Opportunities for Carbon Taxes at the State Level€¦ · businesses adjust to the carbon tax....

OPPORTUNITIESFORCARBONTAXESATTHESTATELEVEL

ByYoramBaumanandCharlesKomanoff

ACARBONTAXCENTERREPORT

APRIL,2017

Thisreportwaswri8enbyYoramBauman,Ph.D.andCharlesKomanoff.

BaumanreceivedhisPh.D.ineconomicsfromtheUniversityofWashingtonin2003,withafocusonenvironmentaleconomicsandpublicfinance.Hewastheco-author(withAlanDurning)ofTaxShi(,a

1998bookthathelpedinspiretherevenue-neutralcarbontaxinBriRshColumbia,andwasthefounderandco-chairofCarbonWashington,thegrassrootsorganizaRonthatputarevenue-neutralcarbontaxon

theNovember2016ballotinWashingtonState.IniRaRve732didnotpass,andBaumanhassincemoved

toSaltLakeCity,butheconRnuestoadvocateforcarbonpricinginthe“stand-upeconomist”talkshegivesatcollegesandcorporateeventsaroundthecountry.Inthatguiseheisalsotheco-author(with

GradyKlein)oftheCartoonIntroduc2ontoEconomics,theCartoonIntroduc2ontoClimateChange,andtheforthcomingCartoonIntroduc2ontoCalculus.

Komanoffco-foundedtheCarbonTaxCenterin2007andhasservedasCTC’sexecuRvedirectorsince

2010.Hiscareerencompasseseconomicanalysis,journalism,organizing,directacRonandmathemaRcalmodelingonclimate,energyandurbantransportaRon.Komanoff’searlyworkincludeddocumenRng

environmentalpolluRonfromU.S.coal-firedpowerplantsandquanRfyingcostescalaRonintheU.S.nuclearpowerindustry.Helaterrejuvenatedurban“livablestreets”acRvismaspresidentoftheNYC

bicycleadvocacyorganizaRonTransportaRonAlternaRvesandasco-founderofthesafer-streetsgroup

RightofWay.Komanoffhaswri8enorco-authoredfourbooks,includingThePriceofPower:ElectricU2li2esandtheEnvironment,PowerPlantCostEscala2on,andTheBicycleBlueprint(allavailableat

www.komanoff.net).

Since2007,theCarbonTaxCenterhasbeeneducaRngandmobilizingadvocates,publicofficialsand

otherconcernedciRzenstoenactrobustandequitablecarbonpolluRontaxesintheUnitedStates.

Throughourwebsite,blogposts,papers,economicmodelingandnetworking,CTCinformsandtutorsciRzensandofficeholderstohelpthemadvocateforcarbontaxesatalllevelsofgovernment.

Acknowledgments:ThisreportwasmadepossiblebyagenerousgranttotheCarbonTaxCenterfromtheLauraandJohnArnoldFoundaRon.TheauthorsalsothankstaffofCiRzens’ClimateLobbyfor

valuablefeedback,andMarkBohnhorstforhisassistanceonstateconsRtuRonallaw.MichaelKendall

arfullyandmeRculouslyhandledproducRonanddesign.StatemapsarebyLindseaBevington.

*****

TheURL/permalinkforthisreportish8ps://carbontax.org/

OpportuniRes_for_Carbon_Taxes_at_the_State_Level.pdf.

Checkforupdatestothisreportath8ps://www.carbontax.org/states/.

2

http://standupeconomist.com

http://standupeconomist.com

http://www.komanoff.net

http://www.komanoff.net

http://www.carbontax.org

http://www.carbontax.org

https://carbontax.org/Opportunities_for_Carbon_Taxes_at_the_State_Level.pdf




https://www.carbontax.org/states/

https://www.carbontax.org/states/

TableofContents(Clickingbelowwilldirectyoutothespecifiedpage.)

..........................................Preface:CarbonTaxesMaXerMoreThanEver 5

...................................................................................Execu[veSummary 7......................................................................................................................Notes 9

.....................................................................................PromisingStates 10...........................................................................................................Connec[cut 11

.........................................................................................................................DC 13..................................................................................................................Hawaii 15...................................................................................................................Illinois 17

..............................................................................................................Maryland 19......................................................................................................MassachuseXs 21

..............................................................................................................NewYork 24...........................................................................................................Washington 26

.....................................................................StatesWithSomePoten[al 28

..............................................................................................................Delaware 29..................................................................................................................Florida 31

..........................................................................................................NewMexico 33

.........................................................................................................RhodeIsland 35................................................................................................................Vermont 37.................................................................................................................Virginia 39

.......................................................ChallengingStatesForLegalReasons 41..............................................................................................................California 42...............................................................................................................Colorado 45

...............................................................................................................Michigan 47.................................................................................................................Nevada 49

....................................................................................................NewHampshire 51...........................................................................................................NewJersey 53

..................................................................................................................Oregon 56

3

.............................................ChallengingStatesForIdeologicalReasons 59

...............................................................................................................Arkansas 60......................................................................................................NorthCarolina 62......................................................................................................SouthCarolina 64

.............................................................................................................Wisconsin 66

..................VeryChallengingStates(Legal,Ideologicaland/orEconomic) 68

...............................................................................................................Alabama 69...................................................................................................................Alaska 71.................................................................................................................Arizona 73.................................................................................................................Georgia 75

....................................................................................................................Idaho 77

.................................................................................................................Indiana 79.....................................................................................................................Iowa 81..................................................................................................................Kansas 83...............................................................................................................Kentucky 85..............................................................................................................Louisiana 87

...................................................................................................................Maine 89............................................................................................................Minnesota 91............................................................................................................Mississippi 93

................................................................................................................Missouri 95...............................................................................................................Montana 97

..............................................................................................................Nebraska 99......................................................................................................NorthDakota 101

....................................................................................................................Ohio 103...........................................................................................................Oklahoma 105

.......................................................................................................Pennsylvania 107

......................................................................................................SouthDakota 109...........................................................................................................Tennessee 111

...................................................................................................................Texas 113....................................................................................................................Utah 115

......................................................................................................WestVirginia 117

............................................................................................................Wyoming 119

4

Preface:CarbonTaxesMaXerMoreThanEverDecarbonizaRonoftheworld’senergyisunderway.U.S.carbonemissionsaretrendinglower,China’s

haveflatlinedforthreeyearsrunning,andGreatBritain’shavefallentolevelsnotseensincethelate19th

Century.ThesolarandwindrevoluRonisacceleraRng,andenergyefficiency,longignored,isincreasinglyaprofitcenterforbusinessandindustry.

Thisoughttobeheartening.Butatbestit’sabareminimum.Toadheretothecommitmentinthe2015ParisAgreementtolimittheglobaltemperaturerisefrompre-industriallevelsto1.5°C,anthropogenic

emissionsmustpeakwithinthenexttenyearsandthenfallsharply.

MeeRngthisgoal,oranyothergoalthatseriouslyaddressestherisksofclimatechange,requiresaworldwidetransformaRoninenergy—onethatnotonlymulRpliestheefficienciesofcarsand

appliancesandbuildingsbutchangesthewaysinwhichvehiclesanddevicesareused.Itmeansquicklyscalingupthebestrenewableandefficienttechnologies,andcreaRngnewones.Anditentailsrewiring

socialnormstofavorlightfootprintsoverheavyones.

WebelievethatrobustcarbontaxesareessenRalforeffecRngthistransformaRon.Likeitornot,thepricesoffuelsandenergyareadominantfactorinhowwechooseandusethem—and,thus,inhow

muchcarbonpolluRonwegenerate.

ThearRficialmarketplaceadvantageofunpricedpolluRonhashelpedlodgefossilfuelsdeeplyintoour

economicsystemandsocialstructures.UnRlwebegintochargefossilfuelsfortheirclimatedamages,

wewon’tdriveoutfossilfuelsanddrivedowncarbonemissionsatnearlytherequisitepace.

Themagnitudeandurgencyofthistaskalsohighlighttheadvantagesthatcarbontaxesorfeeshaveover

cap-and-tradesystemsasawaytoputapriceoncarbon.Carbontaxesarestraighforward,theyeasilypenetrateenRreeconomies,andtheycanbeimplementedquickly.Theyalsolendthemselvestobeing

fairandtransparent,a8ributesthatareimportanttoadvocatesforchange.

Carbontaxesaremuchdiscussedbuthaveli8lepresenceinactualpolicy.Nomorethan5percentoftheworld’sfossilfueluseiscarbon-taxed,andmuchofthatisatmodestlevels.Noneoftheworld’sfivetop

emi8ers—China,UnitedStates,Russia,India,Japan—hasacarbontaxcoveringevenaprovinceorstate.IntheU.S.thenaRonalleversofpowerarecontrolledbyapoliRcalpartythatdoesnoteven

acknowledgeanthropogenicclimatechange.

Thismustandwillchange.Thecatalystscouldbemany:poliRcalupheavalinCongress,aclimatedisasterinAmerica,agrassrootsRdethatbecomesirresisRble,demandsfrombigbusiness,internaRonal

pressure.InRme,centristDemocratswhohaveshiedfromcarbontaxes,andRepublicanswhoignoreorbeli8leclimateconcernsaltogether,willeithercomearoundorbebootedfromoffice.

Establishingcarbontaxesinoneormorestatescanhelppreparethecountryforthatmoment,aswellas

hastenitsarrival.Forproof,looknofurtherthanCanada,wheretheexampleofBriRshColumbia’spopularandeffecRvecarbontaxledPrimeMinisterJusRnTrudeaulastfalltocommittoestablishinga

Preface:CarbonTaxesMaGerMoreThanEver 5

https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/2017_executive_summary.pdf

https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/2017_executive_summary.pdf

https://www.carbontax.org/blog/2017/04/05/why-chinas-emissions-triumph-surpasses-the-united-states/

https://www.carbontax.org/blog/2017/04/05/why-chinas-emissions-triumph-surpasses-the-united-states/

https://www.carbontax.org/blog/2017/03/20/carbon-tax-consequential-as-uk-emissions-fall-to-1894-levels/




https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14856

https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14856

https://www.carbontax.org/where-carbon-is-taxed/british-columbia/




http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-trudeau-climate-change-1.3788825


naRonalcarbonemissionspricebeginningnextyearat$10(Canadian)permetrictonandrising

incrementallytoreach$50in2022.

It’snothardtoimagineaparallelpathintheUnitedStates.ThestateshavelongfuncRonedas

laboratoriesofinnovaRon,inJusRceBrandeis’sfamousphrase.Statesintroducedgasolinetaxestopayforroadsearlyinthelastcenturyandcouldestablishcarbontaxesinthisone.Statesthatarelessunder

theswayoffossilfuelinterestsmayfacelesscarbontaxopposiRonatthelegislatureorballotbox.The

statelevelmayalsobebe8ersuitedfordistribuRngcarbonrevenuesinwaysthathelpfamiliesandbusinessesadjusttothecarbontax.

Campaignsforstatecarbontaxeseducatethepublicandadvancetheideaonthepolicymap.EnacRnganactualstatecarbontaxwilldomorethan“movetheneedle”;itwillcreatefactsonthegroundthat

cantransformtheclimatedebate.

“Onlyacrisis—actualorperceived—producesrealchange,”wrotetheiconic20thCenturyAmericaneconomistandNobellaureateMiltonFreidman.“Whenthatcrisisoccurs,theacRonsthataretaken

dependontheideasthatarelyingaround.That,Ibelieve,isourbasicfuncRon:todevelopalternaRvestoexisRngpolicies,tokeepthemaliveandavailableunRlthepoliRcallyimpossiblebecomesthe

poliRcallyinevitable.”

Ourmissionascarbontaxadvocatesissimilar,butwithatwist:totakethecarbontaxalternaRveandeducateandorganizethepublicandpolicymakerssothatitbecomesareality.Wehopethisreport

helps.

—YoramBauman,CharlesKomanoff

6 Preface:CarbonTaxesMaGerMoreThanEver



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_State_Ice_Co._v._Liebmann

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_State_Ice_Co._v._Liebmann

Execu[veSummaryThisreportpresentsastate-by-stateanalysisofthepotenRalforenacRngcarbontaxesineachofthe50

statesplustheDistrictofColumbia.

AsmallnumberofstatesappeartoofferopportuniRestoenactstate-levelcarbontaxes.However,moststatespresenttoughchallenges.Theseinclude:

(1) concernsovercarbon“leakage”andcompeRRon,whichareespeciallypronouncedinstateswithhighemissionsintheindustrialand/orelectricitysectors;

(2) voterskepRcismaboutclimatechangeandanRpathytocarbontaxes,asreflectedinpolling;this

ledtolowerrankingsforfiveNewEnglandstates—RhodeIsland,Massachuse8s,Vermont,NewHampshire,andMaine—thatareotherwisefairlysupporRveofclimateacRon;and

(3) thepresenceinabouthalfofallstatesofconsRtuRonalrestricRonsthatappeartobindrevenuesfromtaxesonmotorfuelstohighways.TheserestricRonsposeaseriouschallengebecause

expendituresonhighwaysthreatentoupsettheenvironmentalandpoliRcalcaseforcarbon

taxesandbecauseofpotenRalinteracRonswithotherconsRtuRonallimits(suchas“single-subject”rulesforlegislaRon).

Thestate-by-statelistdirectlybelowcategorizesstatesbasedonthesechallengesaswellaspotenRalopportuniRes,suchaseachstate’svulnerabilitytoclimateimpacts,theextenttowhichthatvulnerability

appearstohavebeeninternalizedbyvoters,andtheemergenceofrenewableenergyasapalpable

alternaRvetofossilfuels.WhilefurtherresearchmightidenRfyaddiRonalstate-specificfactors,mostofthesearelikelytobehurdlesthatwouldmakestateslessratherthanmorelikelytoadoptcarbontaxes.

ThisreportidenRfies:

• Eightjurisdic[onsthatarepromisingforcarbontaxes:Connec[cut,DC,Hawaii,Illinois,

Maryland,MassachuseXs,NewYorkandWashington.Ofthese,onlyDC,Massachuse8sand

WashingtonhaveballotmeasureopRons;thosethreelocaRonsalsohavethemostacRvecampaigns.ExisRnglawsalreadypriceelectricity-sectoremissionsinConnecRcut,Maryland,

Massachuse8sandNewYorkviaRGGI,theRegionalGreenhouseGasIniRaRve.

• Sixstatesthathavesomepoten[al:Delaware,Florida,NewMexico,RhodeIsland,Vermont

andVirginia.Ofthese,onlyFloridahasaballotmeasureopRon.RhodeIslandandVermonthave

themostacRvecampaignsforlegislaRontopricecarbonemissions,andexisRnglawsalreadypricesomeemissionsinDelaware,RhodeIslandandVermont(viaRGGI).

• Sevenstatesthatarechallengingforlegalreasons,butwouldotherwisebepromisingorpoten[al:California,Colorado,Michigan,Nevada,NewHampshire,NewJerseyandOregon.

ThestateconsRtuRonsinthesejurisdicRonsappeartorequirerevenuesfromtaxesonsalesof

gasolineanddieselfueltobespentforhighwaypurposes(orpublictransportaRon,inthecaseofCalifornia).InCaliforniaandotherstatestheremayalsobeconsRtuRonalmandatesregarding

educaRonspending.Iftheselegalconcernscouldbesurmounted,fourofthesestateswouldbepromising(California,Nevada,NewJerseyandOregon)andthreewouldhavesomepotenRal

Execu2veSummary 7

https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_98,_Mandatory_Education_Spending_(1988)


(Colorado,MichiganandNewHampshire).ExisRnglawsalreadypricesomeemissionsinNew

Hampshire(viaRGGI).

• Fourstatesthatarechallengingforideologicalreasonsonly:Arkansas,NorthCarolina,South

CarolinaandWisconsin.Iftheseideologicalobstacleswereovercomethentwoofthesestateswouldbepromising(NorthCarolinaandSouthCarolina)andtwowouldhavesomepotenRal

(ArkansasandWisconsin).

Summary:25statesthatarepromisingormayhavepoten[alforcarbontaxes

Promising Poten[al

Nolegalorideologicalconstraints

CT,DC,HI,IL,MD,MA,NY,WA

DE,FL,NM,RI,VT,VA

Promising/poten[albutwithlegalconstraints CA,NV,NJ,OR CO,MI,NH

Promising/poten[albutwithideologicalconstraints NC,SC AR,WI

Theremainingtwenty-sixstatesareverychallengingformul[plereasonshavingtodowithlegalissues,

ideology,and/oreconomicconsideraRons:

• Sixstatesfacelegalandideological(butnoteconomic)challenges:Arizona,Georgia,Idaho,

Maine,MissouriandUtah.

• Twostatesfacelegalandeconomic(butnotideological)challenges:MinnesotaandPennsylvania.

• Fivestatesfaceideologicalandeconomic(butnotlegal)challenges:Alaska,Louisiana,Nebraska,OklahomaandTennessee.

• Thirteenstatesfaceallthreechallenges(legal,ideological,andeconomic):Alabama,Indiana,

Iowa,Kansas,Kentucky,Mississippi,Montana,NorthDakota,Ohio,SouthDakota,Texas,WestVirginiaandWyoming.

FollowingtheNotesdirectlybelow,theremainderofthisreportpresentsourstate-by-stateanalysis,beginningwiththeeight“Promising”jurisdicRonsandconcludingwiththetwenty-six“VeryChallenging”

ones.

8 Execu2veSummary

Notes

(1)Per-capitasectoralemissionsinvariousstatesarecharacterizedas“high”relaRvetotheU.S.averageiftheyare

atleast1.25xtheU.S.average,and“veryhigh”(or“extremelyhigh”)iftheyareatleast2x(or3x)theU.S.average;

similarly,“low”,“verylow”or“extremelylow”areusedforper-capitaemissionsthatarenomorethan0.8x,0.5xor

0.33xtheU.S.average.

(2)Percapitasmall-scalesolardatafor2016comesfromEIAElectricPowerMonthly(Table1.17.B)combinedwith

populaRonfiguresfromtheU.S.Census.Onlythetop13statesareidenRfiedbecauseofthesignificantjump

between#13(DC,with79kWhpercapitain2016)and#14(Utah,with49kWh).

(3)TheStatesatRiskreportpreparedbyClimateCentralin2015ranksall50states(butnotDC)infivecategories:

extremeheat,drought,wildfire,inlandfloodingandcoastalflooding.

(4)IdeologiesforalljurisdicRonsexceptWashingtonDCarebasedontheanalysesofBerryetal.(lastupdated

2015),whichhasalisRngofciRzenandlegislaRveideologies;andtheAmericanLegislaturesproject,whichinJuly

2014publishedresultsfor2013.Inallcasesthetenmostliberalstateswerecategorizedas“veryliberal”,thenext

tenas“liberal”,thenexttenas“moderate”,thenexttenas“conservaRve”andthefinaltenas“veryconservaRve”.

The“veryliberal”ideologyforWashingtonDCisawidelyheldbelief.Controlofstatelegislaturesandgovernor’s

officesisfor2017andcomesfromNaRonalConferenceofStateLegislatures.

(5)YaleClimateOpinionMapsdataarefrom2016exceptforthecarbontaxquesRons,whicharefrom2014.The

2014surveyasksaboutacarbontaxthatisrefundedtoAmericanhouseholds;thefullquesRonis“Somepeople

saythatCongressshouldenacta“revenueneutraltaxswap”thatwouldreducetheannualtaxespaidbyall

Americans,whileincreasingtheamounttheypayannuallyforenergy(suchasgasolineandelectricity)bythesame

totalamount.Howlikelywouldyoubetosupportoropposetheproposalifthemoneyraisedfromthecarbontax

wasusedtogiveataxrefundtoeveryAmericanhousehold?”Becauseofthelargepercentageofundecided

responses(31%fortheU.S.asawhole,comparedwith1%foraquesRonabout“regulaRngCO2asapollutant”),

thelisRngsbelowincludeboth(a)thepercentageof“support”responses(44%fortheU.S.asawhole)and(b)the

percentageofresponsesthatwereeither“support”or“undecided”(75%fortheU.S.asawhole),calculatedby

subtracRngfrom100thepercentageof“oppose”responses.

(6) RegardingstaterestricRonsonmotorfuelrevenues,seealsoNaRonalCouncilofStateLegislatures2011.

(7)Manystatescarryarankinga8ributedto“oneclimate-focusedgroup.”ThesedataareconfidenRalandcanonly

bereferredtointhisway.

Notes 9

https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/

https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/

http://statesatrisk.org/


https://rcfording.wordpress.com/state-ideology-data/

https://rcfording.wordpress.com/state-ideology-data/

https://americanlegislatures.com/blog/

https://americanlegislatures.com/blog/

https://americanlegislatures.com/2014/07/23/state-legislative-ideology-polarization-2013/

https://americanlegislatures.com/2014/07/23/state-legislative-ideology-polarization-2013/

http://www.ncsl.org/research/about-state-legislatures/partisan-composition.aspx

http://www.ncsl.org/research/about-state-legislatures/partisan-composition.aspx

http://climatecommunication.yale.edu/visualizations-data/ycom-us-2016/

http://climatecommunication.yale.edu/visualizations-data/ycom-us-2016/

http://climatecommunication.yale.edu/visualizations-data/ycom/

http://climatecommunication.yale.edu/visualizations-data/ycom/

http://www.ncsl.org/research/transportation/transportation-governance-and-finance.aspx

http://www.ncsl.org/research/transportation/transportation-governance-and-finance.aspx

PromisingStates

ConnecRcut

DCHawaii

IllinoisMaryland

Massachuse8s

NewYorkWashington

10 PromisingStates

Connec[cutPromising

EmissionsPer-capitaemissionsin2014were

0.6xtheU.S.average,withextremelylowindustrialsector

emissionsandextremelylow

electricitysectoremissions(allthemoreimpressivegiventhat5-15%

ofpowergeneraRonisexported).

Electricitysectornotes

In2015,theCO2emissionrateforelectricity(531lbsCO2/MWh)was0.5xtheU.S.average.EIAnotes

that“ConnecRcuthasthehighestaverageretailelectricityratesamongtheLower48states.”EIAdataalsoshowsthatthestateranks#10amongstatesforsmall-scalesolargeneraRonper-capita.

ClimateimpactsRanked#10forcoastalfloodingbyStatesatRisk.

Exis[ngclimatepolicies

InaddiRontotheRGGIcap-and-tradesystemcoveringtheelectricitysector,thereareavarietyofprogramsdescribedbyEIA.InparRcular,“ConnecRcut’srenewableporfoliostandard(RPS)callsfor23%

ofelectricitysoldinthestatetocomefromrenewableenergysourcesby2020.”

Carbonpricingac[vism

(1)Acarbontaxbill(RaisedBillNo.7247)hasbeenintroducedinthe2017statelegislature;seearRcles

intheConnecRcutPostandtheHarfordBusinessJournal.ThelegislaRvetextsRpulatesacarbonfeeof$15pertonofCO2in2019,increasingby$5pertonperyearunlessadjustedbyaCarbonPolluRon

CounciltaskedwithachievingtheemissionsreducRonstargetsestablishedbyCalifornia’sGlobalWarmingSoluRonsActof2006(AB32).Therevenueisallocated25%tomiRgaRonandadaptaRon

programs;30%tobusinessesthroughaper-employeetaxcredit;40%toresidentsinaper-capitatax

credit;and5%toadministraRon.Thecarbonfeewillbereducedbytheamountofanyfederalcarbonpriceifoneisadopted,andthecarbonfeedoesnottakeeffectunlessMassachuse8sandRhodeIsland

Summary:Connec.cutispromising.

Industrial andelectricitysectoremissionsareextremelylow,andci2zensandthelegislatureare liberalandsuppor2ve onclimate issues. Also,Connec2cut ranks #10among states for

small-scale solar genera2on per-capita, a factor that could make carbon taxing morepalatable. The state has no ballotmeasure op2on. Note that Connec2cut is amember of

RGGI,theelectricitysectorcap-and-tradeprogramthatcoversninenortheaststates.

Promising:Connec2cut 11

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Connec[cut(percapita)

Connec[cut(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 9.8 100%

Commercial 0.7 1.0 11%

ElectricPower 6.3 1.9 19%

ResidenRal 1.1 2.1 21%

Industrial 3.0 0.6 6%

TransportaRon 5.8 4.2 43%

Source:2014datafromEIASEDSSource:2014datafromEIASEDSSource:2014datafromEIASEDSSource:2014datafromEIASEDS

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Greenhouse_Gas_Initiative


http://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/state/


http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/connecticut/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/connecticut/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/unitedstates/index.cfm


https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.cfm?t=epmt_1_17_b




https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=CT

https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=CT

https://www.cga.ct.gov/2017/TOB/h/2017HB-07247-R00-HB.htm

https://www.cga.ct.gov/2017/TOB/h/2017HB-07247-R00-HB.htm

http://www.ctpost.com/local/article/Connecticut-considers-carbon-tax-on-oil-gas-11001611.php

http://www.ctpost.com/local/article/Connecticut-considers-carbon-tax-on-oil-gas-11001611.php

http://m.hartfordbusiness.com/article/20170320/PRINTEDITION/303169912/1002

http://m.hartfordbusiness.com/article/20170320/PRINTEDITION/303169912/1002

alsopasscarbonpricinglegislaRon.(2)TherearenoNGOcampaignslistedbyClimateX-Change’sState

CarbonPricingNetwork.

Ideologyandpoli[cs

CiRzensandthelegislatureareveryliberal.ThestateSenateissplit18-18(withaDemocraRcLieutenantGovernorcasRngtheRe-breakingvote)andtheHouseiscontrolledbyDemocrats(79-72);theGovernor

isaDemocrat.Thestatehas7electoralcollegevotes(Redfor#27).

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Connec[cut Rank

GlobalwarmingismostlycausedbyhumanacRviRes 53% 57% 9

Worriedaboutglobalwarming 58% 61% 8

Globalwarmingwillharmmepersonally 40% 41% 13

SupportregulaRngCO2asapollutant 75% 77% 9

Supportcarbontaxifrefunded(2014) 44% 45% 13

Supportorundecidedaboutcarbontax(2014) 75% 74% 30

Source:YaleClimateOpinionMaps

Ballotmeasures

TherearenoballotmeasuresinConnecRcut.

12 Promising:Connec2cut

http://climate-xchange.org/state-carbon-pricing-network/




https://ballotpedia.org/States_with_initiative_or_referendum


DCPromising

EmissionsPer-capitaemissionsin2014were0.25x

theU.S.average,withzeroindustrialsectoremissions.(Therewerealsozero

electricitysectoremissions,butover99%

ofDCpowerconsumpRoncomesfromimports.)TransportaRonsectoremissions

werealsoextremelylow,butcommercialsectoremissionswereveryhigh.


EIAhasanoverviewofDC,whichimportsalmostallofitspower.EIAdataalsoshowsthatDCranks#13amongstatesforsmall-scalesolargeneraRonper-capita.

ClimateimpactsDCisnotincludedintheStatesatRiskreport.


EIAdescribesavarietyofpolicies,includinganRPS.


AcarbonpricingcampaignisbeingledbytheDCCarbonFeeandRebatecoaliRon;seealsothesummaryfromClimateX-Change’sStateCarbonPricingNetwork.Detailsarescarce,butthecoaliRonwebsite

suggeststhatthecarbontaxwouldstartat$20pertonofCO2andthat“nearlyallofthemoneyraised

wouldbereturnedinequalamounts—throughaquarterly‘rebate’—toeveryD.C.resident.”

Summary:DCispromising.

Thereisanac2vecarbontaxcampaignunderway.Therearezeroindustrialsectoremissionsandci2zens areveryliberalandsuppor2veonclimate issues.DCjoinsHawaiiandNewYork

astheonlyjurisdic2onswherecarbontaxespolledabove50%in2014(54%,ranked#1).Also,DCranks#13for small-scale solar genera2on per-capita, a factor that couldmake carbon

taxingmore palatable.Themainchallengeis the smallsizeof the District.There is aballot

measureop2oninDC,butithasbeenusedfairlyinfrequently.

Promising:DC 13

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)DC

(percapita)DC

(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 4.5 100%









http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/districtofcolumbia/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/districtofcolumbia/index.cfm

https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=DC








http://chesapeakeclimate.org/dc-federal/a-dc-carbon-fee-for-clean-energy-and-a-fair-economy/

http://chesapeakeclimate.org/dc-federal/a-dc-carbon-fee-for-clean-energy-and-a-fair-economy/



Ideology

CiRzensareveryliberal.DChas3electoralcollegevotes(Redforfewest).

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. DC Rank








BallotmeasuresCiRzeniniRaRves(therewere0in2016and1in2014)godirectlytotheballotasstatute.

14 Promising:DC

https://ballotpedia.org/Washington,_D.C.,_$15_per_hour_Minimum_Wage_Initiative_(November_2016)

https://ballotpedia.org/Washington,_D.C.,_$15_per_hour_Minimum_Wage_Initiative_(November_2016)

https://ballotpedia.org/Washington_D.C._Marijuana_Legalization,_Initiative_71_(November_2014)

https://ballotpedia.org/Washington_D.C._Marijuana_Legalization,_Initiative_71_(November_2014)

https://ballotpedia.org/Process_for_qualifying_an_initiative_or_referendum_in_Washington,_D.C.

https://ballotpedia.org/Process_for_qualifying_an_initiative_or_referendum_in_Washington,_D.C.

HawaiiPromising

EmissionsPer-capitaemissionsin2014were0.8xthe

U.S.average,withextremelylowindustrialsectoremissionsandlowelectricitysector

emissions.Commercialsectoremissions

wereextremelylow,andresidenRalsectoremissionswerenegligible.Above-average

transportaRonsectoremissionswerepresumablyduetojetfuelforpersonal

travel,tourismandairfreight.

ElectricitysectornotesIn2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(1,599lbsCO2/MWh)was1.5xtheU.S.average.EIAnotes

that“[i]n2014,forthefirstRme,netgeneraRonfrompetroleumslippedbelow70%.Renewablesource—mainlywind,biomass,andgeothermalgenerators—supplied13%ofthestate’selectricityfrom

uRlity-scalegeneratorsin2014and14%in2015,nearlythesameamountaswasgeneratedbycoal.Use

ofdistributed(customer-sitedsmall-scale)renewablesources,likeroozopsolarpanels,hasincreasedrapidly.In2015,oneineightHawaiianresidenRalelectricitycustomershadsolarpanels.IfgeneraRon

fromdistributedsourcesisincluded,Hawaiiobtainednearlyone-fizhofitsnetelectricitygeneratedandmorethan23%ofelectricitysoldtoconsumersfromrenewablesourcesin2015.”EIAdataalsoshows

thatthestateranks#1amongstatesforsmall-scalesolargeneraRonper-capita(morethandoublethe

nextstate,Arizona).

Climateimpacts

NotoprankingsfromStatesatRisk.


EIAdescribesvariouspolicies,includinganRPSof40%by2030and100%by2045.

Summary:Hawaiiispromising.

Themainchallengemaybethatfossil fuelsarealreadyquiteexpensivebecauseofhighper-capitatravel.Grounds forop2misminclude extremely low industrialsectoremissions, very

liberalci2zensandlegislaturethataresuppor2veonclimateissues,thepoten2alforclimatechange to disrupt Hawaii’s beaches, economy and natural environment, and excellent

opportuni2es for renewable power. In fact,Hawaii is far andaway #1 in small-scale solar

genera2onper-capita,afactor thatcouldmake carbontaxingmorepalatable.HawaiijoinsNewYorkandDCastheonlyjurisdic2onswherecarbontaxespollabove50%(51%,rank#3).

Thereisnoballotmeasureop2oninHawaii.

Promising:Hawaii 15

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Hawaii

(percapita)Hawaii

(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 13.0 100%















https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=HI

https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=HI


AnascentcampaignisdescribedbyClimateX-Change’sStateCarbonPricingNetwork.

Ideologyandpoli[cs

CiRzensandthelegislatureareveryliberal.DemocratscontrolthestateSenate(25-0),theHouse(45-6),andtheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas4electoralcollegevotes(Redforsecond-fewest).

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Hawaii Rank








BallotmeasuresTherearenoballotmeasuresinHawaii.

16 Promising:Hawaii





IllinoisPromising

EmissionsPer-capitaemissions

in2014were1.1xtheU.S.average,with

averageindustrial

andelectricitysectoremissions.

ElectricitysectornotesIn2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(956lbsCO2/MWh)was0.9xtheU.S.average.Theper-

capitaemissionsfigurefor2014isabove-averagebecauseabout23%ofpowergeneraRonisexported.

EIAnotesthatpowergeneraRonisroughly50%nuclear,40%coal,and10%naturalgasand/orwind.

Climateimpacts

Ranked#19forextremeheatbyStatesatRisk.


EIAnotesthat“TheIllinoisrenewableporfoliostandard(RPS)requiresthatallinvestor-ownedelectric

uRliResandalternaRveretailelectricitysuppliersobtainincreasingproporRonsoftheirretailsalesfromrenewableresources.Therequirementsstartedat2%renewablesin2009andwillreach25%by2026.”

Carbonpricingac[vism(1)Ranked#6byoneclimate-focusedgroupintermsofper-capitastrength(andasapotenRallystrong

focal-pointstatebyanother).(2)ClimateX-Change’sStateCarbonPricingNetworksaysalisRngfora

campaignis“comingsoon.”

Ideologyandpoli[cs

CiRzensareliberal;thelegislatureisliberaltoveryliberal.DemocratscontrolthestateSenate(37-22)andHouse(67-51)butRepublicanscontroltheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas20electoralcollegevotes

(Redfor#5).

Summary:Illinoisispromising.

Industrial andelectricitysectoremissionsareaverage,ci2zensandthelegislatureareliberal-to-very-liberal and suppor2ve on climate issues, there is grassroots strength for climate

ac2on,andIllinois is ranked4th intermsofsupportforacarbontax(49%support).Thereisnorelevantballotmeasureop2oninIllinois.

Promising:Illinois 17

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Illinois

(percapita)Illinois

(%oftotal)Total 17.0 18.2 100%

Commercial 0.7 1.1 6%ElectricPower 6.3 6.8 38%ResidenRal 1.1 2.1 12%Industrial 3.0 3.1 17%







http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/illinois/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/illinois/index.cfm

https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=IL








Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Illinois Rank








BallotmeasuresAsfarascarbonpricingisconcerned,therearenoballotmeasuresopportuniResinIllinois,whichhas

nothadaciRzeniniRaRvesince1981.AccordingtoBallotpedia:“IniRatedmeasuresinIllinoismayonlyamendArRcleIV[TheLegislature]oftheIllinoisConsRtuRon.”Also:“DuetothefactthattheIllinois

iniRaRveprocessissolimitedandsodifficult,manyiniRaRvescholarsdonotevencountitasaniniRaRve

state.”

18 Promising:Illinois



https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Illinois

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Illinois

https://ballotpedia.org/Article_IV,_Illinois_Constitution

https://ballotpedia.org/Article_IV,_Illinois_Constitution

https://ballotpedia.org/History_of_Initiative_%26_Referendum_in_Illinois

https://ballotpedia.org/History_of_Initiative_%26_Referendum_in_Illinois

MarylandPromising

EmissionsPer-capitaemissionsin2014

were0.6xtheU.S.average,withextremelylowindustrialsector

emissionsandlowelectricity

sectoremissions(butnotethatabout45%ofpower

consumpRonisimported).


In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(1,108lbsCO2/MWh)was1.0xtheU.S.average.EIAnotes

that“nuclearandcoal-firedpowersupplyalmostfour-fizhsofMaryland’snetelectricitygeneraRon”andthat“allbutoneofMaryland’scoal-firedpowerplantsaremorethan30yearsold,andaboutone-third

ofthestate’scoal-firedgeneraRngcapacityisscheduledforreRrementbetween2015and2020.”EIAdataalsoshowsthatthestateranks#9amongstatesforsmall-scalesolargeneraRonper-capita.

Climateimpacts



InaddiRontobeingamemberoftheRGGIcap-and-tradesystemcoveringtheelectricitysector,MarylandhasaRenewablePorfolioStandardrequiring25%renewablesby2020;seeEIAfordetails.


(1)AcarbonpricingcampaignisbeingledbytheMarylandClimateCoaliRon;seealsothesummaryfromClimateX-Change’sStateCarbonPricingNetwork.Thela8erwebsiteoffersuptheonlyavailabledetails:

“WhilethereisnolegislaRonwri8enyet,thecampaignplanstousesupportbuiltthroughoutthisyear…tointroduceacarbonpricingbill[in2018]orissueaReferendumforCongressionalacRonaswasdonein

CaliforniawithAJR-43.”(2)Separately,Marylandisrankedasastrongstatebyoneclimate-focused

group.

Summary:Marylandispromising.

Grounds forop2mismincludeverylow industrialsectoremissions and the generally liberalviews of ci2zensandthe legislature.Also,Marylandranks #9amongstates for small-scale

solargenera2onper-capita,afactorthatcouldmakecarbontaxingmorepalatable.Thereisno ballot measure op2on in Maryland. Note that Maryland is a member of RGGI, the

electricitysectorcap-and-tradeprogramthatcoversninenortheaststates.

Promising:Maryland 19

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Maryland(percapita)

Maryland(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 10.3 100%











http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/maryland/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/maryland/index.cfm



https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=MD










http://marylandclimatecoalition.org/

http://marylandclimatecoalition.org/



https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AJR43

https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AJR43

Ideologyandpoli[cs

CiRzensandthelegislatureareveryliberal.DemocratscontrolthestateSenate(33-14)andHouse(90-51),butRepublicanscontroltheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas10electoralcollegevotes(Redfor

#18).

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Maryland Rank








BallotmeasuresTherearenopro-acRveballotmeasuresinMaryland.

20 Promising:Maryland



MassachuseXsPromising


were0.6xtheU.S.average,withextremelylowindustrial

sectoremissionsand

extremelylowelectricitysectoremissions(notethatalmost

50%ofpowerconsumedisimported).


In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(920lbsCO2/MWh)was0.8xtheU.S.average.Theverylowper-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014appearstobeduetoimports(EIAfiguresshowthatalmost50%

ofpowerconsumedisimported)andlowconsumpRonbytheindustrialandresidenRalsectors.EIAdataalsoshowsthatthestateranks#5amongstatesforsmall-scalesolargeneraRonper-capita.

Climateimpacts

Ranked#7forcoastalfloodingbyStatesatRisk.


InaddiRontobeingamemberoftheRGGIcap-and-tradesystemcoveringtheelectricitysector,Massachuse8shasaRenewablePorfolioStandard,anAlternaRveEnergyPorfolioStandard,and

variousotherpoliciesdetailedbyEIA.

Carbonpricingac[vism(1)AcarbonpricingcampaignisbeingledbyClimateX-ChangeandothermembersoftheCampaignfor

aCleanEnergyFuture;seealsothesummaryfromClimateX-Change’sStateCarbonPricingNetwork,

Summary:Massachuse=sispromising.

Industrial emissionsareextremelylow,ci2zensandthe legislatureareveryliberal,andthereisstrongvotersupport formost climate issues (except carbontaxes,where the state ranksclose tothe na2onal average).MassachuseGs ranks #5among states for small-scale solargenera2on per-capita, a factor that couldmake carbon taxingmore palatable.There is aballotmeasureop2oninMassachuseGs,buttheexis2ngcampaigns underway inthe stateare legisla2ve. MassachuseGs is a member of RGGI, the electricity sector cap-and-tradeprogram that covers nine northeast states. While the MassachuseGs state cons2tu2onappearstorequire revenuesfromtaxesongasoline anddiesel(≈45%ofemissions) togototransporta2onpurposes,whichmaybehighwaysorpublictransit,thisneednotimpingeoncarbontaxbillscurrentlybeforethestatelegislature(seediscussionatendofthissec2on).

Promising:MassachuseGs 21

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)MassachuseXs(percapita)

MassachuseXs(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 9.5 100%











http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/massachusetts/index.cfm






https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=MA








http://climate-xchange.org/massachusetts-campaign/

http://climate-xchange.org/massachusetts-campaign/

http://campaignforcleanenergyfuture.org/






whichnotesthat“TherearecurrentlytwokeybillsintheMassachuse8slegislaturethatfocusonpu|ng

afeeoncarbonpolluRon.SenatorMichaelBarre8’sAnActCombaRngClimateChangeisthecarbonpricingbillintheSenate,andRepresentaRveJenniferBensonhasputforthAnActtoPromoteGreen

Infrastructure,ReduceGreenhouseGasEmissions,andCreateJobsintheHouse.”ThelegislaRvetextforSenatorBarre8’sbill,S.1821,includesacarbontaxof$10pertonofcarbondioxide,risingby$5each

yeartoamaximumof$40,withtaxrevenuea8ributabletoemployerstobereturnedtoemployersasan

equalrebateperemployee,andtaxrevenuea8ributabletoresidentstobereturnedtoresidentsasanequalper-residentrebate,exceptthatruralresidentsreceiveanextra“motorvehiclefuelrebate.”The

legislaRvetextforRepresentaRveBenson’sbill,H.1726,includesthesamecarbontaxrate,with20%ofrevenueallocatedtoaGreenInfrastructureFundandtheremainderdivided(asabove)between

residentsandemployers,withemployersreceivinganequalrebateper-employeeandresidents

receivingequalper-residentrebates,exceptthatachildreceives50%oftheadultrebateandaddiRonalfundsaresetasidefortheLowIncomeHomeEnergyAssistanceProgramandforaddiRonalrebatesto

low-incomeandruralhouseholds.(2)Massachuse8swasalsorankedasastrongstatebyoneclimate-focusedgroup.

Ideologyandpoli[cs

CiRzensandthelegislatureareveryliberal.DemocratscontrolthestateSenate(34-6)andtheHouse(125-35),butRepublicanscontroltheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas11electoralcollegevotes(Redfor

#14).

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. MassachuseXs Rank








BallotmeasuresCiRzeniniRaRves(therewere4in2016alone)godirectlytotheballot,eitherasstatuteoras

consRtuRonalamendments.Morehere,andnotethatBallotpediasaysthatmeasuresmaynotpropose“lawsthatmakespecificappropriaRons.”

22 Promising:MassachuseGs

http://climate-xchange.org/overview-sd-1021/

http://climate-xchange.org/overview-sd-1021/

http://climate-xchange.org/2-page-overview-hd-1504/




https://malegislature.gov/Bills/190/SD1021

https://malegislature.gov/Bills/190/SD1021

https://malegislature.gov/Bills/190/H1726

https://malegislature.gov/Bills/190/H1726

https://ballotpedia.org/Massachusetts_2016_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/Massachusetts_2016_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Massachusetts_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Massachusetts_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Massachusetts

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Massachusetts

Legalnote

ArRcle78oftheMassachuse8sConsRtuRonappearstorequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddieseltogotohighwaypurposesormasstransit.SeeArRcleofamendmentCIV(104):“ArRcleLXXVIIIof

theAmendmentstotheConsRtuRonisherebyannulledandthefollowingisadoptedinplacethereof:Art.LXXVIII.Norevenuefromfees,duRes,excisesorlicensetaxesrelaRngtoregistraRon,operaRonor

useofvehicleonpublichighways,ortofuelsusedforpropellingsuchvehicles,shallbeexpendedfor

otherthancostofadministraRonoflawsprovidingforsuchrevenue,makingofrefundsandadjustmentsinrelaRonthereto,paymentofhighwayobligaRons,orcostofconstrucRon,reconstrucRon,maintenance

andrepairofpublichighwaysandbridges,andmasstransportaRonlinesandoftheenforcementofstatetrafficlaws,andforothermasstransportaRonpurposes;andsuchrevenueshallbeexpendedbythe

commonwealthoritscounRes,ciResandtownsforsaidhighwayandmasstransportaRonpurposesonly

andinsuchmannerasthegeneralcourtmaydirect;provided,thatthisamendmentshallnotapplytorevenuefromanyexcisetaximposedinlieuoflocalpropertytaxesfortheprivilegeofregisteringsuch

vehicles.”

However,Mitchellv.SecretaryofAdministraRon(1992),adecisionbytheMassachuse8sSupreme

JudicialCourt,foundthegoverningquesRontobewhether,inanyfiscalyear,thelegislaturehas

“appropriatedmoremoneyforthepurposesidenRfiedin[ArRcle]78thantheCommonwealthhadreceivedfrom[ArRcle]78sources.”AttheRmethestateexpendedsomeGeneralFundrevenueon

transportaRon,aprocessthatconRnuestothepresentday.Combinedstatesalestaxrevenuesandlocalassessmentrevenuesdedicatedtothestate’spublictransportaRonprovider,theMassachuse8sBay

TransportaRonAuthority,reached$970millioninFiscalYear2015,afigurethatislegislaRvelymandated

togrowby1%to3%annually.ThatallocaRonwillalmostcertainlyexceedcarbontaxrevenuesfrommotorfuels(gasolineandon-roaddiesel)undertheBarre8andBensonbills,evenwiththestepwise

increasesintheproposedcarbontaxrateto$40perton,suggesRngthatneitherbillwouldrequireanetincreaseinhighwayspending.

Promising:MassachuseGs 23

https://malegislature.gov/Laws/Constitution




http://masscases.com/cases/sjc/413/413mass330.html

http://masscases.com/cases/sjc/413/413mass330.html

http://www.mbta.com/uploadedfiles/About_the_T/Financials/SORE%20History%20FY16%20Budget.xls

http://www.mbta.com/uploadedfiles/About_the_T/Financials/SORE%20History%20FY16%20Budget.xls

https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_cons_prim_dcu_SMA_a.htm

https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_cons_prim_dcu_SMA_a.htm

https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_cons_821dst_dcu_SMA_a.htm

https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_cons_821dst_dcu_SMA_a.htm

NewYorkPromising



sectoremissionsandextremely

lowelectricitysectoremissions.TransportaRon

sectoremissionswerealsolow.


In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(519lbsCO2/MWh)was0.5xtheU.S.average.Theper-

capitaemissionsfigurefor2014isextremelylowbyanystandard,butnotethatabout10-15%ofpowerconsumedisimported.

ClimateimpactsRanked#12forextremeheatand#3forcoastalfloodingbyStatesatRisk.Notethatwidespreadsevere

damagefrom2012SuperstormSandyhasraisedclimateconsciousnessacrossthestate,aphenomenon

reflectedinthepollresultsbelow.


Thereareavarietyofprograms(describedbyEIA)inaddiRontotheRGGIcap-and-tradesystemcoveringtheelectricitysector.


(1)AcarbonpricingcampaignisbeingledbyNYRenews;ClimateX-Change’sStateCarbonPricingNetworknotesthat“NYRenewsiscurrentlyworkingtoachievefirstamandateforNewYorkStateto

have100%renewable[electricity]by2050.ThesecondphaseofthecampaignwillinvolvepassingacarbonpolluRonfeetofundajusttransiRonleadingtogoodjobs,environmentaljusRce,andworker

Summary:NewYorkispromising.

Industrial andelectricitysectoremissionsareextremelylow,andci2zensandthelegislatureare very liberalandare suppor2veonclimate issues:NewYorkjoinsHawaiiandDCasthe

only jurisdic2ons where carbon taxes poll above 50% (52%, ranked #2). However,gerrymandering and ingrained poli2cal habits have enabled conserva2ve interests to

maintaincontrol of the State Senate fordecades,andsome regardstategovernmentas a

graveyardforboldpolicyini2a2ves.Thereisnoballotmeasureop2oninNewYork.NotethatNewYorkisamemberofRGGI,theelectricitysectorcap-and-tradeprogramthatcoversnine

northeaststates.

24 Promising:NewYork

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)NewYork(percapita)

NewYork(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 8.6 100%













http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/newyork/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/newyork/index.cfm



https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=NY

https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=NY

http://nyrenews.org/

http://nyrenews.org/





protecRon.”(2)Separately,acarbontaxbillwasintroducedinthestatelegislaturein2015.This(very)

shortbillproposedacarbontaxstarRngat$35perton(andincreasingby$15peryeartoamaximumof$185),with60%oftherevenuereturnedas(unspecified)taxcreditsto“verylowtomoderateincome

residents”andtheremaining40%distributedevenly“tosupportthetransiRontoonehundredpercentcleanenergyinthestate,tosupportmasstransit,toreducecarbonemissions,andtoimproveclimate

changeadaptaRon.”(3)NewYorkisalsoranked#8byonecarbonpricinggroupintermsofper-capita

strength,andrankedasastrongfocal-pointstatebyanothergroup.

Ideologyandpoli[cs

CiRzensandthelegislatureareveryliberal.DemocratscontrolthestateHouse(107-43)andtheGovernor’soffice,butRepublicanshave“funcRonalcontrol”ofthenarrowlydividedstateSenate.The

statehas29electoralcollegevotes(Redfor#3).

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. NewYork Rank








BallotmeasuresTherearenoballotmeasuresinNewYork.

Promising:NewYork 25

http://assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?default_fld=&bn=A08372&term=2015&Summary=Y&Memo=Y&Text=Y

http://assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?default_fld=&bn=A08372&term=2015&Summary=Y&Memo=Y&Text=Y

http://www.ncsl.org/portals/1/documents/elections/Legis_Control_2017_March_1_9%20am.pdf




WashingtonPromising


0.6xtheU.S.average,withlowindustrialsectoremissionsand

extremelylowelectricitysector

emissions(evenmoreimpressivegiventhat10-15%ofpower

generaRonisexported).


In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(233lbsCO2/MWh)was0.2xtheU.S.average.EIAnotes

that“Hydroelectricpowertypicallyaccountsforbetweentwo-thirdsandfour-fizhsofWashington’selectricitygeneraRon.”

ClimateimpactsRanked#3fordroughtand#5forinlandfloodingbyStatesatRisk.


EIAprovidesanoverviewofvariouspolicies,includingaRenewablePorfolioStandard.


(1)I-732lostattheballotin2016,59%Noto41%Yes,inpartbecauseofasplitoverthemeasurewithinthestate’sgreen/progressivecommunity.MulRplecarbontaxbillswereintroducedin2017andthereis

talkfromtheAllianceforJobsandCleanEnergy(andperhapsothers)abouta2018ballotmeasure;see

alsothesummaryfromClimateX-Change’sStateCarbonPricingNetwork.(2)Washingtonisalsorankedasastrongfocal-pointstatebyoneclimate-focusedgroup.

Summary:Washingtonispromising.

Industrial andelectricitysectoremissionsare low,andci2zensandthe legislatureareliberaland fairly concerned about climate issues. Washingtonfielded the first carbon tax ballot

measure in the U.S. (I-732) in 2016, and there are ongoing efforts by Governor Inslee,membersofthestatelegislature,andorganiza2onsincludingtheAllianceforJobsandClean

EnergyandCarbonWashington(thegroupbehindI-732). There is much talk of newballot

measuresin2018or2020.

26 Promising:Washington

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Washington(percapita)

Washington(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 10.4 100%







https://yeson732.org/

https://yeson732.org/

http://jobscleanenergywa.com/




http://carbonwa.org/

http://carbonwa.org/



http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/washington/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/washington/index.cfm



https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=WA










Ideologyandpoli[cs

CiRzensandthelegislatureareliberal.DemocratscontrolthestateHouse(50-48)andtheGovernor’soffice,butRepublicanshave“funcRonalcontrol”overthenarrowlydividedstateSenate.Thestatehas

12electoralcollegevotes(ranked#13).

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Washington Rank








BallotmeasuresTherewere6ciRzeniniRaRvesin2016.CiRzeniniRaRvesgototheballotasstatutes,eitherdirectlyor

indirectly.Morehere.

Legalnote

TheWashingtonConsRtuRonsuperficiallyappearstobutinfactdoesnotrequirerevenuesfromtaxeson

gasolineanddieseltogotohighwaypurposes.Seethisunanimous2012stateSupremeCourtdecisionaboutarRcle2,secRon40,whichreads:“AllfeescollectedbytheStateofWashingtonaslicensefeesfor

motorvehiclesandallexcisetaxescollectedbytheStateofWashingtononthesale,distribuRonoruseofmotorvehiclefuelandallotherstaterevenueintendedtobeusedforhighwaypurposes,shallbepaid

intothestatetreasuryandplacedinaspecialfundtobeusedexclusivelyforhighwaypurposes.Such

highwaypurposesshallbeconstruedtoincludethefollowing:(a)ThenecessaryoperaRng,engineeringandlegalexpensesconnectedwiththeadministraRonofpublichighways,countyroadsandcitystreets;

(b)TheconstrucRon,reconstrucRon,maintenance,repair,andbe8ermentofpublichighways,countyroads,bridgesandcitystreets;includingthecostandexpenseof(1)acquisiRonofrights-of-way,(2)

installing,maintainingandoperaRngtrafficsignsandsignallights,(3)policingbythestateofpublic

highways,(4)operaRonofmovablespanbridges,(5)operaRonofferrieswhichareapartofanypublichighway,countyroad,orcitystreet;(c)ThepaymentorrefundingofanyobligaRonoftheStateof

Washington,oranypoliRcalsubdivisionthereof,forwhichanyoftherevenuesdescribedinsecRon1mayhavebeenlegallypledgedpriortotheeffecRvedateofthisact;(d)Refundsauthorizedbylawfor

taxespaidonmotorvehiclefuels;(e)ThecostofcollecRonofanyrevenuesdescribedinthissecRon:

Provided,ThatthissecRonshallnotbeconstruedtoincluderevenuefromgeneralorspecialtaxesorexcisesnotleviedprimarilyforhighwaypurposes,orapplytovehicleoperator’slicensefeesorany

excisetaximposedonmotorvehiclesortheusethereofinlieuofapropertytaxthereon,orfeesforcerRficatesofownershipofmotorvehicles.”

Promising:Washington 27



https://ballotpedia.org/Washington_2016_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/Washington_2016_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Washington_ballot_measures




https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Washington

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Washington

http://caselaw.findlaw.com/wa-supreme-court/1613651.html

http://caselaw.findlaw.com/wa-supreme-court/1613651.html

http://leg.wa.gov/LawsAndAgencyRules/Pages/constitution.aspx

http://leg.wa.gov/LawsAndAgencyRules/Pages/constitution.aspx

StatesWithSomePoten[al

Delaware

FloridaNewMexico

RhodeIslandVermontVirginia

28 SomePoten2al

DelawareSomePoten[al


were0.8xtheU.S.average,withhighindustrialsector

emissionsbutlowelectricity

sectoremissions.(Note,however,that40%ofpower

consumedisimported.)


In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(1,152lbsCO2/MWh)was1.1xtheU.S.average.Thelow

per-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014isduetothefactthat40%ofpowerconsumedisimported.EIAdataalsoshowsthatthestateranks#8amongstatesforsmall-scalesolargeneraRonper-capita.

ClimateimpactsRanked#9forcoastalfloodingbyStatesatRisk.


InaddiRontobeingamemberoftheRGGIcap-and-tradesystemcoveringtheelectricitysector,DelawarehasaRenewablePorfolioStandard:“Originallyenactedin2005,Delaware’srenewable

porfoliostandard(RPS)hasbeenrevisedandexpanded.TheRPSrequiresretailelectricitysuppliersinDelawaretopurchaseincreasingamountsoftheelectricitytheysellin-statefromrenewableresources

eachyear,withanulRmategoalof25%fromrenewableresourcesbythecomplianceyearof

2025-2026.”


Nonethatweareawareof,andnonelistedbyClimateX-Change’sStateCarbonPricingNetwork.

Summary:Delawarehassomepoten.al.

Electricitysectoremissionsarelow,andci2zensandthelegislatureareliberalandarefairlysuppor2veonclimate issues(althoughlessthanthose inConnec2cut).Also,Delaware ranks

#8amongstatesforsmall-scalesolargenera2onper-capita,afactorthatcouldmakecarbontaxingmorepalatable.One challenge is high industrialsector emissions.There is noballot

measureop2oninDelaware.NotethatDelaware isamemberofRGGI,theelectricitysector

cap-and-tradeprogramthatcoversninenortheaststates.

SomePoten2al:Delaware 29

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Delaware(percapita)

Delaware(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 14.2 100%











http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/delaware/index.cfm










https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=DE

https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=DE



Ideologyandpoli[cs

CiRzensareveryliberal;thelegislatureisliberaltoveryliberal.DemocratscontrolthestateSenate(11-10),theHouse(25-16),andtheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas3electoralcollegevotes(Redfor

fewest).

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Delaware Rank








BallotmeasuresTherearenoballotmeasuresinDelaware.

30 SomePoten2al:Delaware



FloridaSomePoten[al



sectoremissionsandbelow-

averageelectricitysectoremissions.Commercialand

residenRalsectoremissionswereverylow.


In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(1,037lbsCO2/MWh)was1.0xtheU.S.average.Thebelow-averageper-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014isforin-stategeneraRononly;about7%ofpower

consumedisimported.EIAnotesthatresidenRalconsumpRonishigh(over90%ofhouseholdsuseelectricityforbothheaRngandaircondiRoning)butindustrialconsumpRonisverylow.EIAalsonotes

thatFloridahasgoodsolarpotenRalbutthat“plannersexpectthestate’selectricitygeneraRngfuelmix

toremainfairlystableinthenextfewyears,withnaturalgasprovidingaboutthree-fizhsofnetelectricitygeneraRonandcoalaboutone-fizh.”DespitesignificantsolarpotenRal,statepoliciespenalize

PVownersandusers,andasaresultEIAdatashowsthatthestateonlyranks#28forsmall-scalesolargeneraRonper-capita.

Climateimpacts

Ranked#2forextremeheat,#10forwildfire,#1forinlandflooding,and#1forcoastalfloodingbyStatesatRisk.

Exis[ngclimatepoliciesEIAnotesthat“Floridadoesnothavearenewableenergyporfolio,butitdoeshavestateandlocal

incenRves,suchasnetmetering,forcertainrenewableenergytechnologies,includingsolar.”

Summary:Floridahassomepoten.al.

Grounds forop2mism include low industrialsectoremissions,ci2zenswhoare internalizingtheirpersonalvulnerabilitytoclimateimpactsinastatethatstands tobehugelyaffectedby

climatechange,andthestate’srankingasastrongfocal-pointstate byoneclimate-focusedgroup. In addi2on, Florida’s abundant sunshine and southern la2tude give it tremendous

poten2alfor distributedsolargenera2on, if state policies penalizingPV owners andusers

could be rolled back. Challenges include a ci2zenry that is generally conserva2ve, aconserva2ve-to-very-conserva2ve legislature, and high hurdles for ballot measures: all

measuresneeda60%super-majoritytopass,andtaxmeasuresrequiretwo-thirds.

SomePoten2al:Florida 31

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Florida

(percapita)Florida

(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 11.5 100%











http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/florida/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/florida/index.cfm

https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=FL











Rankedasastrongfocal-pointstatebyoneclimate-focusedgroup,buttherearenocampaignslistedbyClimateX-Change’sStateCarbonPricingNetwork.

Ideologyandpoli[csCiRzensareconservaRve;thelegislatureisconservaRvetoveryconservaRve.Republicanscontrolthe

stateSenate(25-15),theHouse(79-41),andtheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas29electoralcollege

votes(Redfor#3)andhasbeenaswingstateduringthepastfivePresidenRalcampaigns.

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Florida Rank








BallotmeasuresCiRzeniniRaRves(therewere2in2016,2in2014,and0in2012)godirectlytotheballotas

consRtuRonalamendments.AccordingtoBallotpedia,alliniRaRvesneeda60%super-majority,andtaxmeasuresneedatwo-thirdssuper-majority.

32 SomePoten2al:Florida



https://ballotpedia.org/Florida_2016_ballot_measures






https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Florida_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Florida_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Florida

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Florida

NewMexicoSomePoten[al



emissionsandhighelectricity

sectoremissions(butnotethatabout25%ofpower



In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(1,672lbsCO2/MWh)was1.5xtheU.S.average.Thishelps

explainthehighper-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014,butnotealsothatabout25%ofpowergeneraRonisexported.EIAalsoprovidesthesevaluableinsights:“Coal-firedpowerplantssupplymorethanthree-

fizhsofNewMexico’snetelectricitygeneraRon.NaturalgassuppliesmostoftheremaininggeneraRon,withrenewableresources,primarilywind,providingalmostalltherest…Coal-firedgeneraRoninNew

MexicoisdecliningasfederalairqualityregulaRonshaveRghtenedandasCaliforniahasdecidedtostop

purchasingelectricitygeneratedfromcoal.Shutdownoftwoofthefourcoal-firedgeneraRngunitsatNewMexico’slargestpowerplantisscheduledtooccurbytheendof2017…AllofNewMexico’s

plannednewelectricitygeneraRngcapacitywilluserenewableenergyornaturalgas.”EIAdataalsoshowsthatthestateranks#12amongstatesforsmall-scalesolargeneraRonper-capita.

Climateimpacts

Ranked#15forextremeheat,#4fordrought,and#5forwildfirebyStatesatRisk.


EIAnotesthat“[t]heNewMexicorenewableporfoliostandardrequiresinvestor-ownedelectricuRliRestoacquire20%ofelectricitysoldin-statefromrenewableenergysourcesby2020.Ofthat20%,atleast

halfmustcomefromsolarandwindenergy,andthebalancemustincludesharesfromseveralother

renewablesources,includingdistributedgeneraRon.RuralelectriccooperaRvesarerequiredtoobtain

Summary:NewMexicohassomepoten.al.

Challenges includehigh industrialandelectricity sectoremissions,lackof votersupportforcarbontaxes rela2vetotheirclimateviewsingeneral,andamoderate legislature.Grounds

forop2mismare thatci2zensareliberal,arefairlysuppor2veonclimateissues,andseemtohave internalized that theyare personally vulnerable to climate impacts; the state is also

rankedasastrongstatebyoneclimate-focusedgroup.Also,NewMexicoranks#12among

states for small-scale solar genera2on per-capita,a factor that couldmake carbon taxingmorepalatable.Thereisnoballotmeasureop2oninNewMexico.

SomePoten2al:NewMexico 33

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)NewMexico(percapita)

NewMexico(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 24.1 100%









http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/newmexico/index.cfm






https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=NM








10%oftheirsalesfromrenewablesourcesby2020.NewMexicohasregulatorypoliciesthatincludenet

metering,solareasements,andinterconnecRonstandards,aswellasanumberoffinancialincenRvesthatencouragerenewablegeneraRon.”

Carbonpricingac[vismRankedasastrongstatebyoneclimate-focusedgroup,buttherearenocampaignslistedbyClimateX-

Change’sStateCarbonPricingNetwork.

Ideologyandpoli[csCiRzensareliberal;thelegislatureismoderate.DemocratscontrolthestateSenate(26-16)andthe

House(38-22),butRepublicanscontroltheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas5electoralcollegevotes(Redfor#36).

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. NewMexico Rank








BallotmeasuresTherearenopro-acRveballotmeasuresinNewMexico.

34 SomePoten2al:NewMexico





RhodeIslandSomePoten[al



emissionsandverylowelectricity

sectoremissions(butnotethat15-25%ofpowerconsumpRonin

recentyearsisfromimports).ResidenRalsectoremissionswere

veryhigh.

ElectricitysectornotesIn2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(911lbsCO2/MWh)was0.8xtheU.S.average.(EIAnotes

thatabout95%comesfromnaturalgas.)Theverylowper-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014ispartlyduetoimportsandlowconsumpRonbytheindustrialandresidenRalsectors.

Climateimpacts



InaddiRontobeingamemberoftheRGGIcap-and-tradesystemcoveringtheelectricitysector,RhodeIslandhasa“renewableenergystandard(RES)[that]requiresretailelectricityproviderstoobtain

[14.5]%ofpowersoldinthestatefromrenewableresourcesbytheendof2020.”SeeEIAfordetails.

Carbonpricingac[vismAcarbonpricingcampaignisbeingledbytheEnergizeRICoaliRon;ClimateX-Change’sStateCarbon

PricingNetworkreports:“Thebillproposesafeeof$15pertonofcarbondioxideemi8ed,whichisincreasedby$5(basedon2016dollars)eachfiscalyearbeginningJanuary1,2020.Italsoestablishesa

cleanenergyandjobsfund,with25%goingtowardsenergyefficiencyandrenewableenergyprograms,

30%usedtoprovidedividendstoemployers[anequalamountperemployee],and40%usedtoprovide

Summary:RhodeIslandhassomepoten.al.

Grounds forop2mismincludeverylow industrialsectoremissions and the generally liberalviews of ci2zensandthe legislature.Onechallenge is thatvoters demonstrateadislike for

carbon taxes that affects some New England states. There is a legisla2ve carbon taxcampaign underway; there is noballotmeasure op2onin Rhode Island.Note thatRhode

Island is amemberof RGGI, the electricitysectorcap-and-trade program thatcovers nine

northeaststates.

SomePoten2al:RhodeIsland 35

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)RhodeIsland(percapita)

RhodeIsland(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 10.1 100%











http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/rhodeisland/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/rhodeisland/index.cfm



https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=RI








http://www.energizeri.org/

http://www.energizeri.org/





dividendstoRhodeIslandresidents[anequalamountperperson].Thisbillisbasedonaregional

approach,soitwillonlytakeeffectifeitherMassachuse8sorConnecRcutpasssimilarlegislaRon.”SeealsothecompletelegislaRvetext.

Ideologyandpoli[csCiRzensandthelegislatureareveryliberal.DemocratscontrolthestateSenate(33-5),theHouse

(64-10),andtheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas4electoralcollegevotes(Redforsecond-fewest).

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. RhodeIsland Rank








BallotmeasuresTherearenoballotmeasuresinRhodeIsland.

36 SomePoten2al:RhodeIsland

http://webserver.rilin.state.ri.us/BillText/BillText17/HouseText17/H5369.pdf

http://webserver.rilin.state.ri.us/BillText/BillText17/HouseText17/H5369.pdf



VermontSomePoten[al



emissionsandalmostzeroelectricity

sectoremissions(butnotethatover30%ofpowerconsumpRonwas

imported).ResidenRalsectoremissionswereveryhigh.


In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(12lbsCO2/MWh)was0.01x(!)theU.S.average.(EIAnotesthat“[a]boutthree-fizhsofin-stategeneraRoncamefromhydroelectricpower,withthe

remaindersuppliedbybiomass,wind,andsolarenergy.”)Note,however,thatattheendof2014theVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantclosedandin2015over30%ofpowerconsumpRonwasimported.

EIAdataalsoshowsthatthestateranks#7amongstatesforsmall-scalesolargeneraRonper-capita.

ClimateimpactsNotoprankingsfromStatesatRisk.

Exis[ngclimatepoliciesThereareavarietyofpoliciesinaddiRontotheRGGIcap-and-tradesystemcoveringtheelectricity

sector.SeeEIAfordetailsbeyondthis:“[I]n2015,thestatereplaceditspackageofeconomicincenRves

forrenewableswiththenaRon’sfirstintegratedrenewableenergystandard(RES).TheVermontRESmakeselectricuRliResresponsiblenotonlyforsupplyingrenewablysourcedpowerbutalsoforhelping

consumersreducetheirtotalfossilfueluse.”Thenot-for-profitconsultancyEfficiencyVermontisa

Summary:Vermonthassomepoten.al.

Grounds forop2misminclude extremely low industrial sector emissions and the unusuallyliberalviewsof ci2zens andthe legislature.Also,Vermontranks#7amongstates forsmall-

scale solar genera2on per-capita, a factor thatcouldmake carbon taxingmore palatable,andEfficiencyVermont,astatewideNGO,ishighlyrespectedasaproviderofmoney-saving

efficiencyandrenewable solu2ons.Challenges include voters whoseemtohave concluded

that they are not very vulnerable to climate impacts andwho demonstrate a dislike forcarbon taxes that affects some New England states. There is a legisla2ve campaign

underway; thereisnoballotmeasureop2oninVermont.NotethatVermontisamemberofRGGI,theelectricitysectorcap-and-tradeprogramthatcoversninenortheaststates.

SomePoten2al:Vermont 37

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Vermont

(percapita)Vermont(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 9.4 100%







http://livepage.apple.com/

http://livepage.apple.com/





https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=VT












https://www.efficiencyvermont.com/

https://www.efficiencyvermont.com/

naRonalleaderinassisRnghomesandbusinessinselecRng,installingandoperaRngenergy-efficiency

andrenewabletechnologiesandsystems.


AcarbonpricingcampaignisbeingledbyEnergyIndependentVermont;ClimateX-Change’sStateCarbonPricingNetworknotesthat“EnergyIndependentVermontissupporRngacarbonfeethatwould

return90%oftherevenueintheformofrebatesandothertaxrelief…[T]heother10%wouldbe

investedtohelpVermontresidentslowertheirenergybillsandfossilfuelusagethroughenergyefficiencyandcleanenergyprograms…ThecoaliRonwillbeworkingonafewbillstobeintroduced

duringthecurrentlegislaRvesessionoverthenextfewweeks.”

Ideologyandpoli[cs

CiRzensandthelegislatureareveryliberal.DemocratscontrolthestateSenate(23-7)andtheHouse

(84-53,with13independents),butRepublicanscontroltheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas3electoralcollegevotes(Redforfewest).

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Vermont Rank








BallotmeasuresTherearenoballotmeasuresinVermont.

38 SomePoten2al:Vermont

http://www.energyindependentvt.org/

http://www.energyindependentvt.org/







VirginiaSomePoten[al



verylowindustrial

sectoremissionsandlowelectricitysector

emissions.

Electricitysector

notes

In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(910lbsCO2/MWh)was0.8xtheU.S.average.(EIAnotesthatgeneraRonisabout40%naturalgasand30%nuclear,withcoalaccounRngformostoftherest.)The

lowper-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014islargelybecause30-40%ofpowerisimported.

Climateimpacts

Ranked#6forcoastalfloodingbyStatesatRisk.

Exis[ngclimatepoliciesEIAnotesthat“Virginiahasestablishedavoluntaryrenewableporfoliogoalencouraginginvestor-

owneduRliRestoacquire15%ofbaseyear2007salesfromeligiblerenewabletechnologiesby2025.VirginiaalsoenactedamandatoryuRlitygreenpoweropRonin2007thatgiveselectricuRlitycustomers

theopRonofpurchasingalloftheirelectricityfromrenewableenergysources.”

Carbonpricingac[vismClimateX-Change’sStateCarbonPricingNetworksaysalisRngforacampaignis“comingsoon.”

Ideologyandpoli[csCiRzensandthelegislaturearemoderatetoconservaRve.RepublicanscontrolthestateSenate(21-19)

andtheHouse(66-34),butDemocratscontroltheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas13electoralcollege

votes(ranked#12).

Summary:Virginiahassomepoten.al.

Challenges include ci2zens and a legislature that are moderate to conserva2ve andsomewhat skep2cal on climate issues. Grounds for op2mism include low industrial and

electricity sector emissions andrela2velyhighsupport for carbon taxes (47%, ranked#8).Thereisnoballotmeasureop2oninVirginia.

SomePoten2al:Virginia 39

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Virginia

(percapita)Virginia

(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 12.5 100%











https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=VA


http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/virginia/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/virginia/index.cfm







Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Virginia Rank








BallotmeasuresTherearenoballotmeasuresinVirginia.

40 SomePoten2al:Virginia



ChallengingStatesForLegalReasons

California

ColoradoMichigan

NevadaNewHampshireNewJersey

Oregon

Challenging 41

CaliforniaChallenging(Legal)

EmissionsPer-capitaemissionsin

2014were0.6xtheU.S.average,withlowindustrial

sectoremissionsandvery

lowelectricitysectoremissions.(Note,however,

that30%ofpowerconsumedisimported.)


In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(621lbsCO2/MWh)was0.6xtheU.S.average.Theverylowper-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014ispartlyduetothislowemissionsratebutisalsoduetothe

30%ofpowerthatisimportedandtolowindustrialsectorconsumpRon.EIAnotesthat“thestateleadsthenaRoninnetelectricitygeneraRonfromsolar,geothermal,andbiomass.Californiaisalsoaleading

producerofelectricityfromconvenRonalhydroelectricpowerandfromwind,rankingfourthinthe

naRoninboth.”EIAdataalsoshowsthatthestateranks#3amongstatesforper-capitasmall-scalesolargeneraRon,and#1byfarfortotalsolargeneraRon(i.e.,notnormalizedbypopulaRon).

Summary:Californiaischallengingforlegalreasonsonly.

Californiais challengingfortwoandpossiblythree legalreasons.First,thestatecons2tu2onappearstorequire revenuesfromtaxesongasoline anddiesel(≈56%ofemissions) togoto

highway purposes and/ormass transit. (This challenge couldpoten2ally be addressed byfunnelingthesefundstotheproposedhigh-speedrailsystembetweenSanFranciscoandLos

Angeles, but the level of long-term poli2cal support for this rail system is ques2onable.)

Second,Californiahasmanyexis2nglaws,includinganeconomy-widecap-and-tradesystem(AB32) thatmayormaynotexpire in2020,andnaviga2ngthe resul2nglegalandpoli2cal

thicket is likely to be difficult.Third,the Californiacons2tu2onalsohas amandate abouteduca2onspendingthatmayberelevantforcarbontaxpolicy.Absenttheseconcerns—and/

orif acarbontaxapproachgainsmomentumasanalterna2vetoasoon-to-expireAB32—

Californiawouldbe promising: grounds for op2mism include low industrialandelectricitysectoremissions;liberalci2zensandlegislaturethatareconcernedaboutclimateissues;and

high degree of ci2zens internalizing their personal vulnerability to climate impacts. Also,California ranks #3among states for small-scale solar genera2on per-capita, a factor that

couldmakecarbontaxingmorepalatable.Thereisaballotmeasureop2oninCalifornia.

42 Challenging:California

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)California(percapita)

California(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 9.3 100%











http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/california/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/california/index.cfm



https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=CA




Climateimpacts

Ranked#3forextremeheat,#13fordrought,#2forwildfire,#2forinlandflooding,and#8forcoastalfloodingbyStatesatRisk.

Exis[ngclimatepoliciesEIAdescribesahostofprograms,includingtheAB32cap-and-tradesystem.Note,however,thatthe

futureofthecap-and-tradesystembeyond2020isinsomedoubt.

Carbonpricingac[vismLotsofexisRnggroups,plusCaliforniaisranked#1byonecarbonpricinggroupintermsofper-capita

strength,andrankedasastrongfocal-pointstatebyanotherclimate-focusedgroup.ButtherearenocampaignslistedbyClimateX-Change’sStateCarbonPricingNetwork

Ideologyandpoli[cs

CiRzensareliberal;thelegislatureisveryliberalandhasatradiRonofpro-acRveandinnovaRvelegislaRononenvironmentalissues.DemocratscontrolthestateSenate(27-13),theHouse(55-25),and

theGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas55electoralcollegevotes(ranked#1).

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. California Rank









consRtuRonalamendments.Morehere.

Legalnote

TheCaliforniaConsRtuRonappearstorequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddieseltogoto

highwaypurposesandmasstransit.SeearRcle19,secRon1:“RevenuesfromtaxesimposedbytheStateonmotorvehiclefuelsforuseinmotorvehiclesuponpublicstreetsandhighways,overandabovethe

costsofcollecRonandanyrefundsauthorizedbylaw,shallbeusedforthefollowingpurposes:(a)Theresearch,planning,construcRon,improvement,maintenance,andoperaRonofpublicstreetsand

highways(andtheirrelatedpublicfaciliResfornonmotorizedtraffic),includingthemiRgaRonoftheir

environmentaleffects,thepaymentforpropertytakenordamagedforsuchpurposes,andtheadministraRvecostsnecessarilyincurredintheforegoingpurposes.(b)Theresearch,planning,

construcRon,andimprovementofexclusivepublicmasstransitguideways(andtheirrelatedfixed

Challenging:California 43





https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/24/californias-cap-and-trade-appeals-court-to-decide-its-future/

https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/24/californias-cap-and-trade-appeals-court-to-decide-its-future/



https://ballotpedia.org/California_2016_ballot_propositions

https://ballotpedia.org/California_2016_ballot_propositions

https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_California_ballot_propositions

https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_California_ballot_propositions

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_California

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_California

http://law.justia.com/constitution/california/article_19.html


faciliRes),includingthemiRgaRonoftheirenvironmentaleffects,thepaymentforpropertytakenor

damagedforsuchpurposes,theadministraRvecostsnecessarilyincurredintheforegoingpurposes,andthemaintenanceofthestructuresandtheimmediateright-of-wayforthepublicmasstransitguideways,

butexcludingthemaintenanceandoperaRngcostsformasstransitpowersystemsandmasstransitpassengerfaciliRes,vehicles,equipment,andservices.”ButnotealsosecRon7:“ThisarRcleshallnot

affectorapplytofeesortaxesimposedpursuanttotheSalesandUseTaxLawortheVehicleLicenseFee

Law,andallamendmentsandaddiRonsnoworhereazermadetosuchstatutes.”

44 Challenging:California



ColoradoChallenging(Legal)

EmissionsPer-capitaand

sectoralemissionsin2014mirroredthe

naRonalaverages.


In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(1,571lbsCO2/MWh)was1.4xtheU.S.average.Thisisonlypartlyreflectedintheper-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014inpartbecause5-10%ofpower

consumedisimported.EIAnotesthatcoalandnaturalgasaccountforabout60%and20%ofpower

generaRon,respecRvely.ButEIAalsonotesthat“Electricityfromrenewablesourceshastripledsince2007,tomorethanone-sixthofnetelectricitygeneraRonin2015,almostallbecauseofincreasedwind

generaRon”andthat“Colorado’slargestuRlityhascommi8edtoreplacesomeoldercoal-firedcapacitywithnaturalgasandrenewablegeneraRonsources.”EIAdataalsoshowsthatthestateranks#11among

statesforsmall-scalesolargeneraRonper-capita.

ClimateimpactsRanked#6fordroughtbyStatesatRisk.

Exis[ngclimatepoliciesEIAnotesthat“In2004,Coloradobecamethefirststatewithavoter-approvedrenewableporfolio

standard(RPS).ThelegislaturehasincreasedrequirementsseveralRmessince,andtheRPSnow

requires30%ofelectricitysoldbyinvestor-owneduRliRestocomefromrenewableenergysourcesby2020,with3%fromdistributedgeneraRon.SeparaterequirementsapplytomunicipalandcooperaRve

electricitysuppliersdependingontheirsize.TheRPSandotherstatesupportfortheefficiencyand

Summary:Coloradoischallengingforlegalreasonsonly.

Coloradoischallengingbecausethestatecons2tu2on(1) includesaTaxpayer’sBill ofRights(TABOR) that appears to require a vote of the people for any carbon tax policy, and (2)

appearstorequire revenuesfromtaxesongasoline anddiesel(≈31%ofemissions) togotohighwaypurposes.Absenttheseconcerns,Coloradowouldhavesomepoten2al:groundsfor

op2mism include moderate-to-liberal ci2zens and legislature and a rela2vely strong

grassroots climatemovement.Also,Coloradoranks#11amongstates for small-scale solargenera2on per-capita, a factor that couldmake carbon taxingmore palatable.There is a

ballotmeasureop2oninColorado.

Challenging:Colorado 45

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Colorado(percapita)

Colorado(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 17.1 100%Commercial 0.7 0.7 4%ElectricPower 6.3 7.0 41%ResidenRal 1.1 1.5 9%Industrial 3.0 2.7 16%



https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/cga-legislativecouncil/tabor

https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/cga-legislativecouncil/tabor





http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/colorado/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/colorado/index.cfm

https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=CO








renewableenergyindustrieshavea8ractedprivateinvestmentandhavemadeColoradoacleanenergy

industryleader.”


Ranked#5byonecarbonpricinggroupintermsofper-capitastrength,andrankedasapotenRallystrongfocal-pointstatebyanothergroup,buttherearenocampaignslistedbyClimateX-Change’sState

CarbonPricingNetwork.

Ideologyandpoli[csCiRzensaremoderate;thelegislatureisliberal.DemocratscontroltheHouse(37-28)andtheGovernor’s

office,butRepublicanscontrolthestateSenate(18-17).Thestatehas9electoralcollegevotes(Redfor#22).

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Colorado Rank










Legalnote

TheColoradoConsRtuRonappearstorequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddieseltogoto

highwaypurposes,andrevenuesfromtaxesonaviaRonfueltoaviaRonpurposes.SeearRcle10,secRon18:“OnandazerJuly1,1935,theproceedsfromtheimposiRonofanylicense,registraRonfee,orother

chargewithrespecttotheoperaRonofanymotorvehicleuponanypublichighwayinthisstateandtheproceedsfromtheimposiRonofanyexcisetaxongasolineorotherliquidmotorfuelexceptaviaRonfuel

usedforaviaRonpurposesshall,exceptcostsofadministraRon,beusedexclusivelyfortheconstrucRon,

maintenance,andsupervisionofthepublichighwaysofthisstate.AnytaxesimposeduponaviaRonfuelshallbeusedexclusivelyforaviaRonpurposes.”

46 Challenging:Colorado





https://ballotpedia.org/Colorado_2016_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/Colorado_2016_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Colorado_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Colorado_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Colorado

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Colorado

http://law.justia.com/constitution/colorado/cnart10.html




MichiganChallenging(Legal)


wereslightlybelowtheU.S.average,withlowindustrial

sectoremissionsand

averageelectricitysectoremissions.ResidenRalsector

emissionswereveryhigh.



thatpowergeneraRonisalmost50%coalandmorethan25%nuclearandthat“naturalgasfuelsmuchoftherest,withrenewables,parRcularlywind,contribuRngasmallbutincreasingshare.”EIAalsonotes

thattheGreatLakesprovideMichiganwith“asubstanRaloffshorewindresource.”

Climateimpacts

Ranked#18forextremeheatand#9fordroughtbyStatesatRisk.

Exis[ngclimatepoliciesEIAdescribesaRenewablePorfolioStandard(RPS)thatapparentlyendedin2015andalsonotesthat

“MichiganofferstaxincenRvesinRenewableEnergyRenaissanceZones(RERZs).”


Ranked#7byonecarbonpricinggroupintermsofper-capitastrength,andrankedasapotenRally

strongfocal-pointstatebyanother,buttherearenocampaignslistedbyClimateX-Change’sStateCarbonPricingNetwork.

Ideologyandpoli[csCiRzensarerankedasliberalandthelegislatureasmoderatetoconservaRve,butRepublicanscontrol

thestateSenate(27-11),theHouse(63-47),andtheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas16electoralcollege

votes(Redfor#8).

Summary:Michiganischallengingforlegalreasonsonly.

Michiganis challengingbecause the state cons2tu2onappears to require 90%of revenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddiesel(≈30%ofemissions)togotohighwaypurposes.Absentthis

concern,Michiganwouldhave somepoten2al:grounds forop2misminclude lowindustrialsectoremissions,generallyliberalci2zens,andunexpectedlystrongsupport(46%,ranked#9)

foracarbontax.Ontheminus side, the legislature ismoderate-to-conserva2ve.There is a

ballotmeasureop2oninMichigan,butithasbeenusedinfrequently.

Challenging:Michigan 47

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Michigan(percapita)

Michigan(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 16.4 100%Commercial 0.7 1.2 7%










https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=MI










Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Michigan Rank








BallotmeasuresCiRzeniniRaRves(therewere0in2016,0in2014,and5in2012)godirectlyorindirectlytotheballot,

eitherasstatuteorasconsRtuRonalamendments.Morehere.

Legalnote

TheMichiganConsRtuRonappearstorequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddieseltogoto

highwaypurposes.SeearRcle9,secRon9:“Allspecifictaxes,exceptgeneralsalesandusetaxesandregulatoryfees,imposeddirectlyorindirectlyonfuelssoldorusedtopropelmotorvehiclesupon

highwaysandtopropelaircrazandonregisteredmotorvehiclesandaircrazshall,azerthepaymentofnecessarycollecRonexpenses,beusedexclusivelyfortransportaRonpurposesassetforthinthis

secRon.

“Notlessthan90percentofthespecifictaxes,exceptgeneralsalesandusetaxesandregulatoryfees,imposeddirectlyorindirectlyonfuelssoldorusedtopropelmotorvehiclesuponhighwaysandon

registeredmotorvehiclesshall,azerthepaymentofnecessarycollecRonexpenses,beusedexclusivelyforthetransportaRonpurposesofplanning,administering,construcRng,reconstrucRng,financing,and

maintainingstate,county,city,andvillageroads,streets,andbridgesdesignedprimarilyfortheuseof

motorvehiclesusingRres,andreasonableappurtenancestothosestate,county,city,andvillageroads,streets,andbridges.

“Thebalance,ifany,ofthespecifictaxes,exceptgeneralsalesandusetaxesandregulatoryfees,imposeddirectlyorindirectlyonfuelssoldorusedtopropelmotorvehiclesuponhighwaysandon

registeredmotorvehicles,azerthepaymentofnecessarycollecRonexpenses;100percentofthe

specifictaxes,exceptgeneralsalesandusetaxesandregulatoryfees,imposeddirectlyorindirectlyonfuelssoldorusedtopropelaircrazandonregisteredaircraz,azerthepaymentofnecessarycollecRon

expenses;andnotmorethan25percentofthegeneralsalestaxes,imposeddirectlyorindirectlyonfuelssoldtopropelmotorvehiclesuponhighways,onthesaleofmotorvehicles,andonthesaleofthe

partsandaccessoriesofmotorvehicles,azerthepaymentofnecessarycollecRonexpenses;shallbe

usedexclusivelyforthetransportaRonpurposesofcomprehensivetransportaRonpurposesasdefinedbylaw.”

48 Challenging:Michigan

https://ballotpedia.org/Michigan_2016_ballot_measures






https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Michigan_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Michigan_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Michigan

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Michigan

http://law.justia.com/codes/michigan/2012/chapter1/constitutionofmichiganof1963/constitution-ix/articleix9/

http://law.justia.com/codes/michigan/2012/chapter1/constitutionofmichiganof1963/constitution-ix/articleix9/

NevadaChallenging(Legal)


2014were0.8xtheU.S.average,withvery

lowindustrialsector

emissionsandbelow-averageelectricity

sectoremissions.


In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(831lbsCO2/MWh)was0.8xtheU.S.average.EIAnotes

thatNevadahas“windpowerpotenRal”and“substanRalgeothermalandsolarenergydevelopment,aswellassomewindandlandfillbiomasspowergeneraRon”,that“naturalgasfuelsnearlythree-fourthsof

Nevada’snetelectricitygeneraRon”,andthat“incompliancewitha2013statelaw,Nevada’slargestuRlityisplanningtoeliminatemostofitscoal-firedelectricitygeneraRonbytheendof2019.”EIAdata

alsoshowsthatthestateranks#6amongstatesforsmall-scalesolargeneraRonper-capita;itcouldrank

higherifregulatoryobstacleswereremoved.

Climateimpacts

Ranked#4forwildfirebyStatesatRisk.


EIAnotesthat“Nevada’srenewableporfoliostandard(RPS)requiresthatincreasingpercentagesof

electricitysoldtoretailcustomersinNevadamustcomefromrenewableresources,reachingthegoalof25%ofretailelectricitysalesby2025.”

Carbonpricingac[vismNonethatweareawareof,andnonelistedbyClimateX-Change’sStateCarbonPricingNetwork.

Summary:Nevadaischallengingforlegalreasonsonly.

Nevadaischallengingbecausethestatecons2tu2onappearstorequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddiesel(≈38%ofemissions) togotohighwaypurposes.Absentthisconcern,

Nevadawouldbepromising:grounds forop2mismincludelowindustrial sectoremissions,amoderate legislature,andmoderateci2zenswhoare somewhatsuppor2veof climate issues

(especially carbon taxes). Also, Nevada ranks #6 among states for small-scale solar

genera2onper-capita—andhas thecapacitytorankhigher if regulatoryobstacles tosolardevelopmentare removed— sothatcouldmakecarbontaxingmore palatable.There is a

ballotmeasureop2oninNevada.

Challenging:Nevada 49

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Nevada

(percapita)Nevada

(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 13.1 100%















https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=NV

https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=NV



Ideologyandpoli[cs

CiRzensandthelegislaturearemoderate.DemocratscontrolthestateSenate(11-9,with1independent)andtheHouse(27-15),butRepublicanscontroltheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas6electoralcollege

votes(Redfor#30).

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Nevada Rank








BallotmeasuresTherewere4ciRzeniniRaRvesin2016.CiRzeniniRaRvesgototheballotindirectlyasstatuteordirectly

asconsRtuRonalamendments.MoreherefromBallotpedia,whichperhapsalsonotesthatiniRaRvescannotappropriatemoney.

Legalnote

TheNevadaConsRtuRonappearstorequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddieseltogotohighwaypurposes.SeearRcle9,secRon5:“TheproceedsfromtheimposiRonofanylicenseorregistraRonfee

andotherchargewithrespecttotheoperaRonofanymotorvehicleuponanypublichighwayinthisStateandtheproceedsfromtheimposiRonofanyexcisetaxongasolineorothermotorvehiclefuel

shall,exceptcostsofadministraRon,beusedexclusivelyfortheconstrucRon,maintenance,andrepairof

thepublichighwaysofthisState.TheprovisionsofthissecRondonotapplytotheproceedsofanytaximposeduponmotorvehiclesbytheLegislatureinlieuofanadvalorempropertytax.”

50 Challenging:Nevada

https://ballotpedia.org/Nevada_2016_ballot_measures




https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Nevada

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Nevada

https://www.leg.state.nv.us/const/nvconst.html

https://www.leg.state.nv.us/const/nvconst.html

NewHampshireChallenging(Legal)



sectoremissionsandverylow

electricitysectoremissions(evenmoreimpressivegiven

thatabout40%ofpowergeneraRonisexported).


In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(402lbsCO2/MWh)was0.4xtheU.S.average.EIAnotesthatabouthalfofpowergeneraRonisfromnuclear.



EIAdiscussesRGGIandothermeasures,including“arenewableporfoliostandard(RPS)thatsetsrequirementsthatescalateto2025,when24.8%ofelectricitysoldinstatemustcomefromrenewable

sources.”



Summary:NewHampshireischallengingforlegalreasonsonly.

New Hampshire is challengingbecause the state cons2tu2on appears to require revenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddiesel(≈45%ofemissions)togotohighwaypurposes.Absentthis

concern,NewHampshirewouldhavesomepoten2al:groundsforop2mismincludeextremelylow industrial sector emissions and generally liberalci2zens and legislature.Ontheminus

side,votersarenotespeciallysuppor2veonclimateissues;theyalsodemonstrateadislikefor

carbontaxesthataffectssomeNewEnglandstates.Thereisnoballotmeasureop2oninNewHampshire.Note thatNewHampshire isamember ofRGGI, theelectricity sectorcap-and-

tradeprogramthatcoversninenortheaststates.

Challenging:NewHampshire 51

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)NewHampshire(percapita)

NewHampshire(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 11.3 100%











http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/newhampshire/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/newhampshire/index.cfm



https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=NH








Ideologyandpoli[cs

CiRzensandthelegislaturearerankedasliberal,butRepublicanscontrolthestateSenate(14-10),theHouse(225-175),andtheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas4electoralcollegevotes(Redforsecond-

fewest)buthasdisproporRonateimpactduringPresidenRalprimaries.

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. NewHampshire Rank








BallotmeasuresTherearenoballotmeasuresinNewHampshire.

LegalnoteTheNewHampshireConsRtuRonappearstorequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddieseltogoto

highwaypurposes.Seepart2,arRcle6-a:“AllrevenueinexcessofthenecessarycostofcollecRonand

administraRonaccruingtothestatefromregistraRonfees,operators’licenses,gasolineroadtollsoranyotherspecialchargesortaxeswithrespecttotheoperaRonofmotorvehiclesorthesaleorconsumpRon

ofmotorvehiclefuelsshallbeappropriatedandusedexclusivelyfortheconstrucRon,reconstrucRonandmaintenanceofpublichighwayswithinthisstate,includingthesupervisionoftrafficthereonand

paymentoftheinterestandprincipalofobligaRonsincurredforsaidpurposes;andnopartofsuch

revenuesshall,bytransferoffundsorotherwise,bedivertedtoanyotherpurposewhatsoever.”

52 Challenging:NewHampshire



https://www.nh.gov/constitution/formofgov.html

https://www.nh.gov/constitution/formofgov.html

NewJerseyChallenging(Legal)


were0.75xtheU.S.average,withverylowindustrialsector


electricitysectoremissions.Commercialsectoremissions

wereveryhigh.


In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(573lbsCO2/MWh)was0.5xtheU.S.average.Theper-

capitaemissionsfigurefor2014isextremelylowbyanystandard,butnotethatabout10-15%ofpowerconsumedisimportedandthatoneofthestate’sthreenuclearpowerplantsisscheduledtobeclosedin

2019.EIAdataalsoshowsthatthestateranks#4amongstatesforsmall-scalesolargeneraRonper-capita.

Climateimpacts

Ranked#4forcoastalfloodingbyStatesatRisk.Notethatwidespreadseveredamagefrom2012SuperstormSandyhasraisedclimateconsciousnessinmuchofthestate,aphenomenonreflectedinthe

pollresultsbelow.


NewJerseywithdrewfromRGGIin2011,butEIAdescribesaRenewablePorfolioStandardthat

“requiresnearlyone-fourthoftheelectricitysoldinNewJerseyazer2021tocomefromqualifiedrenewablesources.”

Summary:NewJerseyischallengingforlegalreasonsonly.

NewJerseyischallengingbecausethestatecons2tu2onmayrequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddiesel (≈52%ofemissions)togotohighwaypurposes.Absentthisconcern,New

Jersey would be promising: industrial and electricity sector emissions are very low andci2zens and the legislature are liberal-to-very-liberal and are suppor2ve on climate issues.

Also,NewJerseyranks#4amongstatesforsmall-scalesolargenera2onper-capita,afactor

thatcouldmakecarbontaxingmorepalatable.Ontheminusside,the23centpergallonhikeinthestate gasolinetaxin2016mayhaveusedupwhateverpoli2calheadroomexistedfor

raisingtaxesonmotorfuels.Thereisnoballotmeasureop2oninNewJersey.

Challenging:NewJersey 53

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)NewJersey(percapita)

NewJersey(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 12.7 100%







https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/01/nyregion/new-jersey-gas-tax-23-cents.html?_r=0

https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/01/nyregion/new-jersey-gas-tax-23-cents.html?_r=0





http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/newjersey/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/newjersey/index.cfm

https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=NJ









(1)RankedasapotenRallystrongfocal-pointstatebyoneclimate-focusedgroup.(2)ClimateX-Change’sStateCarbonPricingNetworksaysalisRngforacampaignis“comingsoon.”

Ideologyandpoli[csCiRzensandthelegislatureareliberaltoveryliberal.DemocratscontrolthestateSenate(24-16)andthe

House(52-28),butRepublicanscontroltheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas14electoralcollegevotes

(ranked#11).

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. NewJersey Rank








BallotmeasuresTherearenoballotmeasuresinNewJersey.

LegalnoteTheNewJerseyConsRtuRonmayrequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddieseltogotohighway

purposes.SeearRcle8,secRon2:

ThereshallbecreditedtoaspecialaccountintheGeneralFund:

(a) foreachStatefiscalyearcommencingonandazerJuly1,2007throughtheStatefiscalyear

commencingonJuly1,2015anamountequivalenttotherevenuederivedfrom$0.105pergallonfromthetaximposedonthesaleofmotorfuelspursuanttochapter39ofTitle54ofthe

RevisedStatutes,andforeachStatefiscalyearthereazer,anamountequivalenttoallrevenue

derivedfromthecollecRonofthetaximposedonthesaleofmotorfuelspursuanttochapter39ofTitle54oftheRevisedStatutesoranyothersubsequentlawofsimilareffect;

(b) fortheStatefiscalyear2001anamountnotlessthan$100,000,000derivedfromtheStaterevenuescollectedfromthetaxonthegrossreceiptsofthesaleofpetroleumproductsimposed

pursuanttoP.L.1990,c.42(C.54:15B-1etseq.)asamendedandsupplemented,oranyother

subsequentlawofsimilareffect,foreachStatefiscalyearfromStatefiscalyear2002throughStatefiscalyear2016anamountnotlessthan$200,000,000derivedfromthoserevenues,and

foreachStatefiscalyearthereazer,anamountequivalenttoallrevenuederivedfromthecollecRonofthetaxonthegrossreceiptsofthesaleofpetroleumproductsimposedpursuantto

P.L.1990,c.42(C.54:15B-1etseq.)asamendedandsupplemented,oranyothersubsequentlaw

ofsimilareffect;and

54 Challenging:NewJersey





http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/lawsconstitution/constitution.asp

http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/lawsconstitution/constitution.asp

(c) fortheStatefiscalyear2002anamountnotlessthan$80,000,000fromtheStaterevenue

collectedfromtheStatetaximposedunderthe“SalesandUseTaxAct,”pursuanttoP.L.1966,c.30(C.54:32B-1etseq.),asamendedandsupplemented,oranyothersubsequentlawofsimilar

effect,fortheStatefiscalyear2003anamountnotlessthan$140,000,000fromthoserevenues,andforeachStatefiscalyearthereazeranamountnotlessthan$200,000,000fromthose

revenues;provided,however,thededicaRonanduseofsuchrevenuesasprovidedinthis

paragraphshallbesubjectandsubordinateto

(a) allappropriaRonsofrevenuesfromsuchtaxesmadebylawsenactedonorbefore

December7,2006inaccordancewithArRcleVIII,SecRonII,paragraph3oftheStateConsRtuRoninordertoprovidethewaysandmeanstopaytheprincipalandintereston

bondsoftheStatepresentlyoutstandingorauthorizedtobeissuedundersuchlawsor

(b) anyotheruseofthoserevenuesenactedintolawonorbeforeDecember7,2006.TheseamountsshallbeappropriatedfromRmetoRmebytheLegislature,onlyforthepurposesof

payingorfinancingthecostofplanning,acquisiRon,engineering,construcRon,reconstrucRon,repairandrehabilitaRonofthetransportaRonsysteminthisStateandit

shallnotbecompetentfortheLegislaturetoborrow,appropriateorusetheseamountsor

anypartthereofforanyotherpurpose,underanypretensewhatever.

Challenging:NewJersey 55

OregonChallenging(Legal)


were0.6xtheU.S.average,withverylowindustrialsector


electricitysectoremissions(especiallyimpressivegiven

thatabout10-15%ofpowergeneraRonisexported).


In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(342lbsCO2/MWh)was0.3xtheU.S.average.EIAnotesthathydropoweraccountsfor50-75%ofelectricitygeneraRonandthat“one-thirdofOregon’stotal

electricitysupplyisgeneratedatcoal-firedpowerplants,[although]mostofthatgeneraRonoccursout-of-state…Oregon’sonlycoal-firedpowerplantprovideslessthan5%ofOregon’sin-statenetgeneraRon,

andtheplantisscheduledforreRrementin2021.”

ClimateimpactsRanked#11fordroughtand#8forinlandfloodingbyStatesatRisk.

Exis[ngclimatepoliciesEIAhasarun-downofvariouspolicies.Notethata2016lawaimstoendimportedcoalby2030andsets

aRenewableEnergyStandardof50%by2040.

Carbonpricingac[vism(1)CarbonpricingcampaignsarebeingledbyRenewOregonandOurClimate;seealsothesummary

fromClimateX-Change’sStateCarbonPricingNetwork.ThelegislaRvetextofonebillisfora“cap-and-invest”approach,withemissionpermitsdistributedfreetoenergy-intensive,trade-exposedbusinesses

andother“leakagerisks”,permitsdistributedfreetoelectricuRliResandnaturalgasuRliRes(withthe

requirementthattheyspendthemoneyonbillassistanceforlow-incomeresidents,billassistanceforcertainindustrialcustomers,or“residenRalorsmallbusinessclimatecredits”),andtheremaining

Summary:Oregonischallengingforlegalreasonsonly.

Oregonischallengingbecausethestatecons2tu2onappearstorequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasoline anddiesel (≈55%of emissions) togo tohighway purposes. OtherwiseOregon

would be promising: grounds for op2mism include low industrial and electricity sectoremissions, liberal-to-very-liberalci2zens andlegislature, decent support for climate issues,

andac2veclimateorganiza2ons.Thereisaballotmeasureop2oninOregon.

56 Challenging:Oregon

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Oregon

(percapita)Oregon

(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 9.6 100%









http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/oregon/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/oregon/index.cfm



https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=OR






http://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/271611-oregon-approves-far-reaching-climate-change-bill

http://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/271611-oregon-approves-far-reaching-climate-change-bill

http://www.reneworegon.org/

http://www.reneworegon.org/

http://www.ourclimate.us/

http://www.ourclimate.us/



https://olis.leg.state.or.us/liz/2017R1/Downloads/MeasureDocument/SB0557/Introduced

https://olis.leg.state.or.us/liz/2017R1/Downloads/MeasureDocument/SB0557/Introduced

permitsaucRonedoff.ThelegislaRvetextfurtherprovidesthatmoneyfrommotorvehiclefuelswillbe

allocatedtoa“ClimateInvestmentAccount”insidetheStateHighwayFund,withtheremainingmoneyallocated85%toanOregonClimateInvestmentsFundtoreducegreenhousegases(withatleast50%for

“disadvantagedcommuniRes”andatleast40%—notnecessarilymutuallyexclusive—for“economicallydistressedareas”)and15%toaJustTransiRonFundfor“workersandcommuniRes…adverselyaffected

byclimatechangeorclimatechangepolicies.”(2)Oregonisalsorankedasastrongstatebyoneclimate-

focusedgroup.

Ideologyandpoli[cs

CiRzensareliberal;thelegislatureisliberaltoveryliberal.DemocratscontrolthestateSenate(17-13),theHouse(35-25),andtheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas7electoralcollegevotes(Redfor#27).

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Oregon Rank








BallotmeasuresTherewere4ciRzeniniRaRvesin2016.CiRzeniniRaRvesgodirectlytotheballot,eitherasstatuteoras


Legalnote

TheOregonConsRtuRonappearstorequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddieseltogotohighway

purposes.SeearRcle9,secRon3a:

(1) ExceptasprovidedinsubsecRon(2)ofthissecRon,revenuefromthefollowingshallbeused

exclusivelyfortheconstrucRon,reconstrucRon,improvement,repair,maintenance,operaRonanduseofpublichighways,roads,streetsandroadsiderestareasinthisstate:

(a) Anytaxleviedon,withrespectto,ormeasuredbythestorage,withdrawal,use,sale,

distribuRon,importaRonorreceiptofmotorvehiclefueloranyotherproductusedforthepropulsionofmotorvehicles;and

(b) Anytaxorexciseleviedontheownership,operaRonoruseofmotorvehicles.

