Reliefs (Acc. to Companies Act, 1956)

To obtain relief under section 397 the following conditions should be satisfied:-

1. There must be “oppression”- The Punjab and Haryana High Court in Mohan Lal

Chandmall v. Punjab Co. Ltd2 has held that an attempt to deprive a member of his ordinary

membership rights amounts to “oppression”. Imposing of more new and risky objects upon

unwilling minority shareholders may in some circumstances amount to

“oppression”.However, minor acts of mismanagement cannot be regarded as “oppression”.

The Court will not allow that the remedy under Section 397 becomes a vexatious source of

litigation. But an unreasonable refusal to accept a transfer of shares held as sufficient ground

to pass an order under Section 397 of the Companies Act, 1956.Thus to constitute oppression

there must be unfair abuse of the powers and impairments of the confidence on the part of the

majority of shareholders.

2AIR 1961 Punj. 485

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2. Facts must justify winding up- It is well settled that the remedy of winding up is an

extreme remedy. No relief of winding up can be granted on the ground that the directors of

the company have misappropriated the company’s fund, as such act of the directors does not

fall in the category of oppression or mismanagement.To obtain remedy under Section 397 of

the Companies Act, the petitioner must show the existence of facts which would justify the

winding up order on just and equitable ground.

3. The oppression must be continued in nature – It is settled position that a single act of

oppression or mismanagement is sufficient to invoke Section 397 or 398 of the Companies

Act. No relief under either of the section can be granted if the act complained of is a solitary

action of the majority. Hence, an isolated action of oppression is not sufficient to obtain relief

under Section 397 or 398 of the Act. Thus to prove oppression continuation of the past acts

relating to the present acts is the relevant factor , otherwise a single act of oppression is not

capable to yield relief.

4. The petitioners must show fairness in their conduct-It is settled legal principle that the

person who seeks remedy must come with clean hands. The members complaining must

show fairness in their conduct. For ex-Mere declaration of low dividend which does not

affect the value of the shares of the petitioner ,was neither oppression nor mismanagement in

the eyes of law.

5. Oppression and mismanagement should be specifically pleaded- It is settled law that , in

case of oppression a member has to specifically plead on five facts:-

a) what is the alleged act of oppression ;

b) who committed the act of oppression;

c) how it is oppressive;

d) whether it is in the affairs of the company;

e) and whether the company is a party to the commission of the act of oppression.

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Conclusion

Oppression and mismanagement are part and parcel of business. During the course of

business, oppression of small/minority shareholders takes place by the majority shareholders

who are in control of the company. Similarly, mismanagement of business is not uncommon.

When we talk of mismanagement we mean mismanagement of resources. Mismanagement

could mean siphoning of funds, causing losses due to rash decision, not maintaining proper

records, not calling requisite meetings. Finer version of mismanagement could arise where

the management does not act/react to a business situation leading to downfall of business.

The concept of oppression and mismanagement is more relevant or common to family owned

concerns. The reasons are very obvious.

.

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