Opium poppy

PAPAVER SOMIFERUMOPIUM POPPY

Dylan HughesBio 101

What is Opium

• A highly addictive drug refined from opium poppies.

• Also from the Poppy we can refine Morphine, Codeine, thebaine, and Papverine.

• Opium can be made into Heroin which is even more potent than normal opium

Comparison

NARCOTICMEDICAL

Heroin (Diamorphine) is a highly addictive drug that can be fatal in the wrong dosage

HIV, Hepatitis can be spread by addicts sharing needles to inject.

A multimillion dollar industry is based around growing heroin and selling it.

Morphine is refined from opium and is used in medicine as a pain killer for moderate to severe pain

Codeine is another pain killer found form opium. Which is used to more chronic pains issues.

Thebaine in opium can now be tested to determine if a person is using medical products with morphine or using illegal substances like heroin.

Opium & HeroinFirst time users will feel:• A euphoric feelings – Heroin increases Dopamine activity in the brain

• After the Heroin has worn the good feeling goes with it.

• People quickly want that feeling back which is why Heroin is so addictive.

• In Some European Countries (United Kingdom, Germany, Denmark, Netherlands) it is a LEGAL medicine that can be prescribed.

• Heroin is a great drug at blocking pain receptors in the brain and can be used to help treat chronic pain and even provide comfort to terminal cancer patients.

• Heroin can be snorted, injected, smoked, and some people have even made opium tea That is said to have similar but less potent effects.

Biochemistry of HeroinHeroin upon injection goes to the blood brain barrier and goes right past It because Heroin is fat soluble.

It then binds to the opiate receptors in our brains.

Heroin Also causes Analgesic (pain relief) and Anxiolytic ( Anti- Anxiety) for Some people.

The drug is so addictive it quickly unbalances a persons brain chemistry creating a Biological dependence on the drug that is extremely difficult to beat without Medical support.

Long Term Use:Long term use does have its risks:• The biggest risk is a fatal Overdose• Users can also contract HIV/AIDS from sharing needles

• Heart attack, collapsed veins, Pneumonia, Sores on the body, and slowly the liver begins to fail.

• A person can also get infections from any number of other chemicals • That are used in the process of making (cutting) the Heroin for sale.

• The different types of heroin can all carry with them their own side effects.

Treatment/Rehabilitation• Treatment for Heroin comes in several forms :

• Detox (Cold Turkey) is the hardest form of treatment. A person literally

goes through a nightmare of physical and psychological symptoms.

• High fevers and chills, vomiting, cramps, uncontrollable shaking, loss of

appetite. Headaches and extreme pain all over a persons body.

• Some people will receive a opiate blocker especially in cases of a serve overdose of heroin. This will cure a person overnight but if they relapse there is a higher risk over a fatal overdose.

This happens because a persons body no longer processes the heroin correctly

Treatment Cont.A Methadone regimen is used to slowly take a person of Heroin in small amounts .

A great deal of people find help from N.A. meetings or from individual therapy sessions to help them deal with cravings and make life style changes to help them with their remissions.

History

Used as early as 3400 B.C.

Ancient Egyptians used it and sold it on trade routes.

Banned during the Inquisition and reintroduced in the 1500’s

History Cont.

First Opium war in 1840 fought over China ordering the end of foreign sale

Opium is fist injected in the mid 1800’s

1856 – 2nd opium war in china

1874- Heroin is synthesized

Modern History

In 1923 Opium is banned in the United states

Huge rise in Heroin use after Vietnam

1970’s- Mexican Opium trade is destroyed.

The middle east assumes control of opium productions in the 1990’s

Where is it made

Most of the Opium today is Middle East mainly in Afghanistan before the war began and most of the crops were burned by U.S. forces. But as of 2002 it is still the Largest Opium maker in the world.

War On Drugs ?

The Modern war on drugs has largely been unsuccessful in stopping The illegal importation of narcotics into the continental United States.

More people are becoming addicted every years and stronger variationsOf Heroin are flooding the streets everyday.

Economic Impact

The sale of illegal drugs is a huge business making billions of dollars per year off of addictions who cannot quit. $205.6 million dollars seized in drug raid in Mexico

Farming Opium

Farming of Opium has ranged from China to Mexico and back.

Vietnam, Burma, Laos, China, India, Mexico, and the United Kingdom are just some of the countries who has been involved in growing Poppies.

It is truly a Global Issue and more and more farmers and crop shares are turning to growing poppy to make quick money to support themselves and their families.