(2) RevenuesdescribedinsubsecRon(1)ofthissecRon:

(a) MayalsobeusedforthecostofadministraRonandanyrefundsorcreditsauthorizedbylaw.

(b) MayalsobeusedforthereRrementofbondsforwhichsuchrevenueshavebeenpledged.

Challenging:Oregon 57

https://ballotpedia.org/Oregon_2016_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/Oregon_2016_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Oregon_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Oregon_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Oregon

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Oregon

https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/Pages/OrConst.aspx

https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/Pages/OrConst.aspx

(c) Iffromleviesunderparagraph(b)ofsubsecRon(1)ofthissecRononcampers,motor

homes,traveltrailers,snowmobiles,orlikevehicles,mayalsobeusedfortheacquisiRon,development,maintenanceorcareofparksorrecreaRonareas.

(d) Iffromleviesunderparagraph(b)ofsubsecRon(1)ofthissecRononvehiclesusedorheldoutforuseforcommercialpurposes,mayalsobeusedforenforcementofcommercial

vehicleweight,size,load,conformaRonandequipmentregulaRon.

(3) RevenuesdescribedinsubsecRon(1)ofthissecRonthataregeneratedbytaxesorexcisesimposedbythestateshallbegeneratedinamannerthatensuresthattheshareofrevenues

paidfortheuseoflightvehicles,includingcars,andtheshareofrevenuespaidfortheuseofheavyvehicles,includingtrucks,isfairandproporRonatetothecostsincurredforthehighway

systembecauseofeachclassofvehicle.TheLegislaRveAssemblyshallprovideforabiennial

reviewand,ifnecessary,adjustment,ofrevenuesourcestoensurefairnessandproporRonality.”

58 Challenging:Oregon

ChallengingStatesForIdeologicalReasons

Arkansas

NorthCarolinaSouthCarolina

Wisconsin

Challenging:Oregon 59

ArkansasChallenging(Ideology)


2014were1.4xtheU.S.average,with

averageindustrial

sectoremissionsandhighelectricitysector

emissions.


In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(1,132lbsCO2/MWh)was1.0xtheU.S.average.Thehigh

per-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014issomethingofamystery,butperhapsit’sacombinaRonoffactors:about10-15%ofpowergeneraRonisexportedandEIAnotesthatpowerpricesareverylowandthat

“almosthalfofthehouseholdsinthestateuseelectricityastheirprimaryenergysourceforhomeheaRng.”

Climateimpacts

Ranked#10forextremeheat,#9forwildfire,and#3forinlandfloodingbyStatesatRisk.


EIAdescribessomemodestenergyefficiencyprograms.


(1)Anascentcampaign(ledbytheArkansaschapterofCiRzens’ClimateLobby)isdescribedbyClimate

X-Change’sStateCarbonPricingNetwork.(2)Arkansasisalsorankedasastrongfocal-pointstatebyoneclimate-focusedgroup.

Summary:Arkansasischallengingforideologicalreasons.

Arkansasischallengingbecauseci2zensandlegislatorsareconserva2veandareskep2calonclimate issues. Absent this concern, Arkansas would have some poten2al: grounds for

op2mism include average industrial sector emissions, the possibility that ci2zens willeventuallyinternalize theirpersonalvulnerabilitytoclimateimpacts,andthestate’sranking

asastrongfocal-pointstatebyoneclimate-focusedgroup.Ontheminusside,Arkansasdoes

havehighelectricitysectoremissions(thecauseofwhichisunclear),andthere isapoten2allegal constraint that needs further inves2ga2on. There is a ballot measure op2on in

Arkansas.

60 Challenging:Arkansas

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Arkansas(percapita)

Arkansas(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 23.3 100%











http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/arkansas/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/arkansas/index.cfm

https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=AR






http://www.arkccl.org/

http://www.arkccl.org/



Ideologyandpoli[cs

CiRzensareveryconservaRve;thelegislatureismoderatetoconservaRve.RepublicanscontrolthestateSenate(26-9),theHouse(76-24),andtheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas6electoralcollegevotes(Red

for#30).

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Arkansas Rank








BallotmeasuresCiRzeniniRaRves(therewas1in2016,2in2014,and1in2012)godirectlytotheballot,eitheras

statuteorasconsRtuRonalamendments.Morehere.

Legalnote

AnArkansasstatuteappearstorequirerevenuesfromsometaxesongasolineanddieseltogoto

highwaypurposes.Seestatute26-55-206:“ThetaximposedbythissubchapterisleviedforthepurposeofprovidingrevenuetobeusedbytheStateofArkansastodefray,inwholeorinpart,thecostof

construcRng,widening,reconstrucRng,maintaining,resurfacing,andrepairingthepublichighways,andreRringhighwayindebtednessofthisstate.”Notethatthisisastatute,notaconsRtuRonalprovision,so

itdoesnotappeartobeamajorconstraintforcarbontaxlegislaRon.AnyacRvecampaigninthestate,

however,wouldbeadvisedtoconductfurtherresearchonthisissue.

Challenging:Arkansas 61

https://ballotpedia.org/Arkansas_2016_ballot_measures






https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Arkansas_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Arkansas_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Arkansas

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Arkansas

http://www.dfa.arkansas.gov/offices/exciseTax/MotorFuelTax/Documents/MotorFuelTaxLaw.pdf

http://www.dfa.arkansas.gov/offices/exciseTax/MotorFuelTax/Documents/MotorFuelTaxLaw.pdf

NorthCarolinaChallenging(Ideology)



extremelylow

industrialsectoremissionsandbelow-

averageelectricitysectoremissions.


In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(922lbsCO2/MWh)was0.8xtheU.S.average.Althoughtheper-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014isbelowtheU.S.average,thisfigureisforin-stategeneraRon

onlyandNorthCarolinaimports10-15%ofitspower.EIAalsonotesthatthestategetsaboutone-thirdofitspowerfromnuclearandthatresidenRalconsumpRonishighbecauseofaircondiRoningusageand

because“[a]boutthreeinfiveNorthCarolinahouseholdsuseelectricityforhomeheaRng.”

ClimateimpactsRanked#9forextremeheatbyStatesatRisk.AlsonotethattherewasseverefloodingazerHurricane

Ma8hewinOctober2016.


EIAnotesthat“InAugust2007,NorthCarolinabecamethefirststateinthesoutheasttoadopta

RenewableEnergyandEnergyEfficiencyPorfolioStandard(REPS).TheREPSrequiresinvestor-ownedelectricuRliResinNorthCarolinatomeet12.5%oftheirretailelectricitysalesthroughrenewableenergy

resourcesorenergyefficiencymeasuresby2021.”


Rankedasastrongfocal-pointstatebyoneclimate-focusedgroup,buttherearenocampaignslistedby

ClimateX-Change’sStateCarbonPricingNetwork.

Summary:NorthCarolinaischallengingforideologicalreasons.

North Carolina is challenging because ci2zens and legislators are conserva2ve-to-very-conserva2veandfairlyskep2calonclimateissues.Absentthisconcern,NorthCarolinawould

be promising: grounds for op2mism include very low industrial sector emissions and thestate’s rankingasastrongfocal-pointstatebyone climate-focusedgroup.Thereisnoballot

measureop2oninNorthCarolina.

62 Challenging:NorthCarolina

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)NorthCarolina(percapita)

NorthCarolina(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 12.8 100%











http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/northcarolina/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/northcarolina/index.cfm

https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=NC




http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/hurricane-matthew/north-carolina-flooding-hurricane-matthew-water-swollen-rivers-set-rise-n664951

http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/hurricane-matthew/north-carolina-flooding-hurricane-matthew-water-swollen-rivers-set-rise-n664951





Ideologyandpoli[cs

CiRzensareconservaRve;thelegislatureisconservaRvetoveryconservaRve.RepublicanscontrolthestateSenate(35-15)andtheHouse(74-46),butDemocratscontroltheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas

15electoralcollegevotes(ranked#10).

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. NorthCarolina Rank








BallotmeasuresTherearenoballotmeasuresinNorthCarolina.

Challenging:NorthCarolina 63



SouthCarolinaChallenging(Ideology)


were0.9xtheU.S.average,withlowindustrialsector

emissionsandaverage

electricitysectoremissions.ResidenRalsectoremissions

wereverylow.


In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(680lbsCO2/MWh)was0.6xtheU.S.average.(Morethan

halfofnetelectricitygeneraRonisfromnuclear,andmorereactorsareunderconstrucRon.)Theabove-averageper-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014isapparentlyduetopowerexportsandresidenRal

consumpRon.EIAfiguresshowthatabout10%ofpowergeneraRonisexported.EIAalsonotesthat“ThelargestshareofretailelectricitysalesinthestatearetotheresidenRalsector…becauseofthehigh

demandforaircondiRoning…[and]because7in10SouthCarolinahouseholdsuseelectricityastheir

primaryenergysourceforhomeheaRng.”

Climateimpacts

Ranked#14forextremeheatand#5forcoastalfloodingbyStatesatRisk.


EIAnotesthat“[i]n2014,SouthCarolina’slegislatureauthorizedthecreaRonofdistributed(customer-

sitedsmall-scale)energyresourceprogramsbyelectricuRliResandrequiredthePublicServiceCommissiontodevelopaccompanyingnetmeteringrules.ThelegislaRon’sgoalistoencouragethe

developmentofin-staterenewableenergygeneraRoncapacitybyallowingaparRcipaRnguRlitytorecovercostsconnectedwithmeeRngtheuRlity’srenewablegeneraRontarget.Theprogramhasa

targetof2%ofaggregategeneraRoncapacityfromrenewableresourcesby2021,halffromfaciliReswith

capaciResbetween1and10megawa8sandhalffromfaciliResthathavecapaciResoflessthan1megawa8.AddiRonally,in2007,SouthCarolinaestablishedenergystandardsforpublicbuildings

Summary:SouthCarolinaischallengingforideologicalreasons.

South Carolina is challenging because ci2zens and legislators are conserva2ve-to-very-conserva2veandfairlyskep2calonclimateissues.Absentthisconcern,SouthCarolinawould

be promising: grounds for op2mism include low industrial sectoremissions, rela2velyhighsupportforcarbontaxes (45%,ranked#16),andSouthCarolina’srankingas astrongfocal-

point state by one climate-focused group. There is no ballot measure op2on in South

Carolina.

64 Challenging:SouthCarolina

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)SouthCarolina(percapita)

SouthCarolina(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 15.5 100%











https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=SC


http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/southcarolina/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/southcarolina/index.cfm







requiringthedevelopmentofenergyconservaRonplans.TheulRmateconservaRongoalisa20%

reducRoninenergyusefromyear2000levelsby2020.”


Rankedasastrongfocal-pointstatebyoneclimate-focusedgroup.Also,SouthCarolinaisthehomeofoneofthenaRon’smostvocalRepublicanproponentsofcarbontaxing,RepublicEn.orgfounder(and

former6-termCongressmember)BobInglis.ButtherearenocampaignslistedbyClimateX-Change’s

StateCarbonPricingNetwork.

Ideologyandpoli[cs

CiRzensandthelegislatureareconservaRvetoveryconservaRve.RepublicanscontrolthestateSenate(28-18),theHouse(80-44),andtheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas9electoralcollegevotes(Redfor

#22)anddisproporRonateimpactduringPresidenRalprimaries.

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. SouthCarolina Rank








BallotmeasuresTherearenoballotmeasuresinSouthCarolina.

Challenging:SouthCarolina 65

http://www.republicen.org

http://www.republicen.org





WisconsinChallenging(Ideology)

EmissionsPer-capitaandsectoral

emissionsin2014closelymatchedthe

U.S.averages.


In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(1,498lbsCO2/MWh)was1.4xtheU.S.average.(Theper-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014doesn’tenRrelyreflectthatbecauseabout15%ofpowerconsumedis

imported.)EIAnotesthatrenewablepotenRalismodestexceptforethanolandbiomass.

ClimateimpactsRanked#8fordroughtbyStatesatRisk.

Exis[ngclimatepoliciesEIAnotesthat“legislaRonenactedin2006setanoverallstatewidegoalof10%ofretailsalesfrom

renewableresources.”

Carbonpricingac[vismRanked#2byonecarbonpricinggroupintermsofper-capitastrength,buttherearenocampaignslisted

byClimateX-Change’sStateCarbonPricingNetwork.

Ideologyandpoli[cs

CiRzensaremoderate;thelegislatureismoderatetoveryconservaRve.Republicanscontrolthestate

Senate(20-13),theHouse(64-35),andtheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas10electoralcollegevotes(Redfor#18).

Summary:Wisconsinischallengingforideologicalreasons.

Wisconsinis challengingbecauseof amoderate-to-very-conserva2velegislatureandci2zenswhoare fairlyskep2calonclimate issues.Absentthis concern,Wisconsinwouldhave some

poten2al: grounds for op2mismare that voters are rela2vely suppor2ve of a carbon tax(46%,ranked#12)andthatWisconsinisranked#2instrengthbyoneclimate-focusedgroup.

Thereisnoballotmeasureop2oninWisconsin.

66 Challenging:Wisconsin

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Wisconsin(percapita)

Wisconsin(%oftotal)








http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/wisconsin/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/wisconsin/index.cfm

https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=WI








Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Wisconsin Rank








BallotmeasuresTherearenoballotmeasuresinWisconsin.

Challenging:Wisconsin 67



VeryChallengingStates(Legal,Ideologicaland/orEconomic)

Alabama

AlaskaArizona

GeorgiaIdahoIndiana

IowaKansas

KentuckyLouisianaMaine

MinnesotaMississippi

MissouriMontanaNebraska

NorthDakotaOhio

OklahomaPennsylvaniaSouthDakota

TennesseeTexas

UtahWestVirginiaWyoming

68 VeryChallenging

AlabamaVeryChallenging(Legal,Ideology,Economic)


theU.S.average,withhighindustrialsectoremissionsandveryhighelectricity

sectoremissions(butnotethatabout

35%ofpowergeneraRonisexported).ResidenRalsectoremissionswerevery

low,however,presumablybecauseofhighpenetraRonofelectricheaRng.


In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(930lbsCO2/MWh)was0.9xtheU.S.average.(About25%ofgeneraRonisfromnuclearand6%isfromhydropower,andnaturalgashasrecentlysurpassedcoalin

generaRon.)Theveryhighper-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014isduetoacombinaRonofpowerexportsandindustrialandresidenRalconsumpRon.AccordingtoEIAfigures,about35%ofpowergeneraRonis

exported,andEIAalsonotesthatthestatehasalargeindustrialsector(“automoRve,chemical,metals

manufacturing,technology,forestry,andaeronauRcalindustriesaremajorcontributorstoAlabama’seconomy,asareminingandfoodproducRon”)andthat“AveragemonthlyconsumpRonofelectricityin

Alabama’sresidenRalsectorisamongthehighestinthenaRonbecauseofhighdemandforaircondiRoningduringthehotsummermonthsandthewidespreaduseofelectricityforhomeheaRng

duringthewintermonths.”

ClimateimpactsRanked#7forextremeheatand#7forwildfirebyStatesatRisk.

Exis[ngclimatepoliciesEIAnotesthatAlabama“hasadoptedamandatorybuildingenergycodeforcommercialandresidenRal

buildingsandenergystandardsforstateagencies.TheTennesseeValleyAuthority,whichservespartsof

northernAlabama,offershomeownersandbusinessesfinancialincenRvestoinstallrenewableenergy

Summary:Alabamaisverychallengingforlegal,ideologicalandeconomicreasons.

Alabama is very challenging because industrial and electricity sector emissions are high,ci2zensandthelegislatureareconserva2veandareskep2calonclimateissues,andthestate

cons2tu2on appears to require revenues from taxes on gasoline and diesel (≈26% ofemissions) togotohighwaypurposes.Onlytwostates(AlaskaandNorthDakota)hadlower

per-capitaelectricityproduc2onfromsmall-scalesolar,accordingto2016EIA data.Thereis

noballotmeasureop2oninAlabama.

VeryChallenging:Alabama 69

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Alabama

(percapita)Alabama(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 25.4 100%









http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/alabama/index.cfm




https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=AL










generaRon.ParRcipaRngcustomersreceivecreditontheiruRlitybillsforpowersoldbacktotheelectric

grid.”



Ideologyandpoli[cs

CiRzensareveryconservaRve;thelegislatureisconservaRvetoveryconservaRve.Republicanscontrol

thestateSenate(26-8),theHouse(72-32),andtheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas9electoralcollegevotes(Redfor#22).

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Alabama Rank








BallotmeasuresTherearenoballotmeasuresinAlabama.

LegalnoteTheAlabamaConsRtuRonappearstorequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddieseltogoto

highwaypurposes.Seeamendment93:“Nomoneysderivedfromanyfees,excises,orlicensetaxes,

leviedbythestate,relaRngtoregistraRon,operaRon,oruseofvehiclesuponthepublichighwaysexceptavehicle-usetaximposedinlieuofasalestax,andnomoneysderivedfromanyfee,excises,orlicense

taxes,leviedbythestate,relaRngtofuelsusedforpropellingsuchvehiclesexceptpumptaxes,shallbeexpendedforotherthancostofadministeringsuchlaws,statutoryrefundsandadjustmentsallowed

therein,costofconstrucRon,reconstrucRon,maintenanceandrepairofpublichighwaysandbridges,

costsofhighwayrights-of-way,paymentofhighwayobligaRons,thecostoftrafficregulaRon,andtheexpenseofenforcingstatetrafficandmotorvehiclelaws.Theprovisionsofthisamendmentshallnot

applytoanysuchfees,excises,orlicensetaxesnowleviedbythestateforschoolpurposesforthewholestateorforanycountyorcityboardofeducaRontherein.”

70 VeryChallenging:Alabama





http://alisondb.legislature.state.al.us/alison/codeofalabama/constitution/1901/CA-245936.htm

http://alisondb.legislature.state.al.us/alison/codeofalabama/constitution/1901/CA-245936.htm

AlaskaVeryChallenging(Ideology,Economy)


2014were2.8xtheU.S.average,withextremely

highindustrialsector

emissions(andhighemissionsinmostother

sectors)butlowelectricitysectoremissions.


In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(1,287lbsCO2/MWh)was1.2xtheU.S.average.Thereasonsforthelowper-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014areunclear,butEIAnotesthatpowerformany

ofthestate’sruralresidentscomesfrom(expensive)dieselgenerators.

Climateimpacts

Notop10rankingsfromStatesatRisk.

Exis[ngclimatepoliciesNone.

Carbonpricingac[vismSeeClimateX-Change’sStateCarbonPricingNetwork,whichsaysalisRngforacampaignis“coming

soon.”

Ideologyandpoli[csCiRzensareveryliberal;thelegislatureismoderatetoconservaRve.Inbothcasestheliberalleaningsare

probablyduetothestate’sstronglibertarianstreak.RepublicanscontrolthestateSenate(14-6),

Summary:Alaskaisverychallengingforideologicalandeconomicreasons.

Alaska is very challengingbecause thepetroleum industry is extremelypowerfulpoli2cally,industrial sector emissions are very high, and ci2zens and the legislature are skep2calon

climate issues.Groundsforop2mismincludethe liberal/libertarianideologyof ci2zens,theconnec2on that Alaskans have to the naturalenvironment and the evident changes that

globalwarmingisbringingtoitaswellastoinfrastructure,thepossibilitythatthepetroleum

industrycouldsupportacarbontax,thepresenceoftheAlaskaPermanentFundasamodelforatax-and-dividendapproach,andthepossibilitythateverythingwillbeonthetableinthe

budgetcrunchforcedbyplumme2ngoilrevenues.Thereisaballotmeasureop2oninAlaska.

VeryChallenging:Alaska 71

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Alaska

(percapita)Alaska

(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 47.6 100%











https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=AK

https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=AK





Democratshave“funcRonalcontrol”oftheHouse,andthegovernorisanIndependent.Thestatehas3

electoralcollegevotes(Redforfewest).

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Alaska Rank








BallotmeasuresCiRzeniniRaRves(therewas1in2016and3in2014)areindirect,meaningthatazersignature-gathering

theygotothelegislaturebeforeavoteofthepeople.Ballotpediasaysthatballotmeasuresmaynot“dedicaterevenues.”

72 VeryChallenging:Alaska



https://ballotpedia.org/Alaska_2016_ballot_measures




https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Alaska_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Alaska_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Alaska

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Alaska

ArizonaVeryChallenging(Legal,Ideology)


0.8xtheU.S.average,withverylowindustrialsectoremissionsbut

highelectricitysectoremissions

(inlargepartbecause25-30%ofpowergeneraRonisexported).

CommercialandresidenRalsectoremissionswereverylow.


In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(976lbsCO2/MWh)was0.9xtheU.S.average.(EIAnotesthatcoal,nuclear,andnaturalgaseachprovideabout30%,withhydropowerandsolarmakingupmost

oftherest.)EIAalsonotesthat“abundantsunshinegivestheenRrestatesomeofthenaRon’sgreatestsolarpowerpotenRal.”EIAdataalsoshowsthatthestateranks#2amongstatesforsmall-scalesolar

generaRonper-capita,secondonlytoHawaii,andthirdinsmall-scalesolartotal,behindonlyCalifornia

andNewJersey.

Climateimpacts

Ranked#16forextremeheat,#10fordrought,and#3forwildfirebyStatesatRisk.


EIAdescribesvariouspolicies,includinga“renewableenergystandard[that]requiresthatincreasing

amountsofelectricitysoldinthestatemustcomefromrenewablesources.Thestate’soverallrenewablegoalforregulatedelectricuRliResis15%by2025.”

Carbonpricingac[vismRankedasapotenRallystrongfocal-pointstatebyoneclimate-focusedgroup,butthereareno

campaignslistedbyClimateX-Change’sStateCarbonPricingNetwork.

Summary:Arizonaisverychallengingforlegalandideologicalreasons.

Arizonaisverychallengingbecauseelectricitysectoremissionsarehigh,thereisamoderate-to-very-conserva2velegislature,andthestatecons2tu2onappearstorequirerevenuesfrom

taxes ongasoline and diesel (≈34%of emissions) togo tohighway purposes.Grounds forop2misminclude low industrialsectoremissions anda#2rankingamongstates for small-

scale solar genera2on per-capita, a factor thatcouldmake carbon taxingmore palatable.

Thereisaballotmeasureop2oninArizona.

VeryChallenging:Arizona 73

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Arizona

(percapita)Arizona

(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 13.9 100%









http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/arizona/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/arizona/index.cfm



https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=AZ












Ideologyandpoli[cs

CiRzensaremoderate;thelegislatureismoderatetoveryconservaRve.RepublicanscontrolthestateSenate(17-13),theHouse(35-25),andtheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas11electoralcollegevotes

(Redfor#14).

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Arizona Rank








BallotmeasuresCiRzeniniRaRves(therewere2in2016,0in2014,and2in2012)godirectlytotheballot,eitheras

statuteorasconsRtuRonalamendments.Morehere.

Legalnote

TheArizonaConsRtuRonappearstorequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddieseltogotohighway

purposes.SeearRcle9,secRon14:“Nomoneysderivedfromfees,excises,orlicensetaxesrelaRngtoregistraRon,operaRon,oruseofvehiclesonthepublichighwaysorstreetsortofuelsoranyother

energysourceusedforthepropulsionofvehiclesonthepublichighwaysorstreets,shallbeexpendedforotherthanhighwayandstreetpurposesincludingthecostofadministeringthestatehighwaysystem

andthelawscreaRngsuchfees,excises,orlicensetaxes,statutoryrefundsandadjustmentsprovidedby

law,paymentofprincipalandinterestonhighwayandstreetbondsandobligaRons,expensesofstateenforcementoftrafficlawsandstateadministraRonoftrafficsafetyprograms,paymentofcostsof

publicaRonanddistribuRonofArizonahighwaysmagazine,statecostsofconstrucRon,reconstrucRon,maintenanceorrepairofpublichighways,streetsorbridges,costsofrightsofwayacquisiRonsand

expensesrelatedthereto,roadsidedevelopment,andfordistribuRontocounRes,incorporatedciRes

andtownstobeusedbythemsolelyforhighwayandstreetpurposesincludingcostsofrightsofwayacquisiRonsandexpensesrelatedthereto,construcRon,reconstrucRon,maintenance,repair,roadside

development,ofcounty,cityandtownroads,streets,andbridgesandpaymentofprincipalandinterestonhighwayandstreetbonds.”

74 VeryChallenging:Arizona

https://ballotpedia.org/Arizona_2016_ballot_measures






https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Arizona_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Arizona_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Arizona

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Arizona

http://law.justia.com/constitution/arizona/9/14.htm

http://law.justia.com/constitution/arizona/9/14.htm

GeorgiaVeryChallenging(Legal,Ideology)


in2014were0.8xthe

U.S.average,withverylowindustrial

sectoremissionsandaverageelectricity

sectoremissions.

ElectricitysectornotesIn2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(1,012lbsCO2/MWh)was0.9xtheU.S.average.The

below-averageper-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014isprobablyduetothisbelow-averageemissionsrateandalsotothefactthatabout15%ofpowerconsumedisimported.EIAnotesthatnetgeneraRon

comesmostlyfromnaturalgas(about40%),nuclear(about25%;twolargereactorsareunder

construcRonbutarelongdelayed),andcoal(lessthan20%asof2015).EIAalsonotesthat“offshorewatershavelargeareaswithgoodwindresourcesinshallowdepthsclosetobothlandandtransmission

gridaccess”andthat“[t]herearenowindprojectsonlineinGeorgia,butseveralmanufacturerslocatedinthestatemakeproductsforthewindindustry.”

Climateimpacts

Ranked#5forextremeheatand#6forinlandfloodingbyStatesatRisk.


EIAnotesthatGeorgiahasnetmeteringandsomeenergystandards,andthat“stateregulatorshaverequiredGeorgiaPowertoinstall525megawa8sofsolarphotovoltaic(PV)capacitybefore2017,

includingsomedistributed(small-scalecustomer-sited)solarcapacity.”(Thatfigureappearstohave

beenmet,basedonstatewidePVelectricitygeneraRondatafromEIA.)



Summary:Georgiaisverychallengingforlegalandideologicalreasons.

Georgia is very challengingbecause of aconserva2ve-to-very-conserva2ve legislature andthe possibilitythatthe statecons2tu2onmay require revenues fromtaxes ongasoline and

diesel(≈38%ofemissions)togotohighwaypurposes.Groundsforop2mismincludeverylowindustrial sector emissions and the hope that ci2zens will internalize their personal

vulnerabilitytoclimateimpacts.Thereisnoballotmeasureop2oninGeorgia.

VeryChallenging:Georgia 75

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Georgia

(percapita)Georgia

(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 13.9 100%











http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/georgia/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/georgia/index.cfm

https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=GA








Ideologyandpoli[cs

CiRzensareconservaRve;thelegislatureisconservaRvetoveryconservaRve.RepublicanscontrolthestateSenate(38-18),theHouse(118-62),andtheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas16electoralcollege

votes(Redfor#8).

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Georgia Rank








BallotmeasuresTherearenoballotmeasuresinGeorgia.

Legalnote

TheGeorgiaConsRtuRonmayrequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddieseltogotohighwaypurposes.SeearRcle3,secRon9,paragraph6(b):“Anamountequaltoallmoneyderivedfrommotor

fueltaxesreceivedbythestateineachoftheimmediatelyprecedingfiscalyears,lesstheamountofrefunds,rebates,andcollecRoncostsauthorizedbylaw,isherebyappropriatedforthefiscalyear

beginningJuly1,ofeachyearfollowing,forallacRviResincidenttoprovidingandmaintainingan

adequatesystemofpublicroadsandbridgesinthisstate,asauthorizedbylawsenactedbytheGeneralAssemblyofGeorgia,andforgrantstocounResbylawauthorizingroadconstrucRonandmaintenance,

asprovidedbylawauthorizingsuchgrants.”

76 VeryChallenging:Georgia



http://law.justia.com/constitution/georgia/conart3.html

http://law.justia.com/constitution/georgia/conart3.html

IdahoVeryChallenging(Legal,Ideology)


were0.6xtheU.S.average,

withlowindustrialsectoremissionsandextremelylow

electricitysectoremissions(notethatabout40%of

powerisimported).

ElectricitysectornotesIn2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(262lbsCO2/MWh)was0.2xtheU.S.average.The

extremelylowerper-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014ispartlyduetoimports(whichaccountforabout40%ofpowerconsumpRon)andpartlybecausehydropowertypicallyaccountsfor60-80%ofnet

generaRon.EIAalsonotesthatIdahohas“substanRalhydropower,wind,geothermal,solar,andbiomass

resources.”

Climateimpacts

Ranked#7fordroughtbyStatesatRisk.


Noneotherthanasmallnetmeteringprogram.


Ideologyandpoli[csCiRzensandthelegislatureareveryconservaRve.RepublicanscontrolthestateSenate(29-6),theHouse

(59-11),andtheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas4electoralcollegevotes(Redforsecond-fewest).

Summary:Idahoisverychallengingforlegalandideologicalreasons.

Idahois verychallengingbecause ci2zens andthe legislatureare veryconserva2veandareskep2calon climate issuesandbecause the state cons2tu2onappears torequire revenues

fromtaxesongasoline anddiesel(≈56%ofemissions)togotohighwaypurposes.Groundsforop2mismincludelowindustrialsectoremissionsandmorevotersupportforcarbontaxes

thanonewouldexpectbasedonideologyandoverallskep2cismaboutclimatechange.There

isaballotmeasureop2oninIdaho,butithasbeenusedveryinfrequently.

VeryChallenging:Idaho 77

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Idaho

(percapita)Idaho

(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 10.2 100%









http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/idaho/index.cfm






https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=ID








Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Idaho Rank








BallotmeasuresCiRzeniniRaRves(therewere0in2016,andinfact0sinceatleast2010)godirectlytotheballotas

statutes.Morehere.

Legalnote

TheIdahoConsRtuRonappearstorequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddieseltogotohighway

purposes.SeearRcle7,secRon17:“OnandazerJuly1,1941theproceedsfromtheimposiRonofanytaxongasolineandlikemotorvehiclefuelssoldorusedtopropelmotorvehiclesuponthehighwaysof

thisstateandfromanytaxorfeefortheregistraRonofmotorvehicles,inexcessofthenecessarycostsofcollecRonandadministraRonandanyrefundorcreditsauthorizedbylaw,shallbeusedexclusivelyfor

theconstrucRon,repair,maintenanceandtrafficsupervisionofthepublichighwaysofthisstateandthe

paymentoftheinterestandprincipalofobligaRonsincurredforsaidpurposes;andnopartofsuchrevenuesshall,bytransferoffundsorotherwise,bedivertedtoanyotherpurposeswhatsoever.”

78 VeryChallenging:Idaho

https://ballotpedia.org/Idaho_2016_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/Idaho_2016_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Idaho_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Idaho_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Idaho

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Idaho

https://www.sos.idaho.gov/elect/stcon/articl07.html

https://www.sos.idaho.gov/elect/stcon/articl07.html

IndianaVeryChallenging(Legal,Ideology,Economy)


in2014were1.9xthe

U.S.average,withveryhighindustrial

sectoremissionsandveryhighelectricity

sectoremissions.

ElectricitysectornotesIn2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(1,883lbsCO2/MWh)was1.7xtheU.S.average.Thevery

highper-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014(especiallynoteworthysinceIndianaimportsabout5-10%ofitspower)isduetoacombinaRonofindustrialconsumpRonandcoal-firedpower.EIAnotesthat“[r]etail

salesofelectricitytoIndiana’sindustrialsectorareamongthehighestinthenaRon”andthat“More

thanthree-fourthsofIndiana’selectricitygeneraRonistypicallyfueledbycoal.”(AccordingtodatainEIA’sElectricPowerMonthlyreports,Indianageneratesmoreelectricityfromcoalthananyotherstate,

exceptforTexas.)Ontheplusside,EIAalsonotesthat“Indiana’sopenfarmlandhassubstanRalwindenergypotenRal”andthatwind“providesasmallbutincreasingshare”ofelectricity.

Climateimpacts



EIAnotesthat“in2011,Indiana’slegislaturecreatedavoluntarycleanenergyporfoliostandardthattookeffectonJanuary1,2012.AsanincenRve,regulatedelectricuRliResandretailpowersuppliersare

eligibleforincreasesintheirallowableprofitiftheyobtainincreasingamountsoftheirelectricitysupply

fromcleanenergyineachofthreegoalperiods.TheulRmategoalisforsupplierstoobtain10%oftheirelectricityfromcleanenergysourcesin2025.”


Summary:Indianaisverychallengingforlegal,ideologicalandeconomicreasons.

Indianaisverychallengingbecause industrialandelectricitysectoremissionsareveryhigh,ci2zensandthelegislatureareconserva2veandareskep2calonclimateissues,andstatelaw

appearstorequire revenuesfromtaxesongasoline anddiesel(≈21%ofemissions) togotohighwaypurposes.Thereisnoballotmeasureop2oninIndiana.

VeryChallenging:Indiana 79

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Indiana

(percapita)Indiana

(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 31.4 100%











http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/indiana/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/indiana/index.cfm

https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=IN








Ideologyandpoli[cs

CiRzensareveryconservaRve;thelegislatureisconservaRvetoveryconservaRve.RepublicanscontrolthestateSenate(41-9),theHouse(70-30),andtheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas11electoralcollege

votes(Redfor#14).

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Indiana Rank








BallotmeasuresTherearenoballotmeasuresinIndiana.

LegalnoteAnIndianastatuteappearstorequirerevenuesfromcertaintaxesongasolineanddieseltogoto

highwaypurposes.Seestatute6-6.1.1-801.5,whichallocates“thetaxesthatarecollectedunderthis

chapter.”(Seemorehere.)

80 VeryChallenging:Indiana



http://codes.findlaw.com/in/title-6-taxation/in-code-sect-6-6-1-1-801-5.html

http://codes.findlaw.com/in/title-6-taxation/in-code-sect-6-6-1-1-801-5.html

http://iga.in.gov/legislative/laws/2016/ic/titles/006/articles/006/

http://iga.in.gov/legislative/laws/2016/ic/titles/006/articles/006/

IowaVeryChallenging(Legal,Ideology,Economy)


were1.6xtheU.S.average,withveryhighindustrialsector

emissionsandhighelectricity

sectoremissions,despiteIowa’srobustwind-electricitysector.

Therewerealsoveryhighcommercialsectoremissions.


In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(1,361lbsCO2/MWh)was1.2xtheU.S.average.Thehighper-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014isduetoacombinaRonofpowerexports,industrialconsumpRon,

andcoal-firedpower.EIAfiguresshowthatabout7%ofpowergeneraRonisexported.EIAalsonotesthatthestatehasaprominentindustrialsector:“Agriculture,biofuelsproducRon,andmanufacturingare

keyIowaindustries.”Coalaccountsformorethanhalfofthenetelectricitygenerated.Ontheplusside,

EIAalsonotesthatwind“accountsforaboutthree-tenthsofIowa’snetgeneraRon.”

Climateimpacts



EIAnotesthat“Iowa’senergypoliciesandregulaRonspromoteenergyefficiencyandrenewable

resources.In1983,IowabecamethefirststateinthenaRontoadoptarenewableporfoliostandard(RPS).StateregulaRonsrequiredIowa’stwoinvestor-owneduRliRestoownortocontractfora

combinedtotalof105megawa8sofrenewablegeneraRngcapacityandassociatedproducRonfromgeneraRngfaciliResdesignatedbytheuRliResandapprovedbytheIowaURliResBoard(IUB).Installed

Summary:Iowaisverychallengingforlegal,ideologicalandeconomicreasons.

Iowaisverychallengingbecause industrialandelectricitysectoremissions are high,ci2zensare conserva2ve and are skep2cal on climate issues (especially on whether they are

personallyvulnerable),andthe statecons2tu2onappearstorequire revenues fromtaxesongasoline and diesel(≈26% of emissions) togo tohighwaypurposes.Grounds forop2mism

includeIowa’ssignificantwindsector(30%ofnetgenera2on,andthehighestpercapitawind

electricitygenera2onofanystate), its rankingasastrongfocal-pointstatebyone climate-focusedgroup, and the fact thatvoters seem rela2vely open to the ideaof a carbon tax

(ranked #14,with 45% support compared to the U.S. average of 44%). There is no ballotmeasureop2oninIowa.

VeryChallenging:Iowa 81

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Iowa

(percapita)Iowa

(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 26.4 100%











http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/iowa/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/iowa/index.cfm

https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=KS




capacityfromeligiblerenewableresourceshasexceededtheRPSgoals.In2008,theIUB,atthedirecRon

ofthestatelegislature,establishedenergyefficiencystandardsforeachregulateduRlityinthestate.MunicipaluRliResandcooperaRvesfiletheirownenergyefficiencygoals.InaddiRontoenergyefficiency

standards,theMandatoryURlityGreenPowerOpRonrequiresallelectricuRliResoperaRnginIowa,includingthosenotrate-regulatedbytheIUB,toofferrenewable-sourcedpoweropRonstotheir

customers.”

Carbonpricingac[vismRankedasastrongfocal-pointstatebyoneclimate-focusedgroup,buttherearenocampaignslistedby

ClimateX-Change’sStateCarbonPricingNetwork.

Ideologyandpoli[cs

CiRzensareconservaRve;thelegislatureismoderate.RepublicanscontrolthestateSenate(29-20,with1

Independent),theHouse(59-41),andtheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas6electoralcollegevotes(Redfor#30)anddisproporRonateimpactduringPresidenRalprimaries.

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Iowa Rank








BallotmeasuresTherearenoballotmeasuresinIowa.

Legalnote

TheIowaConsRtuRonappearstorequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddieseltogotohighwaypurposes.SeearRcle7,secRon8:“AllmotorvehicleregistraRonfeesandalllicensesandexcisetaxeson

motorvehiclefuel,exceptcostofadministraRon,shallbeusedexclusivelyfortheconstrucRon,maintenanceandsupervisionofthepublichighwaysexclusivelywithinthestateorforthepaymentof

bondsissuedortobeissuedfortheconstrucRonofsuchpublichighwaysandthepaymentofintereston

suchbonds.”

82 VeryChallenging:Iowa





http://law.justia.com/constitution/iowa/

http://law.justia.com/constitution/iowa/

KansasVeryChallenging(Legal,Ideology,Economy)


in2014were1.4xtheU.S.average,

withhighindustrial

sectoremissionsandhighelectricity

sectoremissions.



per-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014isduetoacombinaRonofpowerexports,industrialconsumpRon,andcoal-firedpower.EIAfiguresshowthatabout10%ofpowergeneraRonisexported.EIAalsonotes

thattheindustrialsector“includesmanufacturing,parRcularlyaviaRonandaerospacemanufacturing,aswellasagricultureandtheenergy-intensivepetroleumindustry”andthat“[c]oal-firedpowerplants

supplymorethanhalfofthenetelectricitygeneratedinKansas.”Ontheplusside,EIAalsonotesthat

Kansashas“significant”windandsolarresources,andthat“[i]n2015,windwasthesecondlargestsourceofnetgeneraRon,producingnearlyone-fourthoftheelectricitygeneratedinKansas.”



EIAnotesthatthereisamodestnetmeteringprogram,andalsothat“[i]n2015,theKansaslegislatureconvertedthestate’srenewableporfoliostandard(RPS),enactedinMay2009,intoavoluntarygoalfor

thestate’sinvestor-ownedandcooperaRveelectricuRliRes.”



Ideologyandpoli[csCiRzensandthelegislatureareveryconservaRve.RepublicanscontrolthestateSenate(31-9),theHouse

(85-40),andtheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas6electoralcollegevotes(Redfor#30).

Summary:Kansasisverychallengingforlegal,ideologicalandeconomicreasons.

Kansasisverychallengingbecauseindustrialandelectricitysectoremissionsarehigh,ci2zensand the legislature are conserva2ve and are skep2cal on climate issues, and the state

cons2tu2onmayrequirerevenuesfromtaxes ongasolineanddiesel (≈29%of emissions) togotohighwaypurposes.Thereisnoballotmeasureop2oninKansas.

VeryChallenging:Kansas 83

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Kansas

(percapita)Kansas

(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 24.1 100%











http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/kansas/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/kansas/index.cfm









Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Kansas Rank








BallotmeasuresTherearenoballotmeasuresinKansas.

LegalnoteTheKansasConsRtuRonmayrequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddieseltogotohighway

purposes.SeearRcle11,secRon10:“Thestateshallhavepowertolevyspecialtaxes,forroadand

highwaypurposes,onmotorvehiclesandonmotorfuels.”ThislanguageisnotverystrongandmaynotbeamajorconstraintoncarbontaxlegislaRon.AnyacRvecampaigninthestate,however,wouldbe

advisedtoconductfurtherresearchonthisissue.

84 VeryChallenging:Kansas



http://law.justia.com/constitution/kansas/art11.html

http://law.justia.com/constitution/kansas/art11.html

KentuckyVeryChallenging(Legal,Ideology,Economy)


2014were1.9xtheU.S.average,withhigh

industrialsector

emissionsandextremelyhighelectricitysector

emissions.



thatnaturalgasgeneraRonisgrowingbutthatcoalaccountsforalmost90%ofgeneraRon.EIAalsonotesthatKentuckyhasalargemanufacturingsector(“motorvehicles,food,beverageandtobacco

products,andchemicals”)andthat“[a]bouthalfofKentuckyhouseholdsuseelectricityastheirprimaryheaRngsource.”

Climateimpacts

Ranked#11forextremeheatand#9forinlandfloodingbyStatesatRisk


EIAnotesthat“KentuckylawprovidesfornetmeteringofdistributedgeneraRonfromsolar,wind,hydro,biomass,andbiogasfaciliResof30kilowa8sorless.Eachpowerprovider’sobligaRontoconnecteligible

customergeneratorsislimitedto1%oftheprovider’speakloadinthepreviousyear.”


Ideologyandpoli[csCiRzensareconservaRve;thelegislatureisliberaltomoderate.RepublicanscontrolthestateSenate

(27-11),theHouse(64-36),andtheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas8electoralcollegevotes(Redfor

#25).

Summary:Kentuckyisverychallengingforlegal,ideologicalandeconomicreasons.

Inaddi2ontoitsprominentcoalindustry,industrialandelectricitysectoremissionsarehigh,ci2zensandthelegislatureareconserva2veandareskep2calonclimateissues,andthestate

cons2tu2on appears to require revenues from taxes on gasoline and diesel (≈22% ofemissions) togotohighwaypurposes.There is noballotmeasureop2oninKentucky.What

modestpoten2althere is stems fromKentucky’s vulnerabilitytoextremeheatandflooding

andfromthesurprisinglyliberalrankingsofthestatelegislatureonideologicalmeasures.

VeryChallenging:Kentucky 85

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Kentucky(percapita)

Kentucky(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 31.6 100%











https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=KY








Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Kentucky Rank








BallotmeasuresTherearenoballotmeasuresinKentucky.

LegalnoteTheKentuckyConsRtuRonappearstorequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddieseltogoto

highwaypurposes.SeesecRon230:“NomoneyshallbedrawnfromtheStateTreasury,exceptin

pursuanceofappropriaRonsmadebylaw;andaregularstatementandaccountofthereceiptsandexpendituresofallpublicmoneyshallbepublishedannually.Nomoneyderivedfromexciseorlicense

taxaRonrelaRngtogasolineandothermotorfuels,andnomoneysderivedfromfees,exciseorlicensetaxaRonrelaRngtoregistraRon,operaRon,oruseofvehiclesonpublichighwaysshallbeexpendedfor

otherthanthecostofadministraRon,statutoryrefundsandadjustments,paymentofhighway

obligaRons,costsforconstrucRon,reconstrucRon,rights-of-way,maintenanceandrepairofpublichighwaysandbridges,andexpenseofenforcingstatetrafficandmotorvehiclelaws.”

86 VeryChallenging:Kentucky



http://www.lrc.ky.gov/legresou/constitu/230.htm

http://www.lrc.ky.gov/legresou/constitu/230.htm

LouisianaVeryChallenging(Ideology,Economy)


were2.8xtheU.S.average,withextremelyhighindustrial

sectoremissionsandhigh

electricitysectoremissions.ResidenRalsectoremissions

wereverylow.


In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(1,149lbsCO2/MWh)was1.1xtheU.S.average.Although

theper-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014isonlymodestlyhigherthantheU.S.average,thisfigureisforin-stategeneraRononly;importsamounttoabout10%ofpowerconsumpRon.EIAnotesthatLouisiana

hasan“industrialsectordominatedbytheenergy-intensivechemical,petroleum,andnaturalgasindustries”andthat“three-fizhsofallhouseholdsuseelectricityforhomeheaRngandalmostall

householdshaveaircondiRoning.”

ClimateimpactsRanked#6forextremeheat,#8forwildfire,and#2forcoastalfloodingbyStatesatRisk.

Exis[ngclimatepoliciesEIAnotes:“TheLouisianaPublicServiceCommissioniniRatedarenewableenergypilotprogramin2010

todeterminewhetherarenewableporfoliostandard(RPS)wassuitableforthestate.In2013,the

commissionconcludedthatLouisianadidnotneedamandatoryRPS.Louisianahasotherpoliciesdesignedtoencouragerenewableenergyandenergyefficiency,includingvoluntaryelectricuRlity

efficiencyprograms,energystandardsforpublicbuildings,andnetmetering.DistributedinstallaRonsofupto25kilowa8susingsolarPV,wind,biomass,andotherrenewabletechnologiesareeligibleforuRlity

netmetering,buttotalconsumercapacityconnectedtothesystemislimitedto0.5%ofeachuRlity’s

load.BecausecustomerdemandfordistributedconnecRonshasexceededthatlimit,thestateisconsideringhowtoaccommodateaddiRonaldistributedfaciliRes.”

Summary:Louisianaisverychallengingforideologicalandeconomicreasons.

Industrial and electricity sector emissions are high, and ci2zens and the legislature areconserva2veandareveryskep2calonclimate issues.The onlygroundsforop2mismisthe

possibility that ci2zens may eventually internalize their personal vulnerability to climateimpacts,par2cularly inthewakeofHurricaneKatrina.Thereisnoballotmeasureop2onin

Louisiana.

VeryChallenging:Louisiana 87

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Louisiana(percapita)

Louisiana(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 47.0 100%











http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/louisiana/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/louisiana/index.cfm

https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=LA








Ideologyandpoli[cs

CiRzensandthelegislatureareconservaRve.RepublicanscontrolthestateSenate(25-14)andHouse(60-42,with3Independents),butDemocratscontroltheGovernor’soffice.HurricaneKatrinadoesnot

appeartohavesignificantlyinfluencedopinionsaboutglobalwarming.Thestatehas8electoralcollege

votes(Redfor#25).

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Louisiana Rank








BallotmeasuresTherearenoballotmeasuresinLouisiana.

88 VeryChallenging:Louisiana





MaineVeryChallenging(Legal,Ideology)


2014were0.7xtheU.S.average,withverylow

industrialsector

emissionsandextremelylowelectricitysector

emissions.


In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(554lbsCO2/MWh)was0.5xtheU.S.average.The

extremelylowper-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014ismostlyduetohighuseofrenewables:EIAnotesthat“[i]n2015,two-thirdsofMaine’snetelectricitygeneraRoncamefromrenewablesources,primarily

hydroelectricdamsandbiomassgeneratorsusingwoodwasteproducts,andanotherone-fourthwasgeneratedbynaturalgas.TherestofMaine’snetgeneraRoncomesfromwindandpetroleum,withless

than1%producedbycoalandsolarpower.”(Also,about15%ofpowerconsumedisimported.)

ClimateimpactsRanked#4forinlandfloodingbyStatesatRisk.

Exis[ngclimatepoliciesThereareavarietyofprograms(describedbyEIA)aswellastheRGGIcap-and-tradesystemcovering

electricitysector.


Ideologyandpoli[csCiRzensarerankedasveryliberalandthelegislatureasliberal,butRepublicanscontrolthestateSenate

Summary:Maineisverychallengingforlegalandideologicalreasons.

Maine is very challenging, inpart because voters are decidedly average on most climateissues and demonstrate adislike for carbon taxes that affects some New England states.

Anotherchallengeis thestatecons2tu2on,whichappearstorequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasoline anddiesel(≈53% of emissions) togo tohighwaypurpose.Grounds for op2mism

includeverylow industrialandelectricitysectoremissionsandthegenerallyliberalviews of

ci2zensandthe legislature.There is aballotmeasureop2oninMaine.Note thatMaineisamemberof RGGI, the electricity sectorcap-and-trade programthat covers nine northeast

states.

VeryChallenging:Maine 89

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Maine

(percapita)Maine

(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 12.5 100%













https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=ME


http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/maine/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/maine/index.cfm







(18-17)andtheGovernor’soffice;DemocratscontroltheHouse(77-72,with2Independents).Thestate

has4electoralcollegevotes(Redforsecond-fewest).

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Maine Rank








BallotmeasuresCiRzeniniRaRves(therewere5in2016alone)areindirect,meaningthatazersignature-gatheringthey

gotothelegislature,whichcaneitherapprovethemorputthemtoavoteofthepeople.Morehere.

LegalnoteTheMaineConsRtuRonappearstorequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddieseltogotohighway

purposes.SeearRcle9,secRon19:“Allrevenuesderivedfromfees,excisesandlicensetaxesrelaRngtoregistraRon,operaRonanduseofvehiclesonpublichighways,andtofuelsusedforpropulsionofsuch

vehiclesshallbeexpendedsolelyforcostofadministraRon,statutoryrefundsandadjustments,payment

ofdebtsandliabiliResincurredinconstrucRonandreconstrucRonofhighwaysandbridges,thecostofconstrucRon,reconstrucRon,maintenanceandrepairofpublichighwaysandbridgesunderthedirecRon

andsupervisionofastatedepartmenthavingjurisdicRonoversuchhighwaysandbridgesandexpenseforstateenforcementoftrafficlawsandshallnotbedivertedforanypurpose,providedthatthese

limitaRonsshallnotapplytorevenuefromanexcisetaxonmotorvehiclesimposedinlieuofpersonal

propertytax.”

90 VeryChallenging:Maine

https://ballotpedia.org/Maine_2016_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/Maine_2016_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Maine_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Maine_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Maine

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Maine

http://legislature.maine.gov/const/

http://legislature.maine.gov/const/

MinnesotaVeryChallenging(Legal,Economy)

EmissionsPer-capitaandsectoralemissions

in2014fairlycloselymatched

theU.S.average,withabove-averageindustrialsector

emissionsandbelow-averageelectricitysectoremissions(note

thatabout25%ofpower

consumedisimported).


In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(1,170lbsCO2/MWh)was1.1xtheU.S.average.Thebelow-averageper-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014shouldcomewiththecaveatthatthisfigureisforin-

stategeneraRononlyandthatabout25%ofpowerconsumedisimportedfromotherstatesandfrom

Canada.EIAalsonotesthattheindustrialsector“includestheenergy-intensivepetroleumrefiningandfoodprocessingindustries”,thatMinnesota“hassignificantrenewableresources,includingenergyfrom

windsthatblowunobstructedacrossthestate’sopenprairies”,andthatcoalandnuclearprovidemorethan40%andmorethan20%ofpowergeneraRon,respecRvely.

Climateimpacts



EIAnotesthat“Minnesotahasarenewableenergystandardthatappliestoallelectricityprovidersinthestate.Itrequiresthatatleast25%oftheproviders’retailelectricitysalesbeobtainedfromeligible

renewablesourcesby2025.”

Carbonpricingac[vism(1)Rankedasastrongfocal-pointstatebyoneclimate-focusedgroup.(2)ClimateX-Change’sState

CarbonPricingNetworksaysalisRngforacampaignis“comingsoon.”

Summary:Minnesotaisverychallengingforlegalandeconomicreasons.

Minnesotais verychallengingbecause industrialsectoremissionsareaboveaverage,votersseemtohave internalized thattheyare notpersonally veryvulnerable toclimate impacts,

and the state cons2tu2on appears to require revenues from taxes ongasoline and diesel(≈32%of emissions) togo tohighwaypurposes.Grounds forop2misminclude agenerally

liberalci2zenryandlegislatureandthestate’s rankingas astrong focal-pointstate byone

climate-focusedgroup.Thereisnoballotmeasureop2oninMinnesota.

VeryChallenging:Minnesota 91

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Minnesota(percapita)

Minnesota(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 17.4 100%









http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/minnesota/index.cfm








https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=MN

https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=MN





Ideologyandpoli[cs

CiRzensandthelegislaturearerankedasliberal,butRepublicanscontrolthestateSenate(34-33)andHouse(77-57);DemocratscontroltheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas10electoralcollegevotes(Redfor

#18).

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Minnesota Rank








BallotmeasuresTherearenoballotmeasuresinMinnesota.

Legalnote

TheMinnesotaConsRtuRonappearstorequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddieseltogotohighwaypurposes.SeearRcle14,secRon10:“Thelegislaturemaylevyanexcisetaxonanymeansor

substanceusedforpropellingvehiclesonthepublichighwaysofthisstateoronthebusinessofsellingit.TheproceedsofthetaxshallbepaidintothehighwayusertaxdistribuRonfund.”

92 VeryChallenging:Minnesota



http://law.justia.com/constitution/minnesota/Article14.html

http://law.justia.com/constitution/minnesota/Article14.html

MississippiVeryChallenging(Legal,Ideology,Economy)


in2014were1.3x

theU.S.average,withhighindustrial

sectoremissionsandhighelectricity

sectoremissions.

ElectricitysectornotesIn2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(855lbsCO2/MWh)was0.8xtheU.S.average.Thehigh

per-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014appearstobedrivenmostlybyresidenRalconsumpRon.EIAnotesthat“Air-condiRoninguseduringthehotsummermonthsandthewidespreaduseofelectricityforhome

heaRngduringthemildwintermonthsdrivesstrongdemandforelectricityinMississippihouseholds.

MorethanhalfofMississippi’shouseholdsuseelectricityforhomeheaRng.”EIAalsonotesthatanewcoal-firedpowerplantwasscheduledtobeginoperaRonin2016with“astate-of-the-artcoalgasificaRon

processdesignedtoreducecarbonemissions,”buttheprojecthassufferedextremedelaysandoverrunsanditsfutureisuncertain,accordingtoa2016NYTimesfeaturestory.

Climateimpacts

Ranked#4forextremeheatand#6forwildfirebyStatesatRisk.


None.



Ideologyandpoli[csCiRzensaremoderate;thelegislatureismoderatetoconservaRve.RepublicanscontrolthestateSenate

(32-20),theHouse(74-48),andtheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas6electoralcollegevotes(Redfor#30).

Summary:Mississippiisverychallengingforlegal,ideologicalandeconomicreasons.

Mississippi is very challengingbecause industrial and electricity sectoremissions are high,ci2zensandthelegislaturearemoderatetoconserva2veandaremostlyskep2calonclimate

issues, and state law may require revenues from taxes on gasoline and diesel (≈40% ofemissions) togotohighwaypurposes.There isaballotmeasureop2on inMississippibutit

hasbeenusedinfrequently.

VeryChallenging:Mississippi 93

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Mississippi(percapita)

Mississippi(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 21.4 100%











https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=MS

https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=MS

https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/05/science/kemper-coal-mississippi.html

https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/05/science/kemper-coal-mississippi.html





Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Mississippi Rank








BallotmeasuresCiRzeniniRaRves(therewere0in2016,1in2015,0in2014and2012,and3in2011)godirectlytothe

ballotasconsRtuRonalamendments.Morehere.

LegalnoteAMississippistatutemayrequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddieseltogotohighwaypurposes.

Seestatute27-55-3:“ItisdeclaredtobethepurposeandintenRonofthelegislaturetoimposeanexcisetaxtoprovidehighways,streets,androads…”

94 VeryChallenging:Mississippi

https://ballotpedia.org/Mississippi_2016_ballot_measures








https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Illinois_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Illinois_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Mississippi

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Mississippi

http://law.justia.com/codes/mississippi/2010/title-27/55/27-55-3/

http://law.justia.com/codes/mississippi/2010/title-27/55/27-55-3/

MissouriVeryChallenging(Legal,Ideology)


2014were1.3xtheU.S.average,withverylow

industrialsectoremissions

andhighelectricitysectoremissions.

ElectricitysectornotesIn2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(1,788lbsCO2/MWh)was1.6xtheU.S.average.Thehigh

per-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014appearstobedrivenmostlybythefactthatcoal“fuelsalmostfour-

fizhsofMissouri’snetelectricitygeneraRon.”Moreover,“one-thirdofhouseholdsinMissourirelyonelectricityastheirprimaryenergysourceforhomeheaRng.”

ClimateimpactsRanked#17forextremeheatand#10forinlandfloodingbyStatesatRisk.


EIAnotesthat“Missouriadoptedamandatoryrenewableenergystandardin2008.Thestandardrequiresinvestor-ownedelectricuRliRestoincreasethepercentageofelectricitysalesfromrenewable

resourcesincrementallyuptoaminimumof15%oftotalsalesby2021.ThestandardalsorequiresincreasesinthecontribuRonfromsolarenergyuptoaminimumof0.3%oftotalretailelectricitysales

by2021.”


Ideologyandpoli[csCiRzensaremoderatetoconservaRve;thelegislatureismoderatetoliberal.Republicanscontrolthe

stateSenate(25-9),theHouse(117-46),andtheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas10electoralcollege

votes(Redfor#18).

Summary:Missouriisverychallengingforlegalandideologicaleconomicreasons.

Missouri is very challenging because electricity sector emissions are high, ci2zens leanconserva2veandarefairlyskep2calonclimate issues,andthestatecons2tu2onappears to

require revenues fromtaxes ongasoline anddiesel (≈29% of emissions) togo to highwaypurposes.Groundsforop2mismincludelowindustrial sectoremissionsandalegislaturethat

isrankedmoderate-to-liberaloverall.Thereisaballotmeasureop2oninMissouri.

VeryChallenging:Missouri 95

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Missouri

(percapita)Missouri

(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 21.8 100%

Commercial 0.7 0.8 4%ElectricPower 6.3 12.1 55%ResidenRal 1.1 1.2 5%Industrial 3.0 1.5 7%

TransportaRon 5.8 6.2 29%Source:2014datafromEIASEDSSource:2014datafromEIASEDSSource:2014datafromEIASEDSSource:2014datafromEIASEDS





https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=MO








Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Missouri Rank








BallotmeasuresCiRzeniniRaRves(therewere4in2016)godirectlytotheballot,eitherasstatuteorasconsRtuRonal

amendments.Morehere.

LegalnoteTheMissouriConsRtuRonappearstorequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddieseltogoto

highwaypurposes.SeearRcle4,secRon30(b)(1):“ForthepurposeofconstrucRngandmaintaininganadequatesystemofconnectedstatehighwaysallstaterevenuederivedfromhighwayusersasan

incidenttotheiruseorrighttousethehighwaysofthestate,includingallstatelicensefeesandtaxes

uponmotorvehicles,trailersandmotorvehiclefuels,andupon,withrespectto,orontheprivilegeofthemanufacture,receipt,storage,distribuRon,saleorusethereof(excepRngthoseporRonsofthesales

taxonmotorvehiclesandtrailerswhicharenotdistributedtothestateroadfundpursuanttosubsecRon2ofthissecRon30(b)andfurtherexcepRngallpropertytaxes),lessthe(1)actualcostof

collecRonofthedepartmentofrevenue(butnottoexceedthreepercentoftheparRculartaxorfee

collected),(2)actualcostofrefundsforoverpaymentsanderroneouspaymentsofsuchtaxesandfeesandmaintainingreRrementprogramsaspermi8edbylawand(3)actualcostofthestatehighwaypatrol

inadministeringandenforcinganystatemotorvehiclelawsandtrafficregulaRons,shallbedepositedinthestateroadfundwhichisherebycreatedwithinthestatetreasuryandstandappropriatedwithout

legislaRveacRontobeusedandexpendedbythehighwaysandtransportaRoncommissionforthe

followingpurposes,andnoother…”

96 VeryChallenging:Missouri

https://ballotpedia.org/Missouri_2016_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/Missouri_2016_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Missouri_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Missouri_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Missouri

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Missouri

http://www.moga.mo.gov/MoStatutes/ConstHTML/A04030b1.html

http://www.moga.mo.gov/MoStatutes/ConstHTML/A04030b1.html

MontanaVeryChallenging(Legal,Ideology,Economy)



emissionsandveryhigh

electricitysectoremissions(notethatabout50%ofpower



In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(1,362lbsCO2/MWh)was1.2xtheU.S.average.Thevery

highper-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014ismostlyduetopowerexports:accordingtoEIAfigures,about50%ofpowergeneraRonisexported.EIAalsonotesthatpowergeneraRonisroughlysplitbetweencoal

andhydropower,andthatMontanahas“someofthebestwindpotenRalinthenaRon”.

Climateimpacts


Exis[ngclimatepoliciesEIAnotesthat“Montana’srenewableresourcestandard(RRS)requiresretailelectricitysupplierstoget

atleast15%oftheelectricitytheysellin-statefromrenewableenergysourcesbeginningin2015.”


Ranked#9byonecarbonpricinggroupintermsofper-capitastrength,buttherearenocampaignslisted

byClimateX-Change’sStateCarbonPricingNetwork.

Ideologyandpoli[cs

CiRzensandthelegislaturearemoderate.RepublicanscontrolthestateSenate(32-18)andHouse(59-41),butDemocratscontroltheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas3electoralcollegevotes(Redfor

fewest).

Summary:Montanaisverychallengingforlegal,ideologicalandeconomicreasons.

Montana is very challenging because industrial and electricity sector emissions are high,ci2zens are fairlyskep2calonclimate issues, and the state cons2tu2onappears torequire

revenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddiesel(≈24%ofemissions)togotohighwaypurposes.Grounds forop2misminclude thegrassroots strengthof oneclimate-focusedgroupandthe

rela2vely highlevel of voter supportfor carbon taxes (45%, ranked#15).There is aballot

measureop2oninMontana.

VeryChallenging:Montana 97

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Montana(percapita)

Montana(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 31.6 100%









http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/montana/index.cfm






https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=MT








Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Montana Rank









consRtuRonalamendments.MoreherefromBallotpedia,whichnotesthat“IniRatedlawsmaynotmake

appropriaRons”.

Legalnote

TheMontanaConsRtuRonappearstorequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddieseltogotohighwaypurposes.SeearRcle8,secRon6:

(1) Revenuefromgrossvehicleweightfeesandexciseandlicensetaxes(exceptgeneralsalesand

usetaxes)ongasoline,fuel,andotherenergysourcesusedtopropelvehiclesonpublichighwaysshallbeusedasauthorizedbythelegislature,azerdeducRonofstatutoryrefundsand

adjustments,solelyfor:

(a) PaymentofobligaRonsincurredforconstrucRon,reconstrucRon,repair,operaRon,and

maintenanceofpublichighways,streets,roads,andbridges.

(b) Paymentofcounty,city,andtownobligaRonsonstreets,roads,andbridges.

(c) Enforcementofhighwaysafety,drivereducaRon,touristpromoRon,andadministraRve

collecRoncosts.

(2) Suchrevenuemaybeappropriatedforotherpurposesbyathree-fizhsvoteofthemembersof

eachhouseofthelegislature.”

98 VeryChallenging:Montana

https://ballotpedia.org/Montana_2016_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/Montana_2016_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Montana_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Montana_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Montana

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Montana

http://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca/CONSTITUTION/VIII/6.htm

http://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca/CONSTITUTION/VIII/6.htm

NebraskaVeryChallenging(Ideology,Economy)


2014were1.6xthe

U.S.average,withhighindustrialsector

emissionsandveryhighelectricitysector

emissions.


In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(1,397lbsCO2/MWh)was1.3xtheU.S.average.Theveryhighper-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014isduetoacombinaRonofpowerexports,industrial

consumpRon,andcoal-firedpower.AccordingtoEIAfigures,about15%ofpowergeneraRonisexported.

EIAalsonotesthatcoal-firedpowerplants“typicallysupplyaboutthree-fizhsofNebraska’snetelectricitygeneraRon”andthat“Nebraskaisoneoftheworld’smajormeatpackingcenters,andthe

energy-intensivefoodprocessingindustryleadsthestate’smanufacturingsector.Othermajorenergy-intensiveindustriesinthestateincludechemicalmanufacturing—parRcularlyofpharmaceuRcals,

pesRcides,andferRlizers—andmachinerymanufacturingandagriculture.”Ontheplusside,EIAalso

notesthatNebraskahas“considerablerenewableresources”,including“someofthenaRon’sbestwindenergyresources”.



EIAnotesthatNebraskahas“anumberofrenewableenergytaxcredits,aswellasinterconnecRonandnetmeteringrulesfordistributed(customer-sited,small-scale)…powergeneraRon.Netmetered

connecRonsarelimitedto1%ofeachuRlity’saveragemonthlypeakdemand.Nebraskaalsohasastatewidebuildingenergycode.”

Summary:Wisconsinisverychallengingforideologicalandeconomicreasons.

Nebraskaisverychallengingbecause industrialandelectricitysectoremissionsarehighandbecause ci2zens andthe legislature are conserva2ve-to-very-conserva2ve andare skep2cal

onclimateissues.Onebrightspotisthatthestateisrankedasastrongstatebyoneclimate-focused group. There is a ballot measure op2on in Nebraska, but it has been used

infrequently.

VeryChallenging:Nebraska 99

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Nebraska(percapita)

Nebraska(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 27.7 100%











http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/nebraska/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/nebraska/index.cfm

https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=NE







Rankedasastrongstatebyoneclimate-focusedgroup,buttherearenocampaignslistedbyClimateX-Change’sStateCarbonPricingNetwork.

Ideologyandpoli[csCiRzensareveryconservaRve;thelegislatureisconservaRve.Theunicamerallegislatureisnon-parRsan;

RepublicanscontroltheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas5electoralcollegevotes(Redfor#36).

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Nebraska Rank








BallotmeasuresTherewere0ciRzeniniRaRvesin2016(and1in2014and0in2012and2010).CiRzeniniRaRvesgo

directlytotheballot,eitherasstatuteorasconsRtuRonalamendments.Morehere.

100 VeryChallenging:Nebraska



https://ballotpedia.org/Nebraska_2016_ballot_measures




https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Nebraska_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Nebraska_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Nebraska

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Nebraska

NorthDakotaVeryChallenging(Legal,Ideology,Economy)


were4.7xtheU.S.average,withextremelyhighindustrialsector

emissionsandextremelyhigh

electricitysectoremissions.Therewerealsoveryhigh

commercialandtransportaRonsectoremissions.


In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(1,850lbsCO2/MWh)was1.7xtheU.S.average.Theextremelyhighper-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014isduetoacombinaRonofpowerexports,industrial

consumpRon,andcoal-firedpower.AccordingtoEIAfigures,about50%ofpowergeneraRonisexported.EIAalsonotesthatcoal-firedpowerplants“providethree-fourthsofNorthDakota’selectricity

generaRon”despitethestate’s“abundantrenewableresources”including“substanRalundeveloped

windenergypotenRal”.

Climateimpacts



None.


Ideologyandpoli[csCiRzensandthelegislaturearemoderatetoconservaRve.RepublicanscontrolthestateSenate(38-9),

thestateHouse(81-13),andtheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas3electoralcollegevotes(Redfor

fewest).

Summary:NorthDakotaisverychallengingforlegal,ideologicalandeconomicreasons.

North Dakota is very challenging because industrial and electricity sector emissions areextremely high, ci2zens and the legislature are conserva2ve and are skep2cal on climate

issues, and the state cons2tu2on appears torequire revenues from taxes ongasoline anddiesel (≈17%of emissions) to goto highway purposes. The state ranked second to last in

small-scalesolargenera2on,bothtotalandpercapita(aheadofonlyAlaskaonbothscores).

Thereisaballotmeasureop2oninNorthDakota.

VeryChallenging:NorthDakota 101

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)NorthDakota(percapita)

NorthDakota(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 79.1 100%











http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/northdakota/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/northdakota/index.cfm

https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=ND

https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=ND





Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. NorthDakota Rank









consRtuRonalamendments.MoreherefromBallotpedia,whichnotesthatiniRaRvescannotappropriate

funds.

Legalnote

TheNorthDakotaConsRtuRonappearstorequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddieseltogotohighwaypurposes.SeearRcle10,secRon11:“Revenuefromgasolineandothermotorfuelexciseand

licensetaxaRon,motorvehicleregistraRonandlicensetaxes,exceptrevenuefromaviaRongasolineand

unclaimedaviaRonmotorfuelrefundsandotheraviaRonmotorfuelexciseandlicensetaxaRonusedbyaircraz,azerdeducRonofcostofadministraRonandcollecRonauthorizedbylegislaRveappropriaRon

only,andstatutoryrefunds,shallbeappropriatedandusedsolelyforconstrucRon,reconstrucRon,repairandmaintenanceofpublichighways,andthepaymentofobligaRonsincurredintheconstrucRon,

reconstrucRon,repairandmaintenanceofpublichighways.”

102 VeryChallenging:NorthDakota

https://ballotpedia.org/North_Dakota_2016_ballot_measures


https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_North_Dakota_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_North_Dakota_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_North_Dakota

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_North_Dakota

http://www.legis.nd.gov/constit/a10.pdf

http://www.legis.nd.gov/constit/a10.pdf

OhioVeryChallenging(Legal,Ideology,Economy)


2014were1.2xtheU.S.average,with

averageindustrial


emissions.



per-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014isespeciallynoteworthygiventhatimportsamounttoabout20%ofpowerconsumpRon.ItisdrivenbyindustrialconsumpRonandcoal-firedpower;EIAnotesthat“[t]he

industrialsectoristhelargestenergy-consumingsectorinthestate”andthatcoal-firedgeneraRonhasbeendecliningbut“sRllfuelsmorethanhalfofthestate’selectricitygeneraRon.”

Climateimpacts



EIAnotesthat“OhiohasbothanAlternaRveEnergyPorfolioStandard(AEPS)andanEnergyEfficiencyPorfolioStandard(EEPS).”


Rankedasastrongfocal-pointstatebyoneclimate-focusedgroup,buttherearenocampaignslistedbyClimateX-Change’sStateCarbonPricingNetwork.

Ideologyandpoli[csCiRzensaremoderate;thelegislatureisconservaRve.RepublicanscontrolthestateSenate(24-9),the

stateHouse(66-33),andtheGovernor’soffice.LastDecemberGov.JohnKasichvetoedabillthatwould

havepermi8edthestate’sinvestor-ownedelectricuRliRestoavoidinvesRnginrenewableenergyduring2017and2018,staRngthatOhio’s“widerangeofenergygeneraRonopRons”hadhelpedtogrowjobsin

Summary:Ohioisverychallengingforlegal,ideologicalandeconomicreasons.

Ohio is very challenging because electricity sector emissions are high, the legislature isconserva2ve, voters are skep2calon climate issues,and the state cons2tu2onappears to

require revenues fromtaxes ongasoline anddiesel (≈27% of emissions) togo to highwaypurposes. One brightspot is that the state is ranked as a strong focal-point state by one

climate-focusedgroup.Thereisaballotmeasureop2oninOhio.

VeryChallenging:Ohio 103

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Ohio

(percapita)Ohio

(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 20.0 100%











http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/ohio/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/ohio/index.cfm

https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=OH








http://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2016/12/ohio_gov_john_kasich_vetoes_re.html

http://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2016/12/ohio_gov_john_kasich_vetoes_re.html

thestateoverthepastsixyears.Ohiohas20electoralcollegevotes(ranked#7)andistheprototypical

(andcrucial)swingstateinPresidenRalcampaigns.

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Ohio Rank








BallotmeasuresTherewere3ciRzeniniRaRvesin2016.CiRzeniniRaRvesgototheballotindirectlyasstatutesordirectly

asconsRtuRonalamendments.Morehere.

LegalnoteTheOhioConsRtuRonappearstorequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddieseltogotohighway

purposes.SeearRcle12,secRon5(a):“Nomoneysderivedfromfees,excises,orlicensetaxesrelaRngtoregistraRon,operaRon,oruseofvehiclesonpublichighways,ortofuelsusedforpropellingsuch

vehicles,shallbeexpendedforotherthancostsofadministeringsuchlaws,statutoryrefundsand

adjustmentsprovidedtherein,paymentofhighwayobligaRons,costsforconstrucRon,reconstrucRon,maintenanceandrepairofpublichighwaysandbridgesandotherstatutoryhighwaypurposes,expense

ofstateenforcementoftrafficlaws,andexpendituresauthorizedforhospitalizaRonofindigentpersonsinjuredinmotorvehicleaccidentsonthepublichighways.”

104 VeryChallenging:Ohio



https://ballotpedia.org/Ohio_2016_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/Ohio_2016_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Ohio

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Ohio

https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution/section?const=12.05a

https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution/section?const=12.05a

OklahomaVeryChallenging(Ideology,Economy)



highindustrialsector

emissionsandhighelectricitysector

emissions.



per-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014ismostlydrivenbyindustrialconsumpRon(EIAnotesthatOklahomahas“energy-intensivepetroleumandnaturalgasindustries”)andelectricityexports,whichamountto

about10%ofpowergeneraRon.EIAalsonotesthatOklahomahas“significantwindpotenRal”and“widespread”solarpotenRal.Itisthefourth-largestwindpowerproducerintheUnitedStates,andthe

secondlargestpercapita.

ClimateimpactsRanked#20forextremeheatand#12fordroughtbyStatesatRisk.InJuly2011,thestateregisteredthe

highestmonthly-averagetemperatureeverrecordedforaU.S.state:88.9°F.AlsopotenRallyrelevantmaybeOklahoma’sDustBowllegacy,aswellasthemorerecentepidemicofearthquakescausedbythe

injecRonofwastewaterfromoilandgasfracking.

Exis[ngclimatepoliciesNone.


Ideologyandpoli[cs

CiRzensandthelegislatureareveryconservaRve.RepublicanscontrolthestateSenate(42-6),theHouse(75-26),andtheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas7electoralcollegevotes(Redfor#27).

Summary:Oklahomaisverychallengingforideologicalandeconomicreasons.

Oklahomaisverychallengingbecauseindustrialandelectricitysectoremissionsarehighandbecauseci2zensandthelegislatureareconserva2veandareskep2calonclimate issues.On

theotherhand,Oklahomaisthecountry’sfourthlargestgeneratorofwindelectricity,trailingonlyTexas,IowaandCalifornia.Thereisaballotmeasureop2oninOklahoma.

VeryChallenging:Oklahoma 105

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Oklahoma(percapita)

Oklahoma(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 27.1 100%











https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=OK


http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/oklahoma/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/oklahoma/index.cfm





http://blogs.agu.org/wildwildscience/2011/08/09/oklahoma-july-temp-average-is-hottest-of-any-state-ever/

http://blogs.agu.org/wildwildscience/2011/08/09/oklahoma-july-temp-average-is-hottest-of-any-state-ever/

https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-11-08/why-oklahoma-can-t-turn-off-its-earthquakes

https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-11-08/why-oklahoma-can-t-turn-off-its-earthquakes



Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Oklahoma Rank










106 VeryChallenging:Oklahoma

https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Oklahoma_ballot_measures




https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Oklahoma

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Oklahoma

PennsylvaniaVeryChallenging(Legal,Economy)


theU.S.average,withhighindustrialsectoremissionsandabove-average

electricitysectoremissions(notethat

25-30%ofpowergeneraRonisexported).


In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(933lbsCO2/MWh)was0.9xtheU.S.average.(Overone-thirdofnetgeneraRonisfromnuclear.)Thehighper-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014ismostlydueto

powerexports:EIAfiguresshowthat25-30%ofpowergeneraRonisexported.EIAalsonotesthatthe

“industrialsectorleadsenergyconsumpRoninthestate”andthat“[t]heMarcellusShale,thelargestU.S.naturalgasfield,underliesaboutthree-fizhsofthestateinanarcreachingfromthesouthwesttothe

northeast.”

Climateimpacts


Exis[ngclimatepoliciesEIAnotesthat“Pennsylvania’salternaRveenergyporfoliostandards(AEPS),beingphasedinfrom2007

to2021,require18%ofelectricityprovidedbygeneraRonanddistribuRoncompaniestocomefromrenewablesourcesby2021,withatleast0.5%fromsolarpower.”


Ranked#4byonecarbonpricinggroupintermsofper-capitastrength,buttherearenocampaignslistedbyClimateX-Change’sStateCarbonPricingNetwork.

Ideologyandpoli[csCiRzensaremoderatetoliberal;thelegislatureismoderate.RepublicanscontrolthestateSenate(34-16)

andthestateHouse(122-80,with1Other),butDemocratscontroltheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas

29electoralcollegevotes(Redfor#5).