Down to The Facts

• Opium today is huge issue

• Addiction rates are on the rise

• History has shown just how violent people will get over Opium

• There is a lot of money and politics involved

• Money from the sale of Heroin and other opiates help finance Terrorism in in the middle east.

Work Citied Laçine Aksoy, Opium poppy (Papaver

somniferum L.) oil for preparation of biodiesel: Optimization of conditions, Applied Energy, Volume 88, Issue 12, December 2011, Pages 4713-4718, ISSN 0306-2619, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.06.012. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261911003825)

Peter J. Facchini, Sang-Un Park, Developmental and inducible accumulation of gene transcripts involved in alkaloid biosynthesis in opium poppy, Phytochemistry, Volume 64, Issue 1, September 2003, Pages 177-186, ISSN 0031-9422, 10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00292-9.(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031942203002929)

Jörg Ziegler, Peter J. Facchini, René Geißler, Jürgen Schmidt, Christian Ammer, Robert Kramell, Susan Voigtländer, Andreas Gesell, Silke Pienkny, Wolfgang Brandt, Evolution of morphine biosynthesis in opium poppy, Phytochemistry, Volume 70, Issues 15-16, October-November 2009, Pages 1696-1707, ISSN 0031-9422, 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.07.006.(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031942209002817)

P. Prioreschi, R.P. Heaney, E. Brehm, A quantitative assessment of ancient therapeutics: poppy and pain in the Hippocratic corpus, Medical Hypotheses, Volume 51, Issue 4, October 1998, Pages 325-331, ISSN 0306-9877, 10.1016/S0306-9877(98)90057-3.

(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987798900573)

Sooyeun Lee, Yonghoon Park, Eunyoung Han, Hwakyung Choi, Heesun Chung, Seung Min Oh, Kyu Hyuck Chung, Thebaine in hair as a marker for chronic use of illegal opium poppy substances, Forensic Science International, Volume 204, Issues 1-3, 30 January 2011, Pages 115-118, ISSN 0379-0738, 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.05.013.


A. Yoshida, H. Chanhda, Yan-Mei Ye, Yue-Rong Liang, Ecosystem service values and land use change in the opium poppy cultivation region in Northern Part of Lao PDR, Acta Ecologica Sinica, Volume 30, Issue 2, April 2010, Pages 56-61, ISSN 1872-2032, 10.1016/j.chnaes.2010.03.002.


Graham Farrell, John Thorne, Where have all the flowers gone?: evaluation of the Taliban crackdown against opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan, International Journal of Drug Policy, Volume 16, Issue 2, March 2005, Pages 81-91, ISSN 0955-3959, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2004.07.007.(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395904000945)

Peter J. Facchini, Sang-Un Park, Developmental and inducible accumulation of gene transcripts involved in alkaloid biosynthesis in opium poppy, Phytochemistry, Volume 64, Issue 1, September 2003, Pages 177-186, ISSN 0031-9422, 10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00292-9.(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031942203002929)

Peter J. Facchini, Sang-Un Park, Developmental and inducible accumulation of gene transcripts involved in alkaloid biosynthesis in opium poppy, Phytochemistry, Volume 64, Issue 1, September 2003, Pages 177-186, ISSN 0031-9422, 10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00292-9. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031942203002929)

http://opioids.com/timeline/ - Opium: A history, By martin Booth, 1996, Simon & Schuster, Ltd

http://www.drugs.com/opium.html - Used for some general information about Opium and Heroin.

Picture Work Citied:http://www.flickr.com/photos/cod_gabriel/2223556912/sizes/l/in/photostream/ - Cod_gabriel – dec 24, 2007

http://www.flickr.com/photos/jamesscottbrown/522074884/ - James scott Brown – May 30th 2007

http://www.flickr.com/photos/vculibraries/6032628788/sizes/l/in/photostream/ - VCU Libraries August 11,2011 http://www.flickr.com/photos/planspark/4415256988/ - Planspark – march 7, 2010

http://www.flickr.com/photos/31256440@N07/5618788689/ - Nsikander28 – April 14, 2011

http://www.flickr.com/photos/wdwbarber/534617732/Bill barker April 27th 2007

http://www.flickr.com/photos/theklan/2316132157/Mr. Theklan – March 7th, 2008

http://www.flickr.com/photos/theklan/2316132157/Mr. Theklan – March 7th, 2008

Opium poppy

Health & Medicine

Transcript of Opium poppy