Summary:Pennsylvaniaisverychallengingforlegalandeconomicreasons.

Pennsylvania is very challengingbecause industrialsectoremissions arehighandthe statecons2tu2on appears to require revenues from taxes on gasoline and diesel (≈25% of

emissions) to go to highway purposes. Grounds for op2mism include grassroots climatestrength and moderate-to-liberal ci2zens who are average on most climate issues but

unusuallysuppor2veofcarbontaxes(46%,ranked#11).Thereisnoballotmeasureop2onin

Pennsylvania.

VeryChallenging:Pennsylvania 107

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Pennsylvania(percapita)

Pennsylvania(%oftotal)






http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/pennsylvania/index.cfm




https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=PA












Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Pennsylvania Rank








BallotmeasuresTherearenoballotmeasuresinPennsylvania.

Legalnote

ThePennsylvaniaConsRtuRonappearstorequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddieseltogotohighwaypurposes.SeearRcle8,secRon11:

(a) Allproceedsfromgasolineandothermotorfuelexcisetaxes,motorvehicleregistraRonfeesandlicensetaxes,operators’licensefeesandotherexcisetaxesimposedonproductsusedinmotor

transportaRonazerprovidingtherefromfor

(a) (a)costofadministraRonandcollecRon,

(b) b)paymentofobligaRonsincurredintheconstrucRonandreconstrucRonofpublichighways

andbridgesshallbeappropriatedbytheGeneralAssemblytoagenciesoftheStateorpoliRcalsubdivisionsthereof;andusedsolelyforconstrucRon,reconstrucRon,maintenance

andrepairofandsafetyonpublichighwaysandbridgesandcostsandexpensesincident

thereto,andforthepaymentofobligaRonsincurredforsuchpurposes,andshallnotbedivertedbytransferorotherwisetoanyotherpurpose,exceptthatloansmaybemadeby

theStatefromtheproceedsofsuchtaxesandfeesforasingleperiodnotexceedingeightmonths,butnosuchloanshallbemadewithintheperiodofoneyearfromanypreceding

loan,andeveryloanmadeinanyfiscalyearshallberepayablewithinonemonthazerthe

beginningofthenextfiscalyear.

(b) AllproceedsfromaviaRonfuelexcisetaxes,azerprovidingtherefromforthecostof

administraRonandcollecRon,shallbeappropriatedbytheGeneralAssemblytoagenciesoftheStateorpoliRcalsubdivisionsthereofandusedsolelyfor:thepurchase,construcRon,

reconstrucRon,operaRonandmaintenanceofairportsandotherairnavigaRonfaciliRes;aircraz

accidentinvesRgaRon;theoperaRon,maintenanceandothercostsofaircrazownedorleasedbytheCommonwealth;anyotherpurposereasonablyrelatedtoairnavigaRonincludingbutnot

limitedtothereimbursementofairportpropertyownersforpropertytaxexpenditures;andcostsandexpensesincidenttheretoandforthepaymentofobligaRonsincurredforsuch

purposes,andshallnotbedivertedbytransferorotherwisetoanyotherpurpose.”

108 VeryChallenging:Pennsylvania



http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/LI/consCheck.cfm?txtType=HTM&ttl=00&div=0&chpt=8&sctn=11&subsctn=0

http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/LI/consCheck.cfm?txtType=HTM&ttl=00&div=0&chpt=8&sctn=11&subsctn=0

SouthDakotaVeryChallenging(Legal,Ideology,Economy)


2014wereslightlyabovetheU.S.average,

withhighindustrial

sectoremissionsandlowelectricitysector

emissions.


In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(443lbsCO2/MWh)was0.4xtheU.S.average.Although

theper-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014appearstobesignificantlybelowtheU.S.average,it’sworthcauRoningthatthisfigureisforin-stategeneraRononlyandthatEIAdatashowsthatimportshave

accountedforabout15-25%ofpowerconsumpRoninrecentyears.EIAalsonotesthat“hydroelectricpowersuppliesalmosthalfofthestate’snetgeneraRon”,that“substanRalrenewableresourcesare

foundstatewide”,andthat“[i]ndustryisSouthDakota’sleadingenergy-consumingsector…The

industrialsectorincludesSouthDakota’smanyfarms,aswellasitsgrowingmanufacturingindustries.FoodprocessingandthemanufactureoffarmandconstrucRonmachinery,fabricatedmetalproducts,

transportaRonequipment,andcomputersarethestate’sleadingmanufacturingacRviRes.”

Climateimpacts


Exis[ngclimatepoliciesEIAnotesthatapolicypassedin2014sets“atargetof2%ofaggregategeneraRoncapacityfrom

renewableresourcesby2021.”



Ideologyandpoli[csCiRzensareconservaRve;thelegislatureisconservaRvetoveryconservaRve.Republicanscontrolthe

Summary:SouthDakotaisverychallengingforlegal,ideologicalandeconomicreasons.

SouthDakotais very challenging because industrial sector emissionsare high,ci2zens andthe legislatureareconserva2ve-to-very-conserva2veandareskep2calonclimateissues,and

thestatecons2tu2onappearstorequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddiesel(≈43%ofemissions)togotohighwaypurposes.Thereisaballotmeasureop2oninSouthDakota.

VeryChallenging:SouthDakota 109

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)SouthDakota(percapita)

SouthDakota(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 18.0 100%











http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/southdakota/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/southdakota/index.cfm

https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=SD

https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=SD







stateSenate(29-6),theHouse(60-10),andtheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas3electoralcollegevotes

(Redforfewest).

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. SouthDakota Rank










LegalnoteTheSouthDakotaConsRtuRonappearstorequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddieseltogoto

highwaypurposes.SeearRcle11,secRon8:“Notaxshallbeleviedexceptinpursuanceofalaw,whichshalldisRnctlystatetheobjectofthesame,towhichthetaxonlyshallbeapplied,andtheproceeds

fromtheimposiRonofanylicense,registraRonfee,orotherchargewithrespecttotheoperaRonofany

motorvehicleuponanypublichighwaysinthisstateandtheproceedsfromtheimposiRonofanyexcisetaxongasolineorotherliquidmotorfuelexceptcostsofadministraRonandexceptthetaximposed

upongasolineorotherliquidmotorfuelnotusedtopropelamotorvehicleoveroruponpublichighwaysofthisstateshallbeusedexclusivelyforthemaintenance,construcRonandsupervisionof

highwaysandbridgesofthisstate.”

110 VeryChallenging:SouthDakota

https://ballotpedia.org/South_Dakota_2016_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/South_Dakota_2016_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_South_Dakota_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_South_Dakota_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_South_Dakota

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_South_Dakota

http://sdlegislature.gov/Statutes/Constitution/DisplayStatute.aspx?Type=Statute&Statute=0N-11-8

http://sdlegislature.gov/Statutes/Constitution/DisplayStatute.aspx?Type=Statute&Statute=0N-11-8

TennesseeVeryChallenging(Ideology,Economy)

EmissionsPer-capitaandsectoral

emissionsin2014

closelymatchedtheU.S.average.


In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(1,111lbsCO2/MWh)was1.0xtheU.S.average.Although

theper-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014appearstobeslightlybelowtheU.S.average,thatfigureisforin-stategeneraRononly.EIAdatashowsthatimportsaccountfor25-30%ofpowerconsumpRon,and

adjusRngforthiswouldplaceper-capitaemissionssomewhatabovetheU.S.average,primarilybecauseofindustrialsectoremissions:EIAalsonotesthat“Manufacturingleadsthestate’seconomyandincludes

themanufactureofmotorvehiclesandautomoRveparts;food,beverages,andtobaccoproducts;and

chemicalproducts.”

Climateimpacts

Ranked#8forextremeheatand#7forinlandfloodingbyStatesatRisk.


None.


Ideologyandpoli[csCiRzensareveryconservaRve;thelegislatureisconservaRvetoveryconservaRve.Republicanscontrol

thestateSenate(28-5),theHouse(74-25),andtheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas11electoralcollege

votes(Redfor#14).

Summary:Tennesseeisverychallengingforideologicalandeconomicreasons.

Tennessee isverychallengingbecause ci2zensandthe legislature are conserva2ve-to-very-conserva2ve and are very skep2cal on climate issues, especiallycarbontaxes. Inaddi2on,

industrialsectoremissionsandelectricitysectoremissionsareachallenge.Thereisnoballotmeasureop2oninTennessee.

VeryChallenging:Tennessee 111

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Tennessee(percapita)

Tennessee(%oftotal)


TransportaRon 5.8 6.3 40%Source:2014datafromEIASEDSSource:2014datafromEIASEDSSource:2014datafromEIASEDSSource:2014datafromEIASEDS





http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/tennessee/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/tennessee/index.cfm

https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=TN

https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=TN





Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Tennessee Rank








BallotmeasuresTherearenoballotmeasuresinTennessee.

112 VeryChallenging:Tennessee



TexasVeryChallenging(Legal,Ideology,Economic)


in2014were1.4xthe

U.S.average,withveryhighindustrial


emissions.


above-averageper-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014ismostlyduetoindustrialconsumpRon:EIAnotesthatTexas“hasmanyenergy-intensiveindustries,includingpetroleumrefiningandchemical

manufacturing,anditsindustrialsectoraccountsforthelargestshareofstateenergyuse.”EIAalsonotes

thatpowergeneraRonisroughly1/2naturalgas,1/4coal,and1/4nuclearandrenewables,primarilywind;andthatthestatehassignificantpotenRalforwind,solar,andgeothermalpower.EIAdatashows

thatthestateonlyranks#26forsmall-scalesolargeneraRonper-capita.

Climateimpacts

Ranked#1forextremeheat,#1fordrought,and#1forwildfirebyStatesatRisk.In2011,Texas

registeredthehighestthree-monthstateaveragetemperatureinU.S.history:86.8°FoverJune,JulyandAugust

Exis[ngclimatepoliciesTexassetrenewableenergytargetsfor2015and2025,buttheseweremetby2005and2009,

respecRvely.

Summary:Texasisverychallengingforlegal,ideologicalandeconomicreasons.

Industrial and electricity sector emissions are high, ci2zens and the legislature are veryconserva2veandmoderate-to-skep2calonclimateissues,andthestatecons2tu2onappears

torequirerevenues fromtaxes ongasolineanddiesel(≈35%of emissions) togotohighwaypurposes (except for one-quarterwhichgoes topublicschools).There is noballotmeasure

op2oninTexas.Modestgrounds forop2misminclude thestrengthreportedbyone climate-

focusedgroup in the state,the factthat Texans appear tohave internalized that they arepersonally vulnerable toclimate impacts, and the state’s pre-eminence inU.S.windpower

produc2on,genera2ng25percentoftotalU.S.windelectricityandnearly triple the outputfromthenextlargeststate(2016data).

VeryChallenging:Texas 113

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Texas

(percapita)Texas

(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 23.8 100%











https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=TX






http://www.today.com/id/44441386/ns/today-weather/t/texas-sets-record-hottest-summer-us/

http://www.today.com/id/44441386/ns/today-weather/t/texas-sets-record-hottest-summer-us/




(1)Ranked#3byonecarbonpricinggroupintermsofper-capitastrength.(2)ClimateX-Change’sStateCarbonPricingNetworksaysalisRngforacampaignis“comingsoon.”

Ideologyandpoli[csCiRzensandthelegislatureareveryconservaRve.RepublicanscontrolthestateSenate(20-11),the

House(94-56),andtheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas38electoralcollegevotes(ranked#2).

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Texas Rank








BallotmeasuresTherearenoballotmeasuresinTexas.

Legalnote

TheTexasConsRtuRonappearstorequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddieseltogotohighwaypurposes(exceptthatone-quartergoestoschools).SeearRcle8,secRon7-a:“SubjecttolegislaRve

appropriaRon,allocaRonanddirecRon,allnetrevenuesremainingazerpaymentofallrefundsallowedbylawandexpensesofcollecRonderivedfrommotorvehicleregistraRonfees,andalltaxes,except

grossproducRonandadvaloremtaxes,onmotorfuelsandlubricantsusedtopropelmotorvehiclesover

publicroadways,shallbeusedforthesolepurposeofacquiringrights-of-way,construcRng,maintaining,andpolicingsuchpublicroadways,andfortheadministraRonofsuchlawsasmaybeprescribedbythe

Legislaturepertainingtothesupervisionoftrafficandsafetyonsuchroads;andforthepaymentoftheprincipalandinterestoncountyandroaddistrictbondsorwarrantsvotedorissuedpriortoJanuary2,

1939,anddeclaredeligiblepriortoJanuary2,1945,forpaymentoutoftheCountyandRoadDistrict

HighwayFundunderexisRnglaw;provided,however,thatone-fourth(1/4)ofsuchnetrevenuefromthemotorfueltaxshallbeallocatedtotheAvailableSchoolFund;and,provided,however,thatthenet

revenuederivedbycounResfrommotorvehicleregistraRonfeesshallneverbelessthanthemaximumamountsallowedtoberetainedbyeachCountyandthepercentageallowedtoberetainedbyeach

CountyunderthelawsineffectonJanuary1,1945.Nothingcontainedhereinshallbeconstruedas

authorizingthepledgingoftheState’screditforanypurpose.”

114 VeryChallenging:Texas







http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/CN/htm/CN.8.htm

http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/CN/htm/CN.8.htm

UtahVeryChallenging(Legal,Ideology)


were1.3xtheU.S.average,

withslightlybelow-averageindustrialsectoremissions

andhighelectricitysectoremissions.


In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(1,767lbsCO2/MWh)was1.6xtheU.S.average.Thehighper-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014isduetoacombinaRonofpowerexportsandcoal-firedpower.

AccordingtoEIAfigures,about20%ofpowergeneraRonisexported,andEIAnotesthat“Utah’slargestgeneraRngstaRon,whichwasconstructedtodeliverthemajorityofitsoutputtoCalifornia,isoperated

bytheLosAngelesDepartmentofWaterandPower.EIAalsonotesthat“In2015,three-fourthsofUtah’s

netelectricitygeneraRoncamefromcoal,downfromtheshareadecadeago,whencoalrouRnelyfueledmorethannine-tenthsofgeneraRon.MostelectricgeneraRngcapacitybuiltrecentlyinUtahhasbeen

fueledbynaturalgas,andone-fizhof2015netgeneraRoncamefromnaturalgas.”

Climateimpacts


Exis[ngclimatepoliciesEIAnotesthat“UtahhasarenewableporfoliogoalthatrequiresalldistribuRonuRliRestopursue

renewableenergyresourcestotheextentthatitiscost-effecRve,withthegoalofacquiring20%oftheelectricitytheysellfromqualifyingrenewablesourcesby2025.”


(1)Ranked#10byonecarbonpricinggroupintermsofper-capitastrength.(2)Acarbontaxbillissupposedlybeingintroducedinthestatelegislaturein2017,buttherehasbeennonewsaboutitsince

Summary:Utahisverychallengingforlegalandideologicaleconomicreasons.

Utah is very challenging because electricity sector emissions are high, ci2zens and thelegislatureare conserva2ve andare skep2cal onclimate issues, andthe state cons2tu2on

appearstorequire revenuesfromtaxesongasoline anddiesel(≈26%ofemissions) togotohighway purposes. There is a ballot measure op2on in Utah but it has been used very

infrequently. Modest grounds for op2mism include the slightly below-average industrial

sector emissions, the strengthreportedbyone climate-focusedgroup in the state,andtheintroduc2onofacarbontaxbillbyastaterepresenta2ve.

VeryChallenging:Utah 115

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Utah

(percapita)Utah

(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 22.2 100%Commercial 0.7 0.8 4%










http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/utah/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/utah/index.cfm

https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=UT






http://utahpolicy.com/index.php/features/today-at-utah-policy/11611-Press%20Release

http://utahpolicy.com/index.php/features/today-at-utah-policy/11611-Press%20Release

December2016.(3)ClimateX-Change’sStateCarbonPricingNetworksaysalisRngforacampaignis

“comingsoon.”

Ideologyandpoli[cs

CiRzensandthelegislatureareveryconservaRve.RepublicanscontrolthestateSenate(24-5),theHouse(62-13),andtheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas6electoralcollegevotes(Redfor#30).

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Utah Rank








BallotmeasuresTherewere0ciRzeniniRaRvesin2016(and0sinceatleast2010).CiRzeniniRaRvesgodirectlytothe

ballotasstatute.Morehere.

LegalnoteTheUtahConsRtuRonappearstorequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddieseltogotohighway

purposes.SeearRcle13,secRon5(6):“Proceedsfromfees,taxes,andotherchargesrelatedtotheoperaRonofmotorvehiclesonpublichighwaysandproceedsfromanexcisetaxonliquidmotorfuel

usedtopropelthosemotorvehiclesshallbeusedfor:(a)statutoryrefundsandadjustmentsandcostsof

collecRonandadministraRon;(b)theconstrucRon,maintenance,andrepairofStateandlocalroads,includingpaymentforpropertytakenforordamagedbyrights-of-wayandforassociatedadministraRve

costs;(c)drivereducaRon;(d)enforcementofstatemotorvehicleandtrafficlaws;and(e)thepaymentoftheprincipalofandinterestonanyobligaRonoftheStateoracityorcounty,issuedforanyofthe

purposessetforthinSubsecRon(6)(b)andtowhichanyofthefees,taxes,orotherchargesdescribedin

thisSubsecRon(6)havebeenpledged,includinganypaidtotheStateoracityorcounty,asprovidedbystatute.”

116 VeryChallenging:Utah

http://fox13now.com/2016/12/09/utah-lawmaker-proposes-carbon-tax/

http://fox13now.com/2016/12/09/utah-lawmaker-proposes-carbon-tax/



https://ballotpedia.org/Utah_2016_ballot_measures




https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Utah_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Utah_ballot_measures

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Utah

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Utah

https://le.utah.gov/xcode/ArticleXIII/Article_XIII,_Section_5.html

https://le.utah.gov/xcode/ArticleXIII/Article_XIII,_Section_5.html

WestVirginiaVeryChallenging(Legal,Ideology,Economy)


2014were3.1xtheU.S.average,withhigh

industrialsectoremission

andextremelyhighelectricitysectoremissions.


extremelyhighper-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014isduetoacombinaRonofpowerexports,industrial

consumpRon,andcoal-firedpower.AccordingtoEIAfigures,about55%ofpowergeneraRonisexported.EIAalsonotesthatcoalplants“accountfornearlyallofWestVirginia’selectricitygeneraRon”andthat

“[m]ining,includingcoal,crudeoil,andnaturalgasextracRon,isalargeandenergy-intensivepartofthestate’seconomy.Theenergy-intensivechemicalandprimarymetalsmanufacturingindustriesarealso

majoreconomicacRviResinthestate.”

ClimateimpactsRanked#23forextremeheatbyStatesatRisk.

Exis[ngclimatepoliciesNone.EIAnotesthat“[i]n2015,WestVirginiabecamethefirststatetorepealitsrenewableporfolio

standard”andthat“thelegislaturefurtherlimitednetmetering.”


Ideologyandpoli[csCiRzensaremoderate;thelegislatureismoderatetoliberal.RepublicanscontrolthestateSenate(22-12)

andtheHouse(63-36,with1Independent),butDemocratscontroltheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas5

electoralcollegevotes(Redfor#36).

Summary:WestVirginiaisverychallengingforlegal,ideologicalandeconomicreasons.

Inaddi2ontotheprominentcoalindustry,industrialandelectricitysectoremissionsarehigh,ci2zensandthelegislatureareconserva2veandareskep2calonclimateissues,andthestate

cons2tu2on appears to require revenues from taxes on gasoline and diesel (≈11% ofemissions)togotohighwaypurposes.Thereisnoballotmeasureop2oninWestVirginia.

VeryChallenging:WestVirginia 117

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)WestVirginia(percapita)

WestVirginia(%oftotal)








http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/westvirginia/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/westvirginia/index.cfm

https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=WV








Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. WestVirginia Rank








BallotmeasuresTherearenoballotmeasuresinWestVirginia.

Legalnote

TheWestVirginiaConsRtuRonappearstorequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddieseltogotohighwaypurposes.SeearRcle6,secRon52:“Revenuefromgasolineandothermotorfuelexciseand

licensetaxaRon,motorvehicleregistraRonandlicensetaxes,andallotherrevenuederivedfrommotorvehiclesormotorfuelsshall,azerthededucRonofstatutoryrefundsandcostofadministraRonand

collecRonauthorizedbylegislaRveappropriaRon,beappropriatedandusedsolelyforconstrucRon,

reconstrucRon,repairandmaintenanceofpublichighways,andalsothepaymentoftheinterestandprincipalonallroadbondsheretoforeissuedorwhichmaybehereazerissuedfortheconstrucRon,

reconstrucRonorimprovementofpublichighways,andthepaymentofobligaRonsincurredintheconstrucRon,reconstrucRon,repairandmaintenanceofpublichighways.”

118 VeryChallenging:WestVirginia



http://www.legis.state.wv.us/wvcode/wv_con.cfm

http://www.legis.state.wv.us/wvcode/wv_con.cfm

WyomingVeryChallenging(Legal,Ideology,Economy)


were6.6xtheU.S.average,with

extremelyhighindustrialsectoremissionsandextremelyhigh

electricitysectoremissions.Therewerealsoveryhigh

commercialandtransportaRon

sectoremissions.


In2015,theCO2emissionsrateforelectricity(2,133lbsCO2/MWh)was2.0xtheU.S.average.Theextremelyhighper-capitaemissionsfigurefor2014isduetoacombinaRonofpowerexports,industrial

consumpRon,andcoal-firedpower.EIAfiguresshowthatabout60%ofpowerisexported.EIAalsonotes

that“theindustrialsectoristhelargestelectricityconsumer,accounRngformorethanhalfoftheelectricityusedinthestate”andthat“coal-firedpowerplantsdominateWyomingelectricitygeneraRon,

producingabout8ofevery9kilowa8hoursofnetgeneraRon.Windenergy’ssharehasincreasedrapidlyinthelast10yearsandcontributednearly8%ofnetelectricitygeneraRonin2015.”

Climateimpacts



Noneotherthan“netmeteringforresidenRal,commercial,andindustrialcustomerswithrenewableenergysystemssmallerthan25kilowa8s.”

Summary:Wyomingisverychallengingforlegal,ideologicalandeconomicreasons.

Wyomingisverychallengingbecauseindustrialandelectricitysectoremissionsareextremelyhigh,ci2zensandthelegislatureareconserva2veandareskep2calonclimateissues,andthe

state cons2tu2on appears to require revenues fromtaxes ongasolineanddiesel(≈12%ofemissions) togotohighway purposes.Moreover,the state is highlydependentoncoalfor

jobsandtaxrevenues– itisthesourceof40percentofallcoalminedintheU.S.–andwith

the use of coal diminishing rapidly across the U.S. itwould be extraordinarily unlikely forvoters ortheirelectedrepresenta2ves tobackacarbontax. Infact,in2016the legislature

considered(and rejected) aproposedtaxonwindenergyproduc2onthatwasfloatedas ameanstostemthedeclineindemandforcoal.There isaballotmeasureop2oninWyoming,

butithasbeenusedinfrequently.

VeryChallenging:Wyoming 119

TonnesCO2(2014)U.S.

(percapita)Wyoming(percapita)

Wyoming(%oftotal)

Total 17.0 112.4 100%







http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-wyoming-wind-tax-20160926-snap-story.html

http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-wyoming-wind-tax-20160926-snap-story.html





http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/wyoming/index.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/wyoming/index.cfm

https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.cfm?sid=WY








Ideologyandpoli[cs

CiRzensareveryconservaRve;thelegislatureisconservaRvetoveryconservaRve.RepublicanscontrolthestateSenate(27-3),thestateHouse(51-9),andtheGovernor’soffice.Thestatehas3electoral

collegevotes(Redforfewest).

Percentagreeing,2016,andrank(outof51) U.S. Wyoming Rank








BallotmeasuresTherewere0ciRzeniniRaRvesin2016(and0since1996,but7since1968).CiRzeniniRaRvesgodirectly

totheballotasstatute.MoreherefromBallotpedia,whichnotesthatiniRaRvesmaynot“dedicate

revenues”or“makeorrepealappropriaRons”.

Legalnote

TheWyomingConsRtuRonappearstorequirerevenuesfromtaxesongasolineanddieseltogotohighwaypurposes.SeearRcle15,secRon16:“Nomoneysderivedfromfees,excises,orlicensetaxes

leviedbythestateandexclusiveofregistraRonfeesandlicensesorexcisetaxesimposedbyacountyor

municipality,relaRngtoregistraRon,operaRonoruseofvehiclesonpublichighways,streetsoralleys,ortofuelsusedforpropellingsuchvehicles,shallbeexpendedforotherthancostofadministeringsuch

laws,statutoryrefundsandadjustmentsallowedtherein,paymentofhighwayobligaRons,costsforconstrucRon,reconstrucRon,maintenanceandrepairofpublichighways,countyroads,bridges,and

streets,alleysandbridgesinciResandtowns,andexpenseofenforcingstatetrafficlaws.”

120 VeryChallenging:Wyoming



https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_Wyoming_ballot_measures


https://ballotpedia.org/History_of_Initiative_%26_Referendum_in_Wyoming

https://ballotpedia.org/History_of_Initiative_%26_Referendum_in_Wyoming



https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Wyoming

https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_initiative_process_in_Wyoming

http://www.uwyo.edu/robertshistory/wyoming_constitution_full_text.htm

http://www.uwyo.edu/robertshistory/wyoming_constitution_full_text.htm

Opportunities for Carbon Taxes at the State Level€¦ · businesses adjust to the carbon tax....

Documents

Transcript of Opportunities for Carbon Taxes at the State Level€¦ · businesses adjust to the carbon tax